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Static and Dynamic Characterization of Tied Arch Bridges

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Static and Dynamic Characterization of Tied Arch Bridges Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2016 Static and dynamic characterization of tied arch bridges John Edward Finke Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Department: Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Recommended Citation Finke, John Edward, "Static and dynamic characterization of tied arch bridges" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 2535. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2535 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TIED ARCH BRIDGES by JOHN EDWARD FINKE A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING in CIVIL ENGINEERING 2016 Approved by Genda Chen, Advisor Victor Birman Guirong Yan Timothy A. Philpot Mohamed A. ElGawady iii ABSTRACT Tied arch bridges have been designed and constructed since the late 19th century. With their open vista owing to minimalist features tied arch bridges continue to appeal the public. Tied arch bridges are both aesthetic and economical alternates to long span bridges holding a place in the hierarchy of major bridges. They fit in a niche between viable and economical plate girder spans and short cable stayed bridge spans. There are several variations of the tied arch with the most common form being those having vertical hangers, stiff tie girders and slender arch ribs. This tied arch variation is examined in-depth using three-dimensional finite element analysis to determine both static and dynamic characteristics. Moreover, contemporary evolutions and innovations are presented as are comparisons between Load Factor Design and Load and Resistance Factor Design. Four bridges, all spanning major rivers in the Midwest, are at the core of this study. The bridges have different spans, widths, arch rise, hanger number and spacing as well as wind bracing arrangments. The spans for these bridges range from 535 feet to just over 900 feet. The weight of structural steel per square foot of bridge deck ranges from 111 lbf/square feet to 184 lbf/square feet. The total dead load ranges from 244 lbf/square feet to 311 lbf/square feet. Though there is an increase in the live load for the current AASHTO LRFD code over those codes used to design these bridges, the older member sections have acceptable capacity-demand ratios. This is especially true for bridges designed using the HS20 modified live load. The fundamental frequency for the bridges ranges from 0.282 Hz to 0.514 Hz with a corresponding mode shape of a full sine wave. Additional frequencies and mode shapes are reported based on their mass participation. The influence of key element stiffness on frequency is also examined. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “There is great joy in achieving what others deem impossible” Major General Leif J. Sverdrup The path leading to the completion of the doctoral program and this dissertation has without a doubt proved to be equally as rewarding as the completion. Along this path I have been privileged to meet many professors who shared their insight and passion for numerous subjects, making complex topics both practical and immediately useful. Additionally, many colleagues have selflessly shared their knowledge and enthusiasm for bridge structural engineering. In recognition of my gratitude to these mentors I will strive to impress upon others the knowledge and experience I have gained. No journey progresses well without a proper start and support along the way. As such I am greatly indebted to my parents for fostering my inquisitive nature and honing my persistence. Similarly I’m grateful to my sister for passing along her enthusiasm for computers and knack for programming. I thank my advising committee for their insights and patience over the years especially those of Dr. Genda Chen and Dr. Victor Birman. Lastly, I wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of my wife and children who have supported my efforts, for better or worse, to completion. Paula, Emily, Amy, Kelly and Kyle, you are my inspiration, I love you and you all have a very special place in my heart and thoughts. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xiii SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 1 1.2. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................... 3 2. THE TIED ARCH BRIDGE ........................................................................................ 5 2.1. HISTORICAL POINTS ..................................................................................... 5 2.2. ARCH BRIDGES ............................................................................................... 6 2.3. TIED ARCH BRIDGE ....................................................................................... 9 2.4. TIED ARCH STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR .................................................... 12 2.4.1 Arch Rib. ............................................................................................... 15 2.4.2 Tie-Girder. ............................................................................................. 15 2.4.3 Hangers. ................................................................................................ 16 2.4.4 Floor System. ........................................................................................ 16 3. BRIDGE DESCRIPTIONS ........................................................................................ 21 3.1. JEFFERSON BARRACKS BRIDGE .............................................................. 21 3.2. CITY ISLAND BRIDGE ................................................................................. 23 3.3. PAGE AVENUE BRIDGE .............................................................................. 26 3.4. TENNESSEE RIVER BRIDGE ....................................................................... 29 3.5. BRIDGE MATERIALS ................................................................................... 33 vi 3.5.1 3AASHTO Material Specifications. ..................................................... 34 3.5.2 Arch Bridge Steel Material Specifications. ........................................... 35 3.5.3 ASTM A36 ............................................................................................ 36 3.5.4 ASTM A572 (AASHTO M223) ........................................................... 36 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................................................... 38 4.1. PUBLISHED LITERATURE ........................................................................... 38 4.2. ANALAYSIS OF TIED ARCH BRIDGES ..................................................... 38 4.2.1 Arch Bridges. ........................................................................................ 39 4.2.2 Preliminary Analysis and Hanger Adjustment of Tied Arch Bridges. .. 41 4.2.3 Design of Steel Tied Arch Bridges: An Alternative.............................. 42 4.2.4 Theory and Design of Bridges and Structural Steel Designers Handbook. ............................................................................................. 45 4.2.5 Computational Analysis and Design of Bridge Structures. ................... 46 4.3. BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF TIED ARCH BRIDGES .................................. 48 4.3.1 Buckling and Vibration of Arches and Tied Arches. ............................ 49 4.3.2 Buckling Design of Steel Tied Arch Bridges. ....................................... 50 4.4. TIED ARCH DESIGN ..................................................................................... 53 4.4.1 Design of Steel Tied Arch Bridges: An Alternative.............................. 54 4.4.2 Arch Bridges. ........................................................................................ 54 4.4.3 Structural Steel Designers Handbook. .................................................. 54 4.4.3.1 Rise to span ratio. ................................................................... 55 4.4.3.2 Panel length. ........................................................................... 55 4.4.3.3 Depth to span ratio.................................................................. 55 4.4.3.4 Arch rib cross section. ............................................................ 55 4.4.3.5 Dead load distribution. ........................................................... 55 4.4.3.6 Live load distribution. ...........................................................
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