The Renewable Energy Transition in Africa Powering Access, Resilience and Prosperity
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Technology Innovation to Accelerate Energy Transitions
Technology Innovation to Accelerate Energy Transitions June 2019 Technology Innovation to Accelerate Energy Transitions Abstract Abstract Japan’s G20 presidency 2019 asked the International Energy Agency to analyse progress in G20 countries towards technology innovation to accelerate energy transitions. The Japan presidency, which began on 1 December 2018 and runs through 30 November 2019, has placed a strong focus on innovation, business and finance.1 In the areas of energy and the environment, Japan wishes to create a “virtuous cycle between the environment and growth”, which is the core theme of the G20 Ministerial Meeting on Energy Transitions and Global Environment for Sustainable Growth in Karuizawa, Japan, 15-16 June 2019. A first draft report was presented to the 2nd meeting of the G20 Energy Transitions Working Group (ETWG), held through 18-19 April 2019. This final report incorporates feedback and comments submitted during April by the G20 membership and was shared with the ETWG members. This final report is cited in “Proposed Documents for the Japanese Presidency of the G20” that was distributed to the G20 energy ministers, who convened in Karuizawa on 15-16 June 2019. This report, prepared as an input for the 2019 G20 ministerial meeting, is an IEA contribution; it is not submitted for formal approval by energy ministers, nor does it reflect the G20 membership’s national or collective views. The report sets out around 100 “innovation gaps”, that is, key innovation needs in each energy technology area that require additional efforts, including through global collaboration. Together with other related information, the report can be found at the IEA Innovation web portal at www.iea.org/innovation. -
Energy Security and the Energy Transition: a Classic Framework for a New Challenge
REPORT 11.25.19 Energy Security and the Energy Transition: A Classic Framework for a New Challenge Mark Finley, Fellow in Energy and Global Oil their political leaders during the oil shocks of SUMMARY the 1970s. While these considerations have Policymakers in the US and around the world historically been motivated by consumers are grappling with how to understand the worried about access to uninterrupted security implications of an energy system supplies of oil, producing countries can in transition—and if they aren’t, they equally raise concerns about shocks to— should be. Recent attacks on Saudi facilities and the security of—demand. show that oil supply remains vulnerable In addition to geopolitical risk, the to disruption. New energy forms can help reliability of energy supplies has recently reduce vulnerability to oil supply outages, been threatened by factors ranging from but they also have the potential to introduce weather events (the frequency and intensity new vulnerabilities and risks. The US and its of which are exacerbated by climate allies have spent the past 50 years building a change) to terrorist activities, industrial robust domestic and international response accidents, and cyberattacks. The recent system to mitigate risks to oil supplies, but attack on Saudi oil facilities and resulting disruption of oil supplies,1 hurricanes on similar arrangements for other energy forms Policymakers are remain limited. This paper offers a framework the Gulf Coast (which disrupted oil and gas for assessing energy security based on an production and distribution, as well as the grappling with the evaluation of vulnerability, risk, and offsets; electrical grid), and high winds in California security implications this approach has been a useful tool for that caused widespread power outages of an energy system in assessing oil security for the past 50 years, have brought energy security once again transition—and if they into the global headlines. -
Energy Transition: Building the Framework for the Future of Energy Energy Transition | Building the Framework for the Future of Energy
Energy transition: Building the framework for the future of energy Energy transition | Building the framework for the future of energy Contents Energy transition: Decisions made today by executives, customers, and policy makers are laying the groundwork for the energy future 2 Decarbonization of energy sources 3 Increasing operational energy efficiency 4 Commercialization of new technologies 5 Looking to the future of energy: Macro trends and key drivers 7 Four Future of Energy scenarios 9 Implications for industry sectors 11 The road ahead 12 Let's talk 15 1 Energy transition: Building the framework for the future of energy Energy transition: Decisions made today by executives, customers, and policy makers are laying the groundwork for the energy future In March 2020, Deloitte surveyed 600 executives in the energy 1. Decarbonization of energy sources and industrial sectors about their preparedness for a lower- 2. Increasing operational energy efficiency carbon future and their organizations’ strategies for the energy transition. The survey findings were published inNavigating the 3. Commercialization of new technologies energy transition from disruption to growth and showed three 4. Investment in new business models significant results. First, the transition away from fossil fuels is 5. Adapting to new policy and regulation already well underway and not merely a distant future. Progress in the power sector seems most notable, for example, where in 6. Managing customer and stakeholder expectations the United States, cheap domestic natural gas and renewables are backing out coal generation and have contributed to a As companies find their footing post-crisis, progress in a few substantial emissions reduction. -
Hydropower As Enabler of the Clean Energy Transition: Future Priorities for European Hydropower Research
EERA JP Hydropower Policy Brief 1/2020 Hydropower as enabler of the clean energy transition: Future priorities for European hydropower research A new role for hydropower in the electrical energy system In EU (2018, EU 28) hydropower The layout of the electrical energy system in continental accounts for around 360 TWh produced Europe was initiated many decades ago. The energy annually1, approximately 43% of the providers were thermal power plants, where operation total renewable electricity production2. was maintained at a constant level. Some run-of-river In Europe, hydropower provides approx. hydropower added slowly fluctuating amounts of non- 180 TWh of storage3 and more than 200 dispatchable power, and pumped storage power plants GW of power4 in synchronous and some storage hydropower plants were used to generators to stabilise the continental balance the consumption and production on short time- European electrical grid. Of this, scales. The future will look very different from this. approximately 155 GW is conventional The European Green Deal’s ambitious target of climate hydropower and approx. 45 GW neutrality by 2050 will inevitably reduce the number of Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH)5. thermal units, replacing the energy they provided with emission free renewables such as intermittent wind and Hydropower and climate adaptation solar PV. This will make the job of balancing the Adding to the importance of redesigning the consumption and production much harder as existing hydropower system based on energy fluctuations are high on both production side and considerations is the projected need for consumption side. New technology and inventions are needed to make this possible, however, the fleet of altered future water management. -
HFO Power Plant in Mali, Africa
Udenrigsudvalget 2018-19 URU Alm.del - endeligt svar på spørgsmål 103 Offentligt HFO power plant in Mali, Africa SUMMARY Trucost, part of S&P Global was commissioned to conduct analysis of the potential CO2e savings relating to a heavy fuel oil (HFO) power plant installation in Mali (Africa). This African HFO project can feasibly provide GHG savings based on detailed analysis and materiality of carbon savings. These are considered low with an associated net benefit of 15 tCO2e/DKK million invested. With social cost of carbon incorporated, this is equivalent to 0.012 DKK/DKK invested. DATA AVAILABLE The maximum working capacity of the new HFO power plant in Kayes, Mali is 81 MWe (IFU, 2016b) The actual working capacity is 81% of maximum capacity for the HFO power plant in Mali (IFU, 2016b) The guaranteed output for Mali power plant is 578,160 MWh/annum (IFU, 2016b) and based on this it was calculated that the plant operates for 24 hours/day Kayes, Mali HFO plant is a greenfield project, thus construction emissions are included The project life considered for the analysis is 20 years Ecoinvent factors were used for calculating the lifetime emissions of both alternative and baseline scenario (EcoInvent, 2016) RATIONALE OF FUNDING In Mali as well as generally in Africa, there is an increasing demand for electricity, which needs to be met. The annual demand for energy is increasing at the rate of 10% per annum in Mali (African Development Bank, 2015). IFU is considering an investment developing a HFO power plant to help meet this need. -
Pathways to Sustainable Energy Accelerating Energy Transition in the UNECE Region
UNEC E Pathways to Sustainable Energy Accelerating Energy Transition in the UNECE Region Energy underpins economic development and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and has a critical role to play in climate change mitigation. The recognition of the role that energy plays in modern society is highly signicant, however, there remains an important disconnection between agreed energy and climate targets and the Pathways to Sustainable Energy • Accelerating Transition in the UNECE Region approaches in place today to achieve them. Only international cooperation and innovation can deliver the accelerated and more ambitious strategies. Policies will be needed to ll the persistent gaps to achieve the 2030 Agenda. If the gaps are not addressed urgently, progressively more drastic and expensive measures will be required to avoid extreme and potentially unrecoverable social impacts as countries try to cope with climate change. This report uniquely focuses on sustainable energy in the UNECE region up to 2050 as regional economic cooperation is an important factor in achieving sustainable energy. Arriving at a state of attaining sustainable energy is a complex social, political, economic and technological challenge. The UNECE countries have not agreed on how collectively they will achieve energy for sustainable development. Given the role of the UNECE to promote economic cooperation it is important to explore the implications of dierent sustainable energy pathways and for countries to work together on developing and deploying policies and measures. Pathways to Sustainable Energy Accelerating Energy Transition in the UNECE Region 67UNECE Energy Series UNIT Palais des Nations CH - 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland E Telephone: +41(0)22 917 12 34 D E-mail: [email protected] N A Website: www.unece.org TION S UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Pathways to Sustainable Energy - Accelerating Energy Transition in the UNECE Region ECE ENERGY SERIES No. -
Net Zero and the Role of Gas and Coal in Energy Transitions
Net Zero and the Role of Gas and Coal in Energy Transitions Dr Carole Nakhle CEO, Crystol Energy IEA-IEF-OPEC Symposium on Gas and Coal Market Outlooks 28 April 2021 Energy Expertise. Global Reach. Evolution of global electricity mix Share of Electricity Production by Evolution of Electricity Mix by Fuel Source, World 45% 40% 2019 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 1985 5% 0% 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Coal Gas Hydro Coal Gas Hydro Renewables Solar Oil Renewables Solar Oil Wind Nuclear Wind Nuclear Source: BP, 2020, Ember, 2021 2 Electricity generation by fuel type in selected countries/regions Electricity Generation by Fuel Type EU China Africa Middle East US 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro Renewables Other Source: BP, 2020 Note: EU includes UK 3 CO2emissions bycountry/region Source: BP, Source: Million Tonnes 10000 12000 2000 4000 6000 8000 2020 0 1990 1991 Note: EU includes UK includes EU Note: 1992 1993 1994 1995 US 1996 1997 Middle East 1998 CO2 Emissions Country/Region by 1999 2000 2001 2002 Africa 2003 2004 2005 China 2006 2007 2008 EU 2009 2010 World(rhs) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 4 Million Tonnes Europe: underneath the trend, a multispeed energy region Electricity generation by fuel, 2019 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Germany Italy UK Poland Netherlands Spain EU Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro Renewables Other Source: BP, 2020 Note: EU includes UK 5 Climate, economics and politics • EU aims to be climate-neutral by 2050 – an economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. -
Energy in Africa Challenges and Opportunities
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENERGY Manfred Hafner · Simone Tagliapietra Lucia de Strasser Energy in Africa Challenges and Opportunities SpringerBriefs in Energy SpringerBriefs in Energy presents concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applications in all aspects of Energy. Featuring compact volumes of 50– 125 pages, the series covers a range of content from professional to academic. Typical topics might include: • A snapshot of a hot or emerging topic • A contextual literature review • A timely report of state-of-the art analytical techniques • An in-depth case study • A presentation of core concepts that students must understand in order to make independent contributions. Briefs allow authors to present their ideas and readers to absorb them with minimal time investment. Briefs will be published as part of Springer’s eBook collection, with millions of users worldwide. In addition, Briefs will be available for individual print and electronic purchase. Briefs are characterized by fast, global electronic dissemina- tion, standard publishing contracts, easy-to-use manuscript preparation and formatting guidelines, and expedited production schedules. We aim for publication 8–12 weeks after acceptance. Both solicited and unsolicited manuscripts are considered for publication in this series. Briefs can also arise from the scale up of a planned chapter. Instead of simply contributing to an edited volume, the author gets an authored book with the space necessary to provide more data, fundamentals and background on the subject, methodology, future outlook, etc. SpringerBriefs in Energy contains a distinct subseries focusing on Energy Analysis and edited by Charles Hall, State University of New York. Books for this subseries will emphasize quantitative accounting of energy use and availability, including the potential and limitations of new technologies in terms of energy returned on energy invested. -
Best Practices on Renewable Energy in Africa
BEST PRACTISES ON RENEWABLE ENERGY IN AFRICA THE CURRENT STATUS Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report 2018 Renewable energy in Africa: The current status 2014–16. Among the strongest performers were Bangladesh, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tanzania, which expanded access by more than 5 percentage points annually between 2014 and 2016. Electricity and energy are key issues today targets and the SDG7 goal: to “ensure ac- 90 GW 2. Already, concentrated solar po- on the African continent: about two-thirds cess to affordable, reliable, sustainable wer, photovoltaics and wind turbines are • Socioeconomic1.of its electrificationpopulation does not havepatterns: any ac- Access and modern to electricity energy for all” isuntil strongly 2030. associateddeployed across with the poverty,continent. with access cess to electricity services. The situation rates four timesin Sub-Saharan higher Africa in theis especially top quintile con- Solutions of household to the energy expenditure access issue in comparedMany programmes to theand initiatives bottom are quintileim- across the 20cerning countries and rural with areas the are particularlylargest access Africa deficit.lie in the transition Differences to renewable in electricity plemented access to promote by thegender use of renew- of head of household wereaffected. also Today, found half of to all beenergy material use in energy.in a minority Its potential of on thethe continenttop 20 isaccess-deficit able energy, such countries.as Electric Africa, the Af- Africa includes traditional biomass con- considerable. Several resources are re- rican–EU Renewable Energy Cooperation sumption, which has the dual disadvan- levant in different areas, wind for exam- Programme (RECP) and AREI (African Re- • Methodologiestage of to being estimate dangerous electrification: for human health pleWithin has a bettercountries quality differentin Northern andmethodologies newable Energy can Initiative). -
Enhancing China–Africa Cooperation in the Renewable Energy Sector
Issue 176 March 2021 Enhancing China–Africa Cooperation in the Renewable Energy Sector Access to affordable and sustainable electricity is of fundamental importance to development in much of Africa. But, while access to electricity is improving, contributions from non-hydropower renewable China–Africa energy sources remain small. At the same time, China – the powerhouse of cooperation solar energy technologies – has made limited contribution to harnessing on renewable Africa’s renewable energy. Combining insights from recent webinars and research, this Policy Briefing discusses how China–Africa energy could cooperation on renewable energy could lead to improvements lead to in access to and supply of affordable and sustainable energy in improvements Africa. Recommendations for African and Chinese policymakers and in access to businesses include the adoption of transparent, competitive, and locally inclusive energy procurement and use mechanisms. and supply of affordable and Key messages sustainable – Access to electricity in Africa has improved over the past five years but, partly due to the Covid-19 pandemic, investment is declining. energy. – Challenges to the deployment of renewable energy in Africa could be overcome through effective cooperation with China, a global leader in renewables. – This would bring mutual benefits. Africa presents untapped market potential due to its rich endowment in renewable energy sources. Improved access to affordable and sustainable electricity and technology transfer would benefit citizens across Africa. – It would also contribute towards meeting global and national commitments on climate change and access to electricity in the SDGs. – But, for local communities to benefit, a more transparent and Seife Ayele, inclusive governance framework must be established. -
Post Paris Transitions and Energy Diplomacy Beyond OPEC, the Energy Charter Treaty, and the Coronavirus
AHMAD2 (DO NOT DELETE) 8/13/2020 3:25 PM IRENA at 10: Post Paris Transitions and Energy Diplomacy Beyond OPEC, the Energy Charter Treaty, and the Coronavirus NADIA B. AHMAD* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 46 I. UNDERSTANDING THE IRENA STATUTE .................................................... 50 II. POST-EXTRACTION BEYOND OPEC ........................................................... 54 III. IRENA AS AN EPISTEMIC INSTITUTION ...................................................... 60 A. Energy Charter Treaty ..................................................................... 63 B. Paris Agreement .............................................................................. 68 IV. POST-PARIS ENERGY TRANSITIONS ............................................................ 71 V. THE CORONAVIRUS RECOVERY AND ENERGY TRANSITIONS ....................... 74 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 76 * © 2020 Nadia B. Ahmad. Associate Professor of Law, Barry University School of Law; B.A., University of California, Berkeley; J.D., University of Florida Fredric G. Levin College of Law; LL.M., in Natural Resources and Environmental Law and Policy, University of Denver Sturm College of Law. This Article has benefited from discussions at Harvard Law School’s Institute for Global Law and Policy. Special thanks to Barry University School of Law and my dean, Leticia Diaz, -
The Future of Africa Energy Supply
IASS STUDY Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) Potsdam, March 2016 The Future of Africa’s Energy Supply Potentials and Development Options for Renewable Energy Rainer Quitzow, Sybille Roehrkasten, David Jacobs, Benjamin Bayer, El Mostafa Jamea, Yvonne Waweru, Patrick Matschoss This study was conducted with financial support from the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The content of the study is the sole responsibility of the authors. Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents List of Tables 4 List of Figures 4 List of Boxes 4 Acknowledgements 5 List of Abbreviations 6 Executive Summary 9 1. Objectives and Structure of the Report 13 2. Status Quo of Renewable Energy in Africa 15 2.1. Key issues and challenges in Africa’s energy development 15 2.2. The African energy mix: status quo and major trends 16 2.2.1 Overview of primary energy demand in Africa 16 2.2.2 Electricity generation 16 2.2.3 Residential and transport sectors 18 2.3. Current status of renewables in African electricity sector 19 2.3.1 Renewable energy policies 19 2.3.2 Electricity generation from renewables 19 2.3.3 Trends in installed renewable energy capacity 21 2.3.4 Trends in renewable energy investments 21 IASS Study_1 Table of Contents 3. Potentials for Growth and Development 25 3.1. Scenarios, potentials and targets 25 3.1.1 Scenarios for 2020 25 3.1.2 Key country-level targets and technical potential of renewable energy technologies 26 3.2. Drivers and opportunities for renewable energy deployment in Africa 28 3.2.1 Benefiting from declining renewable energy costs 28 3.2.2 Benefiting from rapid deployment and stable costs 28 3.2.3 Renewable energy as a cost-effective option for rural electrification 29 3.2.4 Benefiting from increased energy security 29 3.2.5 Benefiting from innovations and local value creation 29 3.2.6 Benefiting from low-carbon, climate-resilient development 30 3.2.7 Resource endowments and country-specific opportunity structures for renewable energy expansion 30 3.3.