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Border Crossings Canadian Security Guide Book 2007 EDITION An Update of Security Problems in Search of Solutions BORDER CROSSINGS Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence March 2007 MEMBERSHIP 39th Parliament – 1st Session STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE The Honourable Colin Kenny, Chair The Honourable Norman K. Atkins, Deputy Chair and The Honourable Tommy Banks The Honourable Joseph A. Day The Honourable Wilfred P. Moore The Honourable Rod A. A. Zimmer *The Honourable Marjory Lebreton, P.C., (or the Honourable Gerald Comeau) *The Honourable Céline Hervieux-Payette (or the Honourable Claudette Tardif) *Ex Officio Members Other Senators who participated during the 39th Parliament – 1st Session: The Honourable George Baker The Honourable Janis G. Johnson The Honourable Michael A. Meighen The Honourable Grant Mitchell The Honourable Pierre Claude Nolin The Honourable Hugh Segal The Honourable Gerry St. Germain The Honourable Terry Stratton The Honourable David Tkachuk MEMBERSHIP 38th Parliament – 1st Session STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE The Honourable Colin Kenny, Chair The Honourable J. Michael Forrestall, Deputy Chair and The Honourable Norman K. Atkins The Honourable Tommy Banks The Honourable Jane Cordy The Honourable Joseph A. Day The Honourable Michael A. Meighen The Honourable Jim Munson The Honourable Pierre Claude Nolin *The Honourable Jack Austin, P.C. (or the Honourable William Rompkey, P.C.) *The Honourable Noël A. Kinsella (or the Honourable Terry Stratton) *Ex Officio Members Other Senators who participated during the 38th Parliament – 1st Session: The Honourable Ione Christensen The Honourable Anne C. Cools The Honourable Percy Downe The Honourable Rose-Marie Losier-Cool The Honourable John Lynch-Staunton The Honourable Terry M. Mercer The Honourable Wilfred P. Moore The Honourable Donald H. Oliver The Honourable Gerard A. Phalen The Honourable William Rompkey The Honourable Peter A. Stollery The Honourable David Tkachuk The Honourable Marilyn Trenholme Counsell MEMBERSHIP 37th Parliament – 3rd Session STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE The Honourable Colin Kenny, Chair The Honourable J. Michael Forrestall, Deputy Chair and The Honourable Norman K. Atkins The Honourable Tommy Banks The Honourable Jane Cordy The Honourable Joseph A. Day The Honourable Michael A. Meighen The Honourable Jim Munson The Honourable David P. Smith, P.C. *The Honourable Jack Austin, P.C. (or the Honourable William Rompkey, P.C.) *The Honourable John Lynch-Staunton (or the Honourable Noël A. Kinsella) *Ex Officio Members MEMBERSHIP 37th Parliament – 2nd Session STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE The Honourable Colin Kenny, Chair The Honourable J. Michael Forrestall, Deputy Chair and The Honourable Norman K. Atkins The Honourable Tommy Banks The Honourable Jane Cordy The Honourable Joseph A. Day The Honourable Michael A. Meighen The Honourable David P. Smith, P.C. The Honourable John (Jack) Wiebe *The Honourable Sharon Carstairs, P.C. (or the Honourable Fernand Robichaud, P.C.) *The Honourable John Lynch-Staunton (or the Honourable Noël A. Kinsella) *Ex Officio Members MEMBERSHIP 37th Parliament – 1st Session STANDING COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE The Honourable Colin Kenny, Chair The Honourable J. Michael Forrestall, Deputy Chair and The Honourable Norman K. Atkins The Honourable Tommy Banks The Honourable Jane Cordy The Honourable Joseph A. Day The Honourable Laurier L. LaPierre The Honourable Michael A. Meighen The Honourable John (Jack) Wiebe *The Honourable Sharon Carstairs, P.C. (or the Honourable Fernand Robichaud, P.C.) *The Honourable John Lynch-Staunton (or the Honourable Noël A. Kinsella) *Ex Officio Members TABLE OF CONTENTS Problem 1: The Need for a Culture Shift on Our Borders......................................2 Problem 2: Poor Threat Identification at Borders...................................................7 Problem 3: Lack of Reliable Documentation........................................................14 Problem 4: Inadequate Staffing Levels.................................................................19 Problem 5: Undertrained Part-Time Customs Staff..............................................23 Problem 6: The Need for Proper Training for All Border Guards on Duty .........29 Problem 7: Unsafe Border Posts ...........................................................................33 Problem 8: Unconnected Border Posts .................................................................36 Problem 9: Culture of Secrecy: Who Do You Trust?...........................................38 Problem 10: Lack of a Credible System for Reporting Critical Incidents............42 Problem 11: Unarmed Border Officers.................................................................45 Problem 12: Border Runners.................................................................................49 Problem 13: Backing Up Infrastructure at Key Border Crossings .......................52 Problem 14: Reverse Inspection Could Save Damage to Crossings ....................55 Problem 15: No Plans for Reverse Inspection at New Windsor-Detroit Crossing ...............................................................................................................................58 Problem 16: W indsor-Detroit Border Crossing a “Public Order Emergency”....61 Problem 17: Need for Greater Public Awareness of Benefits of Safer Canada- U.S. Border Crossings...........................................................................................64 APPENDIX I.........................................................................................................69 Order of Reference................................................................................................69 APPENDIX II .......................................................................................................71 Index of Recommendations ..................................................................................71 Canadian Security Guidebook 2005 .....................................................................71 APPENDIX III ......................................................................................................77 Index of New Recommendations..........................................................................77 APPENDIX IV......................................................................................................81 Glossary of Terms.................................................................................................81 APPENDIX V .......................................................................................................87 Who the Committee Heard From..........................................................................87 APPENDIX VI................................................................................................... 127 Biographies of Committee Members ................................................................. 127 APPENDIX VII ................................................................................................. 131 Biographies of the Committee Secretariat ......................................................... 131 Canadian Security Guide Book 2007 Edition – BORDER CROSSINGS Border Crossings Canadian-U.S. border crossings offer security institutions the opportunity to scrutinize people who might otherwise go unnoticed. The vast majority moving back and forth between the two countries don’t present a problem. At a guess 99.999 percent of people crossing Canadian-U.S. borders are doing so with honourable intentions. It is in both countries’ interests to trip up the other 0.001 percent. But how good are we at spotting these people, and trying to figure out what they’re up to? We know that both governments have some of them on terrorist watch lists, and that various police forces have records on people who have committed crimes. Does the Canadian government have the personnel and the equipment at our borders to make a quick determination as to whether any given person deserves further scrutiny? On a more philosophical level, do Canadian authorities share a mindset that security should be the priority at our border crossings? Or are our border officers too busy shaking shoppers down for duty on purchases that may have exceeded the prescribed limits for any given trip? We think we have some answers to these questions. The Committee is convinced that the Government of Canada pays too much attention to minor duty infractions at our border posts, and too little attention to security. If there is going to be a greater focus on security, the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) is going to have to acquire more full-time personnel and sophisticated equipment to do the kinds of efficient and effective security checks that would make Canada a safer place to live. The CBSA told the Committee that it processes an average of 266,000 travelers entering Canada each day. In 2005-2006, it processed more than 97.1 million travelers arriving by highway, air, marine and rail – an increase of approximately 5 million over the 2003-2004 fiscal year and 2 million over the 2004-2005 fiscal 1 year. 1 Canada Border Services Agency, “CBSA Departmental Performance Report 2005-2006,” (2006), Available on http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/dpr-rmr/0506/BSA-ASF/bsa-asf01_e.asp#s1 1 Canadian Security Guide Book 2007 Edition – BORDER CROSSINGS Problem 1: The Need for a Culture Shift on Our Borders The people who should get
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