READING INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION How Do Movement and Visual Expression—In Real Life and in Media—Help Us Explore and Expand Our World?

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READING INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE UNIT ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do movement and visual expression—in real life and in media—help us explore and expand our world?

BEFORE READING Building Interest and Setting a Purpose for Reading

Anticipation Guide Begin the Unit of Study by considering the following statements and marking whether you “Agree” or “Disagree” with each. After reading the articles, revisit the statements and indicate whether your position has changed or remains the same. Include text evidence to support your final position.

BEFORE READING AFTER READING Agree/ Agree/ Text Evidence Statement Disagree Disagree (include article & para. #)

The way a person moves can tell a story.

Physical movement is separate from mental training.

The most important part of creative film effects is for them to look real.

Movement-based disciplines and movie effects have similarities in purpose.

Unit Opening Discussion Watch the video: “Purpose – Parkour/Freerunning” (2:54) or teacher-selected video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Khuu0mFa-M

Think about: How would you describe the movements in the video? Are there any safety concerns you see?

Discuss: Based on the video, what would you say are the characteristics of parkour and the people who participate in it?

Essential Question Discussion Before reading, participate in a small-group or whole-class discussion of the Unit Essential Question. Your teacher may ask you to respond in writing before or after the discussion.

How do movement and visual expression—in real life and in media—help us explore and expand our world?

CLOSE READING Reading to Understand the Text Ideas

Teacher Note: Review bolded vocabulary and any other unfamiliar words or phrases with students prior to reading. Part 1: Read the Text 1. Read each article closely, using the stay-connected-to-text strategy provided by your teacher. 2. Circle additional unfamiliar words or phrases when necessary. Use passage context clues to determine their meaning. Part 2: Revisit and Analyze the Text 3. Revisit portions of the text as they are assigned and record elements that shape the text in the chart below. High-Interest Article Technical Article

Structure

Point-of-View/Purpose

Style

Relationships Between Ideas

Development of Central Ideas

AFTER READING Share and Discuss the Text Ideas

After reading the High-Interest and Technical Articles and the Text Set, participate in a small-group or whole-class discussion of the questions assigned by your teacher.

Text-Based Discussion Questions

1. Reread paragraph 5 of “Defying Gravity” and Table 1 in the Text Set. What benefits do parkour and creative movement share? 2. Reread the text box in “Cinematic Magic” and Text 1 in the Text Set. What statement in the text box supports Text 1’s claim that martial arts choreography and effects are key to telling a story? 3. The authors of many of the texts in this Unit of Study compare expressive movement with dance. What does each text emphasize when making this comparison?

Impact Questions

1. How does parkour teach social, emotional, and physical well-being? How can you use movement to express yourself in your own life? 2. How do special effects and movement-based activity change your perspective? How can this translate into physical and/or mental growth?

HIGH-INTEREST ARTICLE VOCABULARY

Looking at the Words

Define the vocabulary words based on their context in the article. These words are in bold in the article.

Words to Study Syllables Meaning in Context

bolstered bol-stered (v.) strengthened or supported; boosted

(n.) training that develops a skill or set of skills for a discipline dis-ci-pline specific activity

explicitly ex-plic-it-ly (adv.) distinctly or markedly; clearly

fluidly flu-id-ly (adv.) smoothly, without awkwardness or pause

ideologies i-de-ol-o-gies (n.) bodies of beliefs that guide or govern a discipline

(adj.) existing in something as a permanent quality or inherent in-her-ent element

(adj.) having interrelated parts that are complicated and intricate in-tri-cate complex

solely sole-ly (adv.) only or exclusively

traverse trav-erse (v.) to move through

urban ur-ban (adj.) pertaining or relating to a city environment

Anchor Standards for Language: 3–6

HIGH-INTEREST ARTICLE

1 Climbing, vaulting, rolling, and flipping… parkour work of a sports organization but by the community athletes seem to defy both the laws of physics and the of passionate participants who care about and have limitations of the human body with unbelievable stunts fostered its development. and speed. Pushing boundaries in a demonstration of athleticism, participants take on physical and 4 Participants in the sport today believe parkour offers environmental obstacles for the thrill of facing physical advantages beyond the limits of obstacle-course challenges and risks creatively. But where did this urban training. In its urban environment, parkour provides phenomenon find its roots? And what impact has it had various health benefits, incorporating cardiovascular on society? exercise with aspects of community-building among participants. Parkour training includes bodyweight So, what is parkour? exercises to improve balance, flexibility, and strength, especially in the upper body. The community-minded 2 Parkour, also sometimes called freerunning, can be hard to define. Thediscipline uses movements— focus of parkour can improve psychological well-being running, jumping, climbing, and swinging—developed and social inclusion. from military obstacle-course training to move from point But parkour is also a mindset. With a goal of using 5 A to point B. Parkour is an extreme sport, requiring the body to move through space creatively, participants intense physical and mental strength training and don’t just try to complete a course but look to do it in the self-discipline. Participants learn techniques that allow most stylish way possible. Incorporating flips, acrobatics, them to execute intricate and difficult stunts as they and flashy moves, parkour athletes explore the art traverse through an area. of movement, a method of self-expression. Although training may be done in a gym, parkour itself is typically 3 In addition to being difficult to define, parkour’s origins can be hard to pinpoint. A wide variety of athletic performed in urban settings, such as cities or parks. ideologies and training methods combined over These areas have a wide variety of unique and random decades to create the modern concept of parkour. In architectural features that can be used in stunts. Athletes the early 1900s, French officer Georges Hébert invented train to think quickly and creatively so they can move a military training methodology called parcours du through space organically, using any features which combattan—which translates to “path of the warrior,” or happen to be present in the area (such as walls, roofs, in modern language, “obstacle course.” The training was stairs, and rails). meant to give a soldier the physical and mental strength Risking It All to move fluidly and quickly through natural obstacles. Much later, in the 1980s, veteran French Special Forces 6 Like all extreme sports, parkour has inherent risks. officer Raymond Belle introducedparcours du combattan Training and performance injuries are common, and even to his son David and David’s friends. These young men some fatal injuries have resulted from parkour. Famed took hold of this military obstacle-course training and British athlete Ryan Doyle suffered a severe injury at a began to transform it into an athletic training that was 2007 parkour competition in Vienna. During the event he more relevant to their urban environment. They eventually misjudged a flip off of a 12-foot drop and snapped his changed the spelling of the French parcours to coin a shin bone. Doyle nearly lost his leg, and it took multiple name for their new activity: parkour. Since then, parkour surgeries and 2 years of recovery for him to eventually has evolved from athletic training to a sport, not by the return to the sport.

7 Other injuries occur due to the thrill-seeking nature parkour-style action sequences. District B13 actually of parkour. On New Year’s Eve of 2016, a 17-year-old stars David Belle, one of parkour’s founders. Such films British teenager named Nye Frankie Newman was killed are often credited with helping to push along the success after being crushed between 2 moving trains. Although of the discipline. his friends claim he wasn’t practicing parkour at the time, his group was known for performing parkour on 11 Today, parkour techniques are used in films without and between trains, a move known as train surfing. explicitly parkour stunt sequences. Many stunt Whether he was actively participating in the sport when doubles actually began their careers as parkour athletes. he was killed or not, it seems Newman’s tragically fatal Hollywood stunt double Paul Darnell heavily relies on his situation was tied to parkour. In cases like this one, background in parkour, working in both typical action it’s not the sport itself that’s dangerous, but rather the films likeBaby Driver and Fast Five, and movies like situations some parkour athletes put themselves in to Twilight, not necessarily the first film that comes to mind further intensify the sport. Some see risks involved with when you think of parkour. Darnell uses the sports as an essential part of the allure or a necessary body-control techniques he learned from the discipline sacrifice; others think they are cause for restrictions or and training of parkour to perform a wide variety of even bans. stunts. While parkour’s popularity was encouraged by video-sharing and the big screen, the discipline has, in 8 The risks of parkour are not solely physical. Some turn, transformed the way action movies are made. parkour athletes have been arrested by police. Since the sport often relies on urban architecture in public areas, Parkour’s Impact participants may be trespassing and could be charged 12 Parkour has evolved and grown since its onset in the with a crime. In early 2018, Singaporean parkour 1980s. Though relatively young, the sport has become practitioner Koh Chen Pin was charged with criminal a name known around the world. The fame parkour trespassing after posting a video on the Internet of gained on screen has no doubt cemented it in the global himself scaling the glass roof of a shopping mall. Pin was culture of our time, but its impact on individuals—from ultimately let off with a warning, but this is not always physical health to social inclusion—may be as important. the case for others. And though the thrill of pushing the With its risk-taking athleticism and dynamic influence on edge of the law motivates some athletes, many prefer pop culture, parkour is creating a modern legacy in both the rush of the physical challenge—and also hope to sports and society. keep attention to parkour in a positive light. Parkour on Screen American Ninjas Koh Chen Pin’s brush with the law was aided by 9 American Ninja Warrior (ANW) another phenomenon—the rise of video sharing. is a favorite television show YouTube, a video-sharing site allowing users to upload in the United States, on and interact with videos, was the brainchild of young which individuals attempt to eBay employees who wanted an easy way to search complete a series of seemingly for and share videos. Both parkour and YouTube impossible obstacle courses experienced an explosion of popularity in the with the goal of earning a cash mid-2000s, with YouTube playing a significant role in prize and the title “American both the fame and spread of the sport. Infamous and Ninja Warrior.” The show, award-winning parkour practitioner Jason Paul explains, which premiered in 2009 “When I began freerunning, the sport didn’t have any during the peak of parkour’s kind of structure. But YouTube was born at the same popularization, takes advantage time. I watched the first videos by other freerunners of American fascination with and practiced and refined their tricks. I filmed myself competition and pushing the limits. Just like in parkour, doing them and then uploaded my films. Suddenly, we participants of ANW traverse through space in creative freerunners were a worldwide community. We appeared and mind-blowing ways, using extreme physical online, inspired one another, and swapped ideas.” Today strength. However, ANW includes more structure than a large community of self-made parkour videos and traditional parkour, with specific obstacles to complete, channels exists on YouTube. rules to follow, and a race against a clock and other The sport’s popularity was likewise by competitors. Nonetheless, ANW is often associated 10 bolstered feature films in the early 2000s. Movies such asDistrict with the parkour discipline, and many of the competitors B13 (2004), the James Bond flickCasino Royale (2006), on the show are vocal about having a background in and Live Free or Die Hard (2007) all included parkour.

READING COMPREHENSION After reading “Defying Gravity,” select the responses that best answer questions 1–9. Then answer question 10.

Questions 1–9 correspond to the grades 6–12 Anchor Standards for Reading by number. (e.g., Question 1 correlates to Anchor Standard 1 under “Key Ideas and Details.”)

1. Which detail most strongly suggests that parkour requires mental training and discipline in addition to physical training? A. “Incorporating flips, acrobatics, and flashy moves, parkour athletes explore the art of movement, a method of self-expression.” B. “Participants in the sport today believe parkour offers advantages beyond the limits of obstacle-course training.” C. “Athletes train to think quickly and creatively so they can move through space organically…” D. “Participants learn techniques that allow them to execute intricate and difficult stunts...”

2. Reread paragraph 11. How does the author further develop the central idea of the section “Parkour on Screen” in this paragraph? A. She asserts that while parkour has been influenced by film, it has also shaped how film stunts are done. B. She makes a connection between action and non-action films. C. The author makes the reader reconsider the safety of freerunning and parkour. D. The author provides evidence that all of the best stunt doubles previously practiced parkour.

3. Why does the author include the introduction? A. to introduce the fundamentals of parkour B. to hook the reader and ask questions that set the purpose for reading C. to make a connection to the final section of the article, “Parkour’s Impact” D. to introduce the benefits and risks of the extreme sport parkour

4. Part A How does paragraph 1 establish the tone of the article? A. by responding to the hype surrounding parkour with caution B. with sentence construction that questions what the reader should learn C. by using words that emphasize the exciting nature of parkour D. by promoting a viewpoint that warns the reader

Part B Select two words in paragraph 1 that help to establish the tone of the article. A. society B. thrill C. urban D. unbelievable E. physical

5. Which excerpt helps develop the idea that the culture surrounding parkour can lead to risky behavior? A. “Training and performance injuries are common, and even some fatal injuries have resulted from parkour.” B. “Since the sport often relies on urban architecture in public areas, participants may be trespassing and could be charged with a crime.” C. “…many prefer the rush of the physical challenge—and also hope to keep attention to parkour in a positive light.” D. “Some see risks involved with sports as an essential part of the allure or a necessary sacrifice; others think they are cause for restrictions or even bans.” 7 Copyright © 2019 Teengagement, a division of Principle Woods, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer Key — Answer Key — Answer Key

6. Part A Select the author’s primary purpose for writing this text. A. to educate readers on the risks vs. benefits of parkour B. to examine the many facets of parkour in society C. to link the sport of parkour to its military roots D. to promote parkour as an outlet for young people

Part B Select an excerpt that supports this purpose. A. “With its risk-taking athleticism and dynamic influence on pop culture, parkour is creating a modern legacy in both sports and society.” B. “Parkour has evolved and grown since its onset in the 1980s.” C. “The risks of parkour are not solely physical.” D. “The discipline uses movements—running, jumping, climbing, and swinging—developed from military obstacle-course training to move from point A to point B.”

7. Which element is emphasized in both the article and the image below?

A. the urban nature of parkour B. the danger of parkour C. the community-minded focus of parkour D. the planning required for parkour

8. Reread the section “Parkour on Screen.” Which detail is irrelevant to the author’s primary claim? A. “The sport’s popularity was likewise bolstered by feature films in the early 2000s.” B. “‘Suddenly, we freerunners were a worldwide community. We appeared online, inspired one another, and swapped ideas.’” C. “YouTube, a video-sharing site allowing users to upload and interact with videos, was the brainchild of young eBay employees who wanted an easy way to search for and share videos.” D. “While parkour’s popularity was encouraged by video sharing and the big screen, the discipline has, in turn, transformed the way action movies are made.”

9. Read closely the following summary from a research study titled “Parkour Injuries Presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2009–2015.”

Results Most parkour injuries were reportedly caused by landing or from striking objects. Common diagnoses included fractures, sprains/strains, abrasions/contusions, and lacerations. More than half of reported injuries (57.7%) affected the patients’ extremities. In this data, there appears to be a trend of increasing parkour injuries over time. Patients as young as 8 years old have presented to emergency departments with parkour-related injuries in recent years.

How does the view presented in this research summary relate to the central idea of the “Risking It All” section in the High-Interest Article? A. The research summary and the “Risking It All” section both focus on physical risks and injuries as the most significant risks associated with parkour. B. The research summary focuses on the increase in physical injuries, while the central idea of the “Risking It All” section speaks to both the physical and legal risks of parkour. C. Both the research summary and the “Risking It All” section ignore the fatalities associated with parkour as a primary concern. D. The research summary primarily focuses on the young age of those being injured by parkour, while the “Risking It All” section does not mention age as a factor.

10. Short Response: Do the benefits of parkour outweigh the risks? Write your answer in no more than 3 complete sentences, using at least 2 details from the text to support your answer.

Student answers will vary but may include the following points: • Parkour has both psychological (social inclusion) and physical benefits for health. • Parkour involves inherent risks both physically (injuries) and in breaking the law (trespassing). • Students may decide whether the benefits or risks are more significant, as long as their answers are supported by textual evidence. Use the Reading Short-Response Rubric to reference the criteria and determine the number of points to award.

Anchor Standard for Reading: 8

“DEFYING GRAVITY”

The analysis provided corresponds to the Student PDF and is not intended to be exclusive. Some response items may be eliminated for more than one reason.

1. C is correct A is incorrect – This detail focuses on the physical aspects of parkour, not the mental training required. B is incorrect – This detail focuses on the advantages of parkour, not the mental training required. D is incorrect – This detail focuses on the physical aspects of parkour, not the mental training required.

2. A is correct B is incorrect – The author does include both action and non-action films in her discussion; however, this does not develop the central idea that parkour and film have a mutually beneficial relationship. C is incorrect – Paragraph 11 does not discuss the safety of freerunning and parkour. D is incorrect –The text does not support this response. While the author makes the connection between stunt doubles and parkour, she does not assert or prove this claim.

3. B is correct A is incorrect – The text does not support this response. Paragraph 1 builds a sense of excitement but does not discuss the fundamentals of parkour. C is incorrect – The text does not support this response. While paragraph 1 builds a sense of excitement, it does not make a connection to the final section of the article. D is incorrect – The text does not support this response. Paragraph 1 builds a sense of excitement but does not introduce the benefits and risks of parkour.

4. Part A: C is correct A is incorrect – The text does not support this. Paragraph 1 builds interest and excitement in the topic but does not respond with caution. B is incorrect – The text does not support this. Although paragraph 1 ends with two questions for the reader, these do not establish tone, nor do they question what the reader should learn. D is incorrect – The text does not support this. Paragraph 1 builds interest and excitement in the topic but does not warn the reader.

Part B: B and D are correct A is incorrect – Society does not contribute to a tone of interest and excitement surrounding the topic. C is incorrect – Urban does not contribute to a tone of interest and excitement surrounding the topic. E is incorrect – Physical does not contribute to a tone of interest and excitement surrounding the topic.

5. B is correct A is incorrect – This excerpt focuses on injuries in parkour, but this does not develop the idea that parkour’s culture can lead to risky behavior. C is incorrect – This excerpt focuses on why some choose not to engage in risky behavior, which does not develop the idea that parkour’s culture can lead to risky behavior. D is incorrect – This excerpt focuses on the debate about the risks involved but does not develop the idea that parkour’s culture can lead to risky behavior.

6. Part A: B is correct A is incorrect – While the author does discuss the risks and benefits of parkour, it is not a primary purpose for writing. C is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The text only briefly touches on the military roots of parkour, and it is not a primary purpose for writing. D is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The article does not promote parkour; instead, it informs about many elements in parkour.

Part B: A is correct B is incorrect – This detail explains the evolution of parkour but does not support the author’s purpose in Part A. C is incorrect – This detail notes a variety of risks of parkour but does not support the author’s purpose in Part A. D is incorrect – This detail explains some of the mechanics of parkour but does not support the author’s purpose in Part A.

7. A is correct B is incorrect – While the article discusses dangers associated with parkour, the image does not support this element. C is incorrect – While the article discusses the community focus of parkour, the image of a single parkour athlete does not support this element. D is incorrect – While the article discusses mental and physical training for parkour, the image does not capture whether this is a planned or spontaneous movement; therefore, this is not the best response.

8. C is correct A is incorrect – The question asks which detail DOES NOT support the author’s primary claim. This answer choice supports the idea that pop culture and parkour enjoy a mutually beneficial relationship, a primary claim of the section. B is incorrect – This answer choice supports the idea that pop culture and parkour enjoy a mutually beneficial relationship, a primary claim of the section. D is incorrect – This answer choice supports the idea that pop culture and parkour enjoy a mutually beneficial relationship, a primary claim of the section.

9. B is correct A is incorrect – It is true that the research summary only focuses on the physical risks; however, the “Risking It All” section also focuses on social and legal risks as significant. C is incorrect – It is true that the research summary does not mention fatalities; however, the “Risking It All” section does mention them as significant. D is incorrect – It is true that the “Risking It All” section does not mention age as a factor; however, the age factor is discussed only briefly in the research summary, it is not the primary focus.

TECHNICAL ARTICLE VOCABULARY

Looking at the Words

Define the vocabulary words based on their context in the article. These words are in bold in the article.

Words to Study Syllables Meaning in Context

authenticity au-then-tic-i-ty (n.) genuineness; the quality of being real

boundaries bound-a-ries (n.) limits or rules

domains do-mains (n.) defined areas of a specific technology or profession

franchise fran-chise (n.) Cinema: a series of films based on the same character or characters

intricately in-tri-cate-ly (adv.) in a complex and detailed manner

meticulously me-tic-u-lous-ly (adv.) in a way that is very thorough and detailed

organic or-gan-ic (adj.) natural; basic; fundamental

perilously per-il-ous-ly (adv.) in a way that is fraught with danger or risk

rudimentary ru-di-men-ta-ry (adj.) pertaining to first principles; basic; elementary

traction trac-tion (n.) the state of taking hold or gaining influence

Anchor Standards for Language: 3–6

TECHNICAL ARTICLE

1 Agent James Bond flips headfirst over a fence in frantic Practical Effects pursuit of his target. What begins as a foot chase dumps The oldest type of cinematic effects—practical effects— the men onto an active construction site, the 00 agent 4 include scenes in which techniques are used to create perilously scaling dangerous machinery and scaffolding the images viewers see on the screen. With practical in pursuit of bomb-maker Mollaka. Bond jumps from effects, what you see is what you get; the sequence is crane to crane as explosions around him light up the not edited later or altered in post-production. The effect scene. Breathtaking parkour-style action results as Bond is done mechanically, in real life. Practical effects include battles 200 feet above the ground, enduring grueling everything from stunt doubles and puppetry, to stage leaps and crashes, the construction site his punishing makeup and rain machines. playground. 5 Practical effects have been around as long as This opening scene of the 2006 remake of the Bond movies themselves. In the early 1900s, decades before 2 flickCasino Royale, which stands out as the first foot technology allowed any sort of computer animation, silent chase in Bond franchise history, features spectacular films were wildly popular. These movies were famous for stunts and visual effects. The movie’s star, Daniel Craig, using exaggerated slapstick humor and crazy antics to completed many of his scenes without the help of a stunt make up for the lack of sound. Some of these antics were double, adding breathtaking authenticity. Bond’s villain, also unbelievably dangerous. To achieve the violent plane Mollaka, is played by none other than the co-creator of crashes in the award-winning 1927 filmWings , renowned the sport of parkour, Sébastien Foucan, who infuses the aerial stunt performer Dick Grace actually wrecked scene with excitement and an edge of danger. Foucan multiple planes, while inside. To make these stunts a bit was cast specifically for the sport’s urban feel; director safer, Grace sectioned off the aircraft so parts would Alexander Witt compared his running to ballet—“not like break away with less pressure and resistance, dampening running a stuntman would do, there is a kind of flow to the impact of the crash. He also wore a shock-absorbing his running and jumping.” The scene in Casino Royale harness and clothing. Grace broke his neck while is one of the first times that parkour was portrayed in a shooting Wings, and after recovering, continued to work major Hollywood film, and due to the exciting nature of as a movie stunt performer. He was one of the very few the sport, it set off a trend in modern action films. stunt pilots of his time to die from illness rather than in a stunt accident. In his nearly 40-year career, he performed 3 Like the producers of the 007 franchise, a film producer has one aim: wow the audience! Since the earliest days 45–50 crashes and broke over 80 bones. of film, exciting stunts, visual effects, and camera trickery While film industry regulations would never allow have played an essential role in the creation of dramatic 6 such treacherous stunts today, modern practical effects and engaging cinematic experiences. Throughout the last can still be extremely hazardous. Even in recent years, century, these effects have evolved into a sophisticated cinematic stunt doubles have experienced severe injury system of both practical and computer-animated and even death. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: techniques that dictate the production and reception of Part 1 (2010), Daniel Radcliffe’s series-long stunt double, many modern film genres. David Holmes, experienced a tragic and life-altering

injury. A planned explosion sent him flying into a wall, and Modern Cinematics the impact immediately paralyzed him. Holmes is now Despite highly-developed CGI technology available tetraplegic, meaning his arms, legs, and torso are entirely 9 to modern-day filmmaking, many directors and and irreversibly paralyzed. cinematographers continue to rely on the authenticity CGI and physicality of practical effects. The filmMad Max: Fury Road (2015) is a prime example—rather than use 7 Practical effects continued to rule the film world for green screens or other CGI technology to replicate the decades; that is, until 1973 when Westworld—the first endless desert backdrop present throughout the movie, film to use CGI technology—permanently altered the way the cast filmed for 6 months in a Namibian desert. movies were both viewed and created. CGI, which stands The film’s action sequences are intense and consist for computer-generated imagery, has gradually evolved almost entirely of intricately choreographed car and and improved alongside the evolution of technology. motorcycle chases, complete with explosions and Anything you see on the screen that isn’t straight out violent crashes. Viewers probably think these incredible of the camera is created using CGI. It covers various scenes are computer generated, but in reality—like the aspects of filmmaking, from setting (think: outer space), to desert backdrop—the vast majority of the effects in the characters (monsters and other beings), to actual scenes film are actually practical. Director George Miller notes or sequences (like a person flying). that 90% of the film was done without CGI effects. Like Dick Grace and his airplanes, Miller created vehicles 8 CGI allows filmmakers to add a variety of features that that were built to crash safely, and he fitted them each were once unattainable. By replacing real danger with with professional stunt drivers. Each chase sequence computer-generated action, stunts can defy reality and yet and crash was meticulously planned and controlled be just as realistic. Early CGI technology was undeniably no matter how organic and disorderly it appears to rudimentary, nowhere near the photorealistic sequences viewers. that exist today. CGI continued to gain traction in the late 1970s and early ’80s, playing a role in hit films like 10 Many modern filmmakers use both CGI and practical 1977’s Star Wars: A New Hope. As computer technology effects to bring special effects to a new level, opening improved, so did the capacity of CGI. Today it can be new doors in cinematography. Even those whose jobs difficult to distinguish if a stunt was done using CGI or are directly related to producing practical effects see the practical effects. benefits of using both. About CGI, famed stage makeup

Wire Fu Films

The martial arts filmCrouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon premiered in 2000, directed by Ang Lee. It remains the highest-grossing foreign language film in US history and has earned critical acclaim for its martial arts sequences and effects. Characters in the movie run up the sides of walls, leap from rooftop to rooftop, and seem to float on treetops. One critic describes the fight scenes as a “delicate dance.”

Embracing old-school practical effects and inspired by the spirit of martial arts, the film uses little CGI technology except to “paint out” the harness and wire safety system that allows the actors to fly, float, and fight with the grace of dancers.Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon employs wire-fu style, a combination of wire work and kung fu elements, popular in eastern styles of filmmaking. Wire-fu allows actors to complete practical effects beyond the laws of physics and their own physical abilities, and in the case of Crouching Tiger, these effects insert dramatic, magical realism into the film’s storyline. American film critic Roger Ebert said in his review of the film, “The best martial arts movies have nothing to do with fighting and everything to do with personal excellence. Their heroes transcend space, gravity, the limitations of the body and the fears of the mind.”

artist Tom Savini said, “It used to be a challenge to try and create what was in the script. Now anything you can imagine can be created on the screen.” Combining the 2 types of effects creates an authentic and often intense visual experience that also prioritizes the safety of actors and crew members. The 2017 action hit Logan employed a particularly impressive amount of innovative CGI, undetectable to most viewers. The film was able to use stunt doubles for many of the dramatic action sequences—even sequences showing full facial shots of the characters. This was done by first photographing the actors in a variety of positions and making an assortment of facial expressions. Those photographs were used to overlay the faces and sometimes bodies of the actors onto those of the stunt doubles. The technology involved is still developing, and the process is painstaking, but the results are seamless.

11 Much has changed in filmmaking, and in the world, since the days of silent movies, and even since the onset of computer-generated imagery. However, both practical effects and CGI have stood the test of time, each retaining a vital role in exploring the boundaries of cinema. The evolution of these 2 domains of special- effect techniques allows for a wide range of creativity, both separately and combined. As techniques and technology continue to develop, our ability to represent the world can only expand.

READING COMPREHENSION After reading “Cinematic Magic,” select the responses that best answer questions 1–9. Then answer question 10.

Questions 1–9 correspond to the grades 6–12 Anchor Standards for Reading by number. (e.g., Question 1 correlates to Anchor Standard 1 under “Key Ideas and Details.”)

1. Part A How do many professionals of practical effects feel about CGI? A. They dislike the reduction in the number of classic physical stunts used in films due to CGI. B. They believe modern-day cinema should return to the authenticity of practical effects. C. They believe CGI can be combined with practical effects to expand what film can achieve. D. They seek out ways to make CGI more believable to audiences.

Part B Which two details from the text support the answer in Part A? A. “About CGI, famed stage makeup artist Tom Savini said, ‘It used to be a challenge to try and create what was in the script. Now anything you can imagine can be created on the screen.’” B. “The 2017 action hit Logan employed a particularly impressive amount of innovative CGI, undetectable to most viewers.” C. “Many modern filmmakers use both CGI and practical effects to bring special effects to a new level, opening new doors in cinematography.” D. “Viewers probably think these incredible scenes are computer generated, but in reality—like the desert backdrop—the vast majority of the effects in the film are actually practical.” E. “Today it can be difficult to distinguish if a stunt was done using CGI or practical effects.”

2. Choose the statement from the text that best captures the central idea. A. “While film industry regulations would never allow such treacherous stunts today, modern practical effects can still be extremely hazardous.” B. “… many directors and cinematographers continue to rely on the authenticity and physicality of practical effects.” C. “Even those whose jobs are directly related to producing practical effects see the benefits of using both.” D. “As techniques and technology continue to develop, our ability to represent the world can only expand.”

3. Why is the text box, “Wire Fu Films,” included in the article? A. to give a prototypical example of how filmmakers should combine practical effects and CGI B. to support the argument that practical effects are more powerful than CGI C. to provide an example of how one genre of film combines practical effects and CGI to tell a story D. to compare 007 action films to martial arts films

4. Reread paragraph 1. How does the author’s word choice develop the tone? A. Words like frantic and breathtaking create a tone of excitement. B. Words like headfirst and perilously create a tone of fear. C. The author writes in short phrases to create a tone of anxiety. D. The author uses literary devices to make the audience believe they are there.

5. Part A Select the paragraph that refines the idea that practical effects provide a realism that computers can’t re-create. A. paragraph 2 B. paragraph 5 C. paragraph 7 D. paragraph 9

Part B How does this paragraph support the author’s purpose? A. It reveals the author’s belief that practical effects are superior to CGI in filmmaking. B. It supports the author’s assertion that different types of effects are used depending on the director’s vision for the world he or she wants to create. C. It reveals the author’s purpose in emphasizing how dangerous practical effects can be to bring about more safety regulations. D. It supports the author’s assertion that CGI and technology are still developing.

6. Select a phrase from paragraphs 7–8 that shows the author’s purpose in including the section on CGI. A. “first film to use CGI technology” B. “add a variety of features that were once unattainable” C. “various aspects of filmmaking” D. “difficult to distinguish if a stunt was done using CGI or practical effects”

7. Look at this image representing 3-Dimensional computer-generated graphics.

How does this illustration support the information in the article? A. It shows how CGI can overlay stunt doubles to make fictional creatures come to life. B. It proves the author’s assertion that CGI technology is safer than practical effects in filmmaking. C. It explains the process of overlaying facial features onto stunt doubles. D. It reveals the evolution of technology related to computer-generated imagery.

8. Identify two details where the author supports the claim that CGI has increased safety. A. “…Westworld—the first film to use CGI technology—permanently altered the way movies were both viewed and created.” B. “CGI allows filmmakers to add a variety of features that were once unattainable.” C. “By replacing real danger with computer-generated action, stunts can defy reality and yet be just as realistic.” D. “Despite highly-developed CGI technology available to modern-day filmmaking, many directors and cinematographers continue to rely on the authenticity and physicality of practical effects.” E. “Combining the 2 types of effects creates an authentic and often intense visual experience that also prioritizes the safety of actors and crew members.”

9. Read this excerpt from an article titled “The Value of Visual Effects.”

What are the benefits of visual effects? – Storytelling freedom. Freedom for filmmakers, writers and directors to tell any story they like. Humans have been telling stories since communication made it possible. Verbal and written storytelling can and does cover everything imaginable. A writer has full freedom to do anything including having their main character turn into a giant cockroach. Myths from around the world describe actions and creatures that don’t exist in real life. Even the Bible has a number of stories that would be difficult to realize beyond the written word and paintings.

How do the text box, “Wire Fu Films,” and this excerpt treat the theme of creativity similarly? A. Both show how fight scenes and monsters can be represented on screen. B. Both emphasize the role effects play in creatively representing a story on screen. C. Both the excerpt and the text box question the idea that creativity should be used in telling true stories. D. Both the excerpt and the text box presume that creativity is the reason most people view films.

10. Complete the Table: Sort the benefits of film effects provided in the Answer Bank into the appropriate category in the table below.

Answer Bank Bring to life extraordinary events and creatures Help explore and expand understanding of the world Provide authentic real-life excitement

Practical Effects CGI Practical Effects and CGI Provide authentic real-life Bring to life extraordinary events Help explore and expand excitement and creatures understanding of the world

Anchor Standard for Reading: 2

“CINEMATIC MAGIC”

The analysis provided corresponds to the Student PDF and is not intended to be exclusive. Some response items may be eliminated for more than one reason.

1. Part A: C is correct A is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The article states that many professionals enjoy using both practical and CGI effects. B is incorrect – The article does not provide evidence to support this statement. D is incorrect – The article does not provide evidence to support this statement.

Part B: A and C are correct B is incorrect – This fact is unrelated to the idea that professionals can use practical effects and CGI together to make a stronger film. D is incorrect – This fact explains how one film used practical effects, rather than CGI, and is unrelated to the idea that professionals can use practical effects and CGI together to make a stronger film. E is incorrect – This fact reveals that different types of effects can be difficult for a viewer to identify, but is unrelated to the idea that professionals can use practical effects and CGI together to make a stronger film.

2. D is correct A is incorrect – This statement is a detail that describes the danger of practical effects but does not capture the central idea. B is incorrect – This statement is a detail that supports the use of both practical effects and CGI but does not capture the central idea. C is incorrect – This statement is a detail that supports the use of both practical effects and CGI but does not capture the central idea.

3. C is correct A is incorrect – The text box does not assert that the movie described is a prototype of how to combine practical effects and CGI. B is incorrect – The text box does not make this argument. D is incorrect – The text box does not compare action and martial arts films.

4. A is correct B is incorrect – The text does not support this response. Though words like headfirst and perilously do affect the tone, they help convey the author’s excitement, not fear. C is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The author does not write in short phrases. D is incorrect – The text does not support this response. The author’s use of literary devices serves to create a tone of excitement rather than make the audience believe they are present.

5. Part A: D is correct A is incorrect – Paragraph 2 explains the role of practical effects in the movie Casino Royale but does not refine the idea that practical effects provide a realism that computers can’t re-create. B is incorrect – Paragraph 5 explains some of the dangers of practical effects but does not refine the idea that practical effects provide a realism that computers can’t re-create. C is incorrect – Paragraph 7 explains how CGI transformed film but does not refine the idea that practical effects provide a realism that computers can’t re-create.

Part B: B is correct A is incorrect – The correct answer shows how paragraph 9 supports the author’s purpose. The assertion in this answer choice is not supported by the text. C is incorrect – While the author does mention the dangers of physical effects, it is not the purpose of the text. D is incorrect – The author’s purpose is not supported by the assertion that CGI and technology are still developing.

6. B is correct A is incorrect – This detail notes the beginning of CGI but does not support the author’s purpose in showing CGI’s effect on what film could achieve. C is incorrect – This phrase does not support the author’s purpose in showing CGI’s effect on what film could achieve. D is incorrect – This detail notes the difficulty in detecting practical effects vs. CGI but does not support the author’s purpose in showing CGI’s effect on what film could achieve.

7. A is correct B is incorrect – The text and illustration do not support this response. The image shows a CGI overlay and does not address any assertion about safety. C is incorrect – The text and illustration do not support this response. While the image shows a CGI overlay, it does not explain the process. D is incorrect – The text and illustration do not support this response. While the image shows a CGI overlay, it does not show the technology’s evolution.

8. C and E are correct A is incorrect – This detail identifies the way CGI has affected the evolution of film but does not support the idea of added safety. B is incorrect – This detail shows some benefits of CGI but does not support the idea of added safety. D is incorrect – This detail explains the benefits of practical effects and does not support the idea of added safety.

9. B is correct A is incorrect – This is not accurate. The text box discusses fight scenes, while the excerpt discusses monsters. C is incorrect – Neither text questions creativity’s role in telling stories. D is incorrect – Neither text points to creativity as a reason that people view films.

TEXT SET Examine the content presented in the Text Set in relationship to the High-Interest and Technical Articles. As you analyze the text and data, consider the Unit Essential Question: “How do movement and visual expression—in real life and in media—help us explore and expand our world?”

Text 1. Excerpt from an article about kinesthetics (body motion) and fight choreography in film

Clearly, a theatrical fight has a very different purpose from a real fight. In essence, theatrical fights represent real fights in a codified way. The theatrical fights are designed to convey a narrative story of conflict through representational movement. This means that any time a fight’s primary purpose ceases to be about actually damaging an opponent and begins to entail presenting a movement-story to a viewing audience, a certain amount of stylization automatically is employed. One important aesthetic aspect of this stylization then becomes the musicality of the fight itself….

Whenever stylization and musicality become expressed through a human body, a type of expressive movement is created that functions in many ways like dance….

Although this passage primarily addresses… modern dance, [it] can also describe elements of choreographed martial movement. Martial movements intended to be seen necessarily have an expressive design. The movement itself aims to convey a story or narrative.

Figure 1. Timeline of film effects

Table 1. Benefits of creative movement

Creative movement is a type of dance using rhythmic, patterned, or improvised body movements to explore movement as nonverbal communication. Creative movement bridges physical activity to the dance art form and provides both physical and mental/emotional benefits.

Physical Benefits Develops physical skills Improves posture, flexibility, and strength Channels energy

Mental/Emotional Benefits Promotes self-expression Boosts creativity Builds autonomy Stimulates imagination Expresses cultural customs Provides new perspectives of oneself and the world

ANALYSIS PLANNING SHEET

Students should use this guide to help them interpret and analyze the Text Set. This guide may then be used to organize ideas for the Integrate and Evaluate Written Response.

Task 1 Task 2 Read the Integrate and Evaluate prompt. What Read Text 1. What is the purpose of a theatrical do movement-related disciplines (like parkour and fight? For whose benefit does a theatrical fight martial arts) and film effects have in common? occur? To convey a story Based on the prompt, what are you being asked to For the benefit of an audience do? Compare movement-related disciplines and Name 2 characteristics of a theatrical fight: film effects. 1. musicality 2. conflict

Task 3 Task 4 Read Table 1. How does creative movement unify Read Figure 1. What can you infer about the athleticism and art? purpose of film effects as they have developed? Answers may vary. Students should cite Film effects create dramatic and engaging information from the table that supports the experiences for the viewer. idea that creative movement is an art form that has both physical and mental benefits for an individual. How does creative movement benefit an audience? It is a form of dance that explores movement as nonverbal communication. It can express cultural customs and provide a different perspective beyond the spoken word.

Task 5 Place a check mark under each criterion describing attributes and benefits of movement-related disciplines and film effects in the table below.

Push Physical Self- Explore the Dramatic and Manipulate Expected Creativity Health Expression World Engaging Reality Limits Movement- Related √ √ √ √ √ √ Disciplines Film Special Effects √ √ √ √ √

INTEGRATE AND EVALUATE After completing the Analysis Planning Sheet, write an explanatory essay to answer the question: “What do movement-related disciplines (like parkour and martial arts) and film effects have in common?” Your essay must be based on ideas and information that can be found in the Unit of Study.

Manage your time carefully so that you can: • read the passages; • plan your response; • write your response; and • revise and edit your response.

Be sure to: • use evidence from multiple sources; and • avoid overly relying on one source.

Your response should be in the form of a multi-paragraph essay and will be evaluated using the Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric. Write your response in the space provided on the following page.

WRITTEN RESPONSE

Student answers will vary but should cite textual evidence, which may include some of the following:

• Movement-related disciplines like parkour and martial arts provide obvious benefits like physical health, but beyond that, they serve as a way for participants to both express themselves and explore the world around them by physically pushing its limits.

• Film effects, which have advanced profoundly in the past century and now include both practical effects and CGI, serve to create dramatic and engaging experiences. Further, film effects push limits by exploring the world, even beyond what seems possible.

• Both allow for a wide range of creativity and encourage people (practitioners or viewers) to explore possibilities in the world around them.

Before students begin writing, thoroughly read the Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric with the class to ensure that each student understands the criteria and expectations. Make sure that each student has a copy of the rubric for reference during the writing task.

Use the Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric to reference the criteria and determine the number of points to award.

Anchor Standards for Reading: 7, 9 Anchor Standards for Writing: 2, 4, 5, 9

RUBRICS

Reading Short-Response Rubric The student fully understands what is being asked for. The student’s answer is correct, complete, and addresses all aspects of the assigned task. The student provides detail and support from the text 2 points in order to support their answer. Any additional information provided by the student is related to the assigned task and acts as support for the response. The student partially understands what is being asked for. The student’s answer is correct; however, it is 1 point generalized and not specific enough. The student is missing many specific details and support from the text that would prove a lack of understanding of the text and the assigned task.

0 points The answer is completely incorrect, has nothing to do with the assigned task, or no answer is provided.

Anchor Standard for Reading: 2

Project-Based Assessment Rubric

Requirement Exceptional- 3 Proficient- 2 Emergent- 1 Score

The student The student The student adequately successfully evaluates insufficiently evaluates evaluates others’ others’ viewpoints, others’ viewpoints, viewpoints, reasoning, reasoning, and reasoning, and and evidence. Comprehension evidence presented. evidence. and Collaboration The student The student The student has collaborates effectively collaborates sufficiently difficulty collaborating with others and is with others and with peers and/or is not able to integrate and adequately integrates successful at integrating evaluate information and evaluates and evaluating successfully. information. information.

The student’s The student’s The student’s presentation is presentation includes presentation lacking in supporting abundant supporting includes sufficient evidence. It is evidence with supporting evidence. missing key elements effectual organization, The organization, of organization, development, and development, and style Presentation of development, and/or appropriate style of are generally effective Knowledge and uses style not suited to speech and/or writing. and appropriate. Ideas the audience or task.

The student’s use (This score may The student The student makes of digital and visual be marked n/a if successfully uses digital effective use of digital media is lacking or not the standard isn’t and visual media where and visual media where appropriate to the task addressed in the appropriate. appropriate. or audience. Assessment).

Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening: 1–6

Ethical Analysis Extended-Response Rubric

Requirement Exceptional- 3 Proficient- 2 Emergent- 1 Score The student uses The student does not The student uses valid somewhat valid use valid reasoning reasoning from textual reasoning from textual from textual evidence evidence and personal evidence and personal and/or personal Analysis experience to support experience. There experience. There is analysis and reflection is limited analysis insufficient analysis about character. and reflection about and reflection about character. character.

The student The student The student participates participates effectively participates ineffectively sufficiently in in conversation with in conversation with conversation with peers, Discussion peers, building on peers and is not building on others’ ideas others’ ideas and successful in building and expressing their own expressing their own on others’ ideas or adequately. clearly and persuasively. expressing their own.

Anchor Standards for Writing: 1, 9 Anchor Standard for Speaking and Listening: 1

Integrate and Evaluate Extended-Response Rubric

The student skillfully integrates and evaluates content presented in diverse formats and media and produces clear and coherent writing with development, organization, and style appropriate to the 4 points prompt. The student supports their claim or explanation, analysis, and reflection by using an abundance of relevant facts from the text.

The student competently integrates and evaluates content presented in diverse formats and media and produces mostly clear and coherent writing with development, organization, and style appropriate to the 3 points prompt. The student adequately supports their claim or explanation, analysis, and reflection by using relevant facts from the text.

The student insufficiently integrates and evaluates content presented in diverse formats and media and then produces somewhat clear and coherent writing. The development, organization, and style may be 2 points unsuitable for the task at hand. The student writes inaccurate or incomplete statements that rely on few relevant facts from the text.

The student does not integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats and media and 1 point produces unclear writing with development, organization, and style that is unsuitable for the task at hand. The student writes inaccurate statements that do not rely on facts from the text.

Anchor Standard for Reading: 7 Anchor Standards for Writing: 1 or 2; 4, 5, 9

NOTES

High-Interest Article Konow, David. “Practical Effects Masters on the Pros and Cons of CGI.” Tested, “A Brief & Basic History of Parkour.” World Freerunning Parkour Federation (WFPF) December 12, 2013. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 10) website. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 3) https://wfpf.com/history-parkour/ http://www.tested.com/art/makers/459394-practical-effects-masters-pros-and-cons-cgi/ “Benefits of Parkour.” Parkour/Freerunning. Freemove.co.uk. Accessed June 25, 2018. Movieclips. “Casino Royale Movie Clip – Parkour Chase (2006) HD.” YouTube (7:51), (para. 4) http://www.freemove.co.uk/benefits-of-parkour/ September 25, 2012. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZxNbAwY_rk Graham, Jefferson. “Video Websites Pop Up, Invite Postings.” USA Today, November 21, 2005. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 9) Onkst, David H. “Hollywood Stunt Pilots.” U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-21-video- Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 5) websites_x.htm http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/ movie_stunt_pilots/EX26.htm Lam, Lydia. “Parkour Enthusiast Who Scaled Eastpoint Roof Let Off with Warning.” Strait Times, March 1, 2018. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 8) Pearson, Ben. “Logan Was Full of CGI Doubles and You Never Even Noticed.” Games https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/parkour-enthusiast-who-scaled-eastpoint-roof- Radar, March 8, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 10) let-off-with-warning-focusing-on-proper https://www.gamesradar.com/logan-was-full-of-digital-doubles-and-you-never-even- noticed/ Leibowitz, Jessica. “Meet the Stuntman Behind ‘Baby Driver.’” Mashable, February 22, 2018. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 11) “Practical Effects.” TY Tropes. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 1) https://mashable.com/2018/02/22/supporting-players-stunt-man/#e.v23TJLH5qa http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/PracticalEffects Pierce, Chad M. “The Best Parkour Movie You Should See—Top 8 Choices.” In Learning Vivona, Veronica. “15 Times Stunt Performers Were Seriously Injured (or Died) on Set.” Parkour. UltimateParkourGear.com, June 10, 2017. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 10) Screen Rant, July 20, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 6) https://ultimateparkourgear.com/best-parkour-movie-choices/ https://screenrant.com/times-stunt-performers-seriously-injured-or-died-on-set/ Sims, Tom. “The Sport of Parkour Gets a Growing Following.” New York Times, March 23, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 6) “Wire Fu Films” Text Box http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/24/sports/24iht-athlete24.html Breihan, Tom. “America Had Never Seen Anything Like Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.” Stockl, Johanna. “Jason Paul: ‘Freerunning Is Much More Creative than Parkour.’” The A.V. Club, May 5, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. ISPO.com, May 30, 2016. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 9) https://film.avclub.com/america-had-never-seen-anything-like-crouching- https://www.ispo.com/en/people/id_77971978/freerunner-jason-paul-freerunning-is- tiger-h-1798261610 more-creative-than-parkour-.html Crabtree, Sheigh. “High-Wire Act Raises the Bar on Fight Scenes.” Los Angeles Times, Turner, Camilla. “Safety Concerns as Daredevil Pursuit of Parkour Is Set to Become December 17, 2006. Accessed May 30, 2018. Official Sport.”Telegraph , January 8, 2017. Accessed June 25, 2018. (para. 7) http://articles.latimes.com/2006/dec/17/entertainment/ca-goldenflower17 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2017/01/08/safety-concerns-daredevil-pursuit- Ebert, Roger. “Review: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.” RogerEbert.com, parkour-set-become-official/ December 22, 2000. Accessed May 30, 2018. “What Is Parkour.” Parkour/Freerunning. Freemove.co.uk. Accessed June 25, 2018. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/crouching-tiger-hidden-dragon-2000 (para. 2, 5) http://www.freemove.co.uk/en/parkour/freerunning/what-is-parkour/ Reading Comprehension “American Ninjas” Text Box Question 7...: “Activemarker2.PNG.” (User: Hipocrite at English Wikipedia) In the public American Ninja Warrior. epguides.com. Internet Archives. Accessed June 25, 2018. domain. Wikimedia Commons, July 25, 2006. Accessed May 30, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150717190410/http:/epguides.com/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Activemarker2.PNG AmericanNinjaWarrior/ Question 9...: Squires, Scott. “The Value of Visual Effects.” Effects Corner, July 10, 2012. Accessed May 30, 2018. Reading Comprehension http://effectscorner.blogspot.com/2012/07/value-of-visual-effects.html#.Ww2sDEgvzD5 Question 7...: “Parkour-Climb-Acrobatics-Sports.” (Sept. 2012) No. 2258115. Pixabay, April 28, 2018. Accessed January 4, 2019. Text Set https://pixabay.com/en/parkour-climb-acrobatics-sport-2258115/ Text 1 Anderson, Aaron. “Kinesthesia in Martial Arts Films: Action in Motion.” (Jump Cut, No. Question 9...: Rossheim, Matthew E., and Caroline J. Stephenson. “Parkour Injuries 42, Dec. 1998, pp. 1–11, 83) Reprinted online: Jump Cut, No. 48, Winter 2006. Accessed Presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2009–2015.” Department of Global January 3, 2019. and Community Health. George Mason University. The American Journal of Emergency https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC42folder/anderson2/action2.html Medicine, October 2017. Volume 35. Issue 10. p. 1503–05. Accessed July 10, 2018. https://www.ajemjournal.com/article/S0735-6757(17)30304-2/fulltext Figure 1 Dirks, Tim. “Timeline of Greatest Film Milestones and Turning Points in Film History.” Filmsite. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://www.filmsite.org/milestones.html Technical Article Davies, Bee. “7 Modern Films that You Wouldn’t Have Guessed Relied on Practical Edwards, Owen. “Without This Camera, the Emerald City Would Have Been the Color of Effects.” Resource Magazine, January 30, 2017. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 9) Mud.” Smithsonian.com, December 27, 2016. Accessed January 9, 2019. http://resourcemagonline.com/2017/01/7-modern-films-that-you-wouldnt-have-guessed- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/without-camera-emerald-city- relied-on-practical-effects/74420/ would-have-been-color-mud-180961463/ DeMain, Bill. “6 Dangerous Stunts of the Silent Movie Era.” Mental Floss, August 4, 2011. Fussell, James A. “Special Effects in ‘Wizard of Oz’ Took Real Magic.” Kansas City Star, Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 5) updated August 17, 2014. Accessed January 3, 2019. http://mentalfloss.com/article/28422/6-dangerous-stunts-silent-movie-era https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/movies-news-reviews/article1236642.html “Focus of the Week: Casino Royale Foot Chase.” 007.com, November 13, 2017. Accessed Maher, Michael. “The Art of Split Screen.” The Beat, February 19, 2016. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 2) January 3, 2019. https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/split-screen-editing-and-composing/ http://www.007.com/focus-week-casino-royale-foot-chase/ “Matte Painting: Background.” Wikipedia, last updated November 12, 2018. Accessed Fusco, Jon. “Watch: All of the Incredible Practical Effects in ‘Mad Max: Fury Road.’” No January 3, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matte_painting Film School, September 12, 2016. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 9) NOVA. “Special Effects: Titanic and Beyond.” (transcript) NOVA website, https://nofilmschool.com/2016/09/mad-max-fury-road-practical-effects-vfx November 3, 1998. Accessed January 4, 2019. Gonzalez, Rowan. “A Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) History.” Computer Stories, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2514specialfx2.html last updated February 13, 2018. Accessed May 30, 2018. (para. 7) Spry, Jeff. “Firsts: The First All-CGI Character, Made Before Pixar Became Pixar.” Syfy https://computerstories.net/a-computer-generated-imagery-cgi-history-698 Wire, January 10, 2018. Accessed January 4, 2019. Kantilaftis, Helen. “CGI Animation History: Defining (and Awesome) Moments in https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/firsts-the-first-all-cgi-character-made-before-pixar- Cinema.” Student Resources. New York Film Academy, November 18, 2015. Accessed became-pixar May 30, 2018. (para 8) “The Humpty Dumpty Circus.” Wikipedia, updated December 16, 2018. Accessed https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/cgi-animation-history-defining-and-awesome- January 9, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Humpty_Dumpty_Circus moments-in-cinema/ “The Ten Commandments (1956 film).” Wikipedia, last updated January 3, 2019. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)

Trenholm, Richard. “’Youth and Ignorance’ Drove Eye-Popping ‘Star Wars’ Effects.” CNET, May 4, 2017. Accessed January 3, 2019. https://www.cnet.com/news/john-dykstra-star-wars-anniversary-industrial-light-and- magic-special-effects/ Table 1 Hook, Danielle. Creative Movement as a Form of Expression. Chapter 3: Lesson 3. Study. com. Accessed January 4, 2019. https://study.com/academy/lesson/creative-movement-as-a-form-of-expression.html Westminster College, Missouri. Creative Movement and Rhythm. (syllabus) Campus Compact, July 5, 2011. Accessed January 4, 2019. https://compact.org/resource-posts/creative-movement-and-rhythms/

Instructional Resources PowerPoint Not Applicable