THE UNIVERSAL DEITY

KRISHNAM VANDE JAGADGURUM CURRENT PRACTICES FOR AUGMENTING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY IN

Dr. G. Vijaya Kumara Sarma, M.V.Sc., Deputy Director, State Animal Husbandry Training Centre, Mandapeta , East Godavari Dist. A.P. POPULATION – WORLD

SNO COUNTRY HEAD % OF TOTAL RANK 1 Brazil 211 Million 14.43% 1 2 189 Million 12.88% 2 3 China 113 Million 7.73% 3 4 USA 89 Million 6.08% 4 5 Ethiopia 54 Million 3.68% 5 6 Argentina 51 Million 3.48% 6 7 Sudan 42 Million 2.86% 7 8 Pakistan 38 Million 2.61% 8 9 Mexico 32 Million 2.21% 9 10 Australia 29 Million 2.00% 10

Source: FAO Statistics 2015 LIVESTOCK POPULATION – A.P

SNO LIVESTOCK POPULATION (Lakhs) POSITION 1 Poultry 1005.80 1 2 Sheep 210.15 1 3 Buffalo 107.68 2 4 Goat 64.27 7 5 Cattle 94.24 8 6 Pig 5.49 8 LIVESTOCK BREEDS IN A.P

• The State has the world famous • Ongole Cattle • Punganur Cattle • Nellore breed of sheep and • Aseel breed of poultry- OTHER LIVESTOCK BREEDS • Cattle Breeds • INDIGENOUS • Deoni • Hallikar • Non-Descript • CROSSBRED • Jersey • HF • Buffalo Breeds • Murrah • Non-Descript AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES & CROPS GROWN IN AP

FEED & FODDER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY (VS) REQUIREMENT (MT) S.NO DISTRICT AVAILABILITY REQUIREMENT BALANCE 1 Ananthapuramu 1,783.2 3,947.5 -2,164.3 2 Chittoor 1,283.7 4,153.8 -2,870.1 3 East Godavari 2,475.1 5,933.6 -3,459.0 4 3,812.4 7,798.5 -3,986.1 5 Kadapa 1,347.9 4,112.6 -2,764.7 6 Krishna 3,245.3 6,754.6 -3,509.3 7 Kurnool 2,786.5 4,100.0 -1,313.5 8 Nellore 1,987.6 3,976.1 -1,988.5 9 Prakasam 1,963.4 8,432.7 -6,469.3 10 Srikakulam 1,120.8 3,198.6 -2,077.8 11 Vishakhapatnam 876.7 2,987.6 -2,110.9 12 Vizianagaram 1,241.8 2,099.4 -857.6 13 West Godavari 3,045.3 4,440.2 -1,394.9 RAIN FALL IN ANDHRA PRADESH MILK PRODUCTION SCENARIO – WORLD • INDIA –WORLD’S LARGEST MILK PRODUCER (21%) MILK PRODUCTION SCENARIO – INDIA • UP > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh. AP stands at 4th Place. MILK PRODUCTION SCENARIO Top 5 states in India (2017-2018)

S.NO STATE % MILK MILK CB COWS AVG MILK ND COWS AVG MILK BUFFALOES AVG SHARE IN PRODUCTION (000S) YIELD/D (000S) YIELD/D (000S) MILK INDIA (MMTS) (IN KG) (IN KG) YIELD/ 2017-18 D (IN KG) 1 UP 16.5 29.0 1358.38 7.24 5079.79 3.02 11308.97 4.49

2 Rajasthan 12.7 22.4 752.30 8.26 3342.06 4.89 4919 6.61 3 MP 8.3 14.7 543.74 8.42 5283.10 2.84 4193 4.46

4 AP 7.8 13.7 943.36 9.4 1115.53 3.4 3398 7.34

5 Gujarat 7.7 13.6 973.36 9.13 1945.9 4.3 3782 5.2 MILK PRODUCTION SCENARIO – A.P • Krishna > SPSR Nellore > East Godavari > Chittoor > Kadapa GROWTH OF LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN A.P. LIVESTOCK – ANDHRA PRADESH

• SF, MF, AL & Landless Poor owns 70 % Livestock & contribute 62% of Milk Production. • Women constitute 60% of Livestock Work force. • Rural Shepherds own90% of Sheep Population • Piggery -Monopoly of weaker sections. • Livestock Sector-Key for Socio-Economic change • Recurrent Droughts- Transform the farmers to Livestock Dependency as the alternative income generation and livelihood source. COST OF REARING A CATTLE/DAY • Cost of the Murrah Buffalo:Rs:80,000/- • Milk Yield: 12 Lts /Day. • Lactation Length: (10)Months & Lactation Yield 3600 Lts •

• Milk yield per day = 12 Lts/day. • Cost for production of 12 Lts = 310/day; • Cost of production of (1) Lt of Milk= 310/12 = 25.83 = Rs 26/- with7% Fat • Milk sale Price = 50/Lt/10% Fat. • Total Income generated = 12X35=Rs:420 • Net Profit = Rs. 420-Rs.310=Rs.110/day/Buffalo ECONOMICS OF MANAGEMENT

• Cattle with less than 10 Lts Milk Yield are non-profitable. • Cattle with 10 Lts MY only are recommended for Induction • Cost of Production of one Liter of Milk – Rs 26/- • Sale Price of One Lts of Milk with 10 % Fat – Rs 50-60/- • Sale Price of One Lts of Milk with 7 % fat – Rs 35-40/- • Sale Price of 10 Lts of Milk with 7% Fat – Rs 350-400- • The Net Profit is Rs 90-140/day.( Average Rs:115/-) • The Realistic income /Day/Animal= Rs:50-100/-Only. ECONOMIC LOSS OF OESTRUS CYCLE

• Reasons for Loss of Oestrus Cycle are • Sub estrum • Silent Heat • Missed Heat • An-Ovulatory Heat • Failure of Estrous Detection • Untimely Insemination • Average Length of Oestrus cycle - 21 days • Average maintenance cost of animal – Rs 150-300/day ( Depends on Lactation Stage and Milk Production). • By any one of the above reasons, Loss of one Oestrus Cycle will curse the purse of the Farmer to the tune of Rs 3000-6000/- IMPACT OF ANOESTRUM ASSUMPTIONS & PRESUMPTIONS • CONSIDERING A VILLAGE SCENARIO ….., Livestock Population : 1000 Breedable Population @60% : 600 Animals in Milk @60% of Breedable : 360 Average production of One animal/day@7% fat : 10 lts Market price of the milk : 35 Rs (@Rs50/10%fat) Lactation period : 305 days Total cost of milk/Animal(35*10*305) : 1,06,750 Post Lactation Cost of the calf : 10 – 20 Thousands (Female) : 5 – 8 Thousands (Male)

• In that village among the 240 Breedable Cattle, Consider/Assume that 50% are Pregnant & Dry and other 50% are Dry & Non-Pregnant • 120 are Dry & Non-Pregnant • 40% of Population are juvenile, Senile & Pre Pubertal Heifers

* IMAGINE…….!!!!?

WHAT’S THE EXPENDITURE ON OWNING & REARING

THE UNPRODUCTIVE ANIMALS ? ECONOMICS IN CATTLE MANAGEMENT (Expenses/Animal/Day)

• Cost of Green Fodder : 25*2 = 50Rs • Cost of Dry Fodder : 10*2 = 20 Rs • Cost of Concentrates : 1*20 = 20 Rs • Miscellaneous Costs : 30 = 30 Rs ( Water, Electricity, Labour, Interest on capital, Insurance Premium Transport and Medical expenses Etc.,) Total cost (Per animal/Day) = 120Rs = 3600/Month If, the ICP is 15 Months 3600*15= 54,000/- REVENUE LOSS TO THE VILLAGE: For 120 Animals 120*54,400/-=64,80,000/- WHO & HOW

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE

WHO SHOULD BE BLAMED

WHO PLAYS THE ROLE

WHO IS THE CURSER

HOW THE VILLAGES BE FLOURISHED

WHERE FROM THE ANIMAL PROTIEN COMES

? PARTNERS FOR VILLAGE PROSPERITY

• Government – Framing policies for socio-economic upliftment

• AH Department- plans and schemes to suit the needs with • timely inputs

• Veterinarian –Proactive approach and implementation of schemes

• Farmer – Proper utilisation of schemes and feedback IF CONCEPTION RATE IS ENHANCED BY 1% • 10 Animals will become Pregnant • Daily Milk yield @ 10 Lts/Animal*10=100lt • Assume domestic consumption 15%(1.5lts) • Marketable Milk =@8lts*10=80Lts • Daily income @7% fat =8*35*10= Rs:2800 • Monthly Village income = 2800*30= Rs:84,000/ • Calf Crop @ 1:1 ratio=5 Females& 5 Males 5Females=Rs:50,000/- 5 Males =Rs:25,000/- Total lactation income including calves =Rs:84,000+50,000+25,000=1,59,000/- PROSPECTS OF CONCEPTION

• One Animal Becoming Pregnant : HAPPINESS OVER ASSURED INCOME

One Family can get Livelihood for (10)Months

Recycling of Future Progeny

Availability of Unadulterated Animal protein

Enhanced conception leads to more milk outlets

Cash flow increases

Decrease in Slaughter Rate

Reasonable prices of Replacement stock

Respect & Regard to Vet will be Upheld

Departmental Credibility enhanced

IDEAL REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS

• FAO recommendations for a Profitable dairy (Cattle) • Age of Maturity:: 18 months • Age at First Calving ::20 to 30 months • Herd Conception Rate ::65 to 70 % • No. of A.I/Conception( AI Index) ::1.3 to 1.7 • Calving Interval (ICI):: • 12 to 13 M (Cattle) & 14-18 M (Buffaloes) • Pregnancy Rate ::80% • Calving Rate ::75 % • Calving to Conception Interval (Service Period)::60 to 90 days • Average Lactations /Cow ::4 • Infertility to be Less than 10 % • Abortions less than 3% . • THESE STANDARDS ARE NOT EASILY ATTAINABLE IN PRACTICE UNDER THE DIVERSIFIED SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE LIVESTOCK FARMERS BESIDES SEASONAL VARIATIONS & IMBALANCED NUTRITION. BEST PRACTICES IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROBLEMS & INITIATIVES

SNo PROBLEM INITIATIVE /SCHEME

1 Control Calf Mortality SUNANDINI Optimal Growth Rate (A Calf Rearing Programme) Promote Recycling Stock Early Maturity

2 Flushing Ration Transition Cow Management Uphold Milk Production KSHEERA SAAGAR Over-Come Peri-Partum Conditions (Care of Pregnant & Lactating Animal) PROBLEMS & INITIATIVES

SNo PROBLEM INITIATIVE /SCHEME

3. Round the year fodder availability OPGK Maintenance &Production Needs (Oorura Pasu Graasa Kshetraalu) Enhanced Ruminal Performance MPGK Augmenting FCR SILAGE Fodder Conservation to meet the (Commercial Sales ) scarce/Lean Conditions (Mega Pasu Graasa Kshetraalu) 4. Awareness on concentrate feeding TMR Balancing Maintenance & Production (Total Mixed Ration ) Requirements DAANAAMRUTAM Energy & Protein Inputs Ration Balancing Programme (RBP)

5. Minimizing the Feed Expenses AZOLLA Natural Protein Supplementation HYDROPONICS Landless Cultivation Alternative & Substitutes PROBLEMS & INITIATIVES

SNo PROBLEM INITIATIVE /SCHEME

6. Basic Need For Sheltering GOKULAM Protection From Rains & Winds ( Two ,Four & Six Animal Proper Ventilation &Flooring Designs )

7. BREED IMPROVEMENT FOR AUGMENTING MILK APLDA PRODUCTION DLDA Upgrading Cross breeding 8. Conservation & Propagation of Native Breeds Sexed Semen Technology Promotion of Organic Farming ETT IVF NKBC at Chintaladeevi Incentives For Transport & Insurance 9. Identification of Animals For Health & Productivity INAPH

10. Promotion of Small Ruminants SHEEP Enhanced Meat Production Integrated Farming Practices RAM LAMB Units PROBLEMS & INITIATIVES

S.No PROBLEM INITIATIVE /SCHEME 11 Additional Income Through Backyard Poultry MANAKODI Women Empowerment Integrated Farming 12 Animal welfare and social security for livestock e- Pragati owners 13 Prevention and control measures for animal health Deworming & welfare Vaccination Surveillance 14 Minimizing fodder wastage Chaff cutters Maximizing the fodder utility Enhancing FCR 15 Clean milking practices Milking machines Remunerative prices to milk Commercial dairy farming PROBLEMS & INITIATIVES

S.No PROBLEM INITIATIVE /SCHEME 16 Dairy Entrepreneurship Subsidies on machinery and equipment (Silage machinery) 17 To derive plans and policies for animal welfare Livestock census

18 Streamlining of milk market systems Co-operative dairy systems

19 Endurance of livestock farming with minimal milk yields Value Addition to milk, urine and dung 20 For transparent redressal of the livestock farmers needs RIDS (Revamping of Input Delivery Systems) PROSPECTS OF BEST PRACTICES

One Animal Becoming Pregnant : HAPPINESS OVER ASSURED INCOME

One Family can get Livelihood for (10)Months

Recycling of Future Progeny

Availability of Unadulterated Animal protein

Enhanced conception leads to more milk outlets

Cash flow increases

Decrease in Slaughter Rate

Reasonable prices of Replacement stock

Respect & Regard to Vet will be Upheld

Departmental Credibility enhanced

HOUSING • 80 Ft. Length x 32 Ft. width x 15 Ft. Height (SIMHACHALAM DEVASTHANA GOSHALA) • RCC Cattle Sheds 65 x 34 ft with Gabled Roofs • (Go-Samrakshanasaala, Mantralayam Mutt) • Two tier Gable Roofed sheds at Central Height of (30) Ft with Head to Head Pattern with Central Ramp (Mantralayam Mutt) • Gabled roofed sheds –Good for Thermal Tolerance • Dancing shades of Divine trees • Semi-Intensive Dairying System is Proven Good –It reduces Hoof Problems, Enhances Vit- D Synthesis. This is the common practice in Simhachalam, Mantralayam and Srisailam Devasthana Gosalas. FEEDING

• OPEN GRAZING PRACTICE –Promotes Exercise, Good Health & Prevention of Hoof abnormalities • SUPER NAPER Fodder Cultivation is proven good for maximal utility of Natural resources viz., Land, Water, Work force etc., (Simhachalam Devasthana Goshala) • (1)Acre of Super Napier meets fodder needs of Eight (8) Adult Cattle/year. • Self Mixing of Concentrate feeds is a good practice compared to purchase of feeds from outside. It Prevents the Aflatoxins in Feed. FEEDING PRACTICES

• Feeding of Boiled Raw Ingredients rather than Soaking. • Feeding of Horse gram to Cattle during Pregnancy & after minimises the use of external Calcium Supplements. • Calcium @ 244-312 mg/100 g of Horse gram(0.3 % Calcium) • Good source of Calcium, Phosphorus, Se & Vit E) • Flushing Ration – Important for improvement of Reproductive performance. • Feeding of Post partum Cattle with Jaggery and Sesame as Uterine Cleansers.(Calcium @ 1000-1350 mg/100 g of Seed ) FEEDING PRACTICES

• Boiling vs Soaking • When grains are cooked the entire structure of the grain is disrupted and following changes takes place. • The seed coat and aleuronic layer are broken and the endosperm cell walls are opened up. • The structure of the protein matrix is physically disrupted • The ordered and tightly packed structure of the starch granule gets converted into an open and vulnerable structure which can be easily attacked by enzymes in a process known as gelatinisation. • Cooking simply gives the enzymes access to the grain starch so they can go about their work of cutting up the starch into single glucose molecules • Animal then absorbs from the small intestine into the body, where it is used for energy FEEDING PRACTICES

•Alteration of Milk fat • Ruminal pH is most important factor responsible for alteration in the Milk fat. (Reduced Ruminal pH - Milk Fat Depression). • Adequate Fibre (minimum of 23 % Fibre in diet) • Diets with minimum of 2% of Unsaturated Fatty Acids- decreases fat • Starch & sugar levels should constitute about 30 percent of the diet • Provide high-quality protein. Delivering limiting amino acids - lysine and methionine at the right levels and ratios •Salt supplementation • Himalayan Salt is pink in color owing to the presence of Iron in it apart from many trace minerals that are not present in either Common salt or Table salt. • Usage of Rock salt is a good practice. FEEDING PRACTICES

• Use of Kondapindaku (PHSANABEDI) – Aerva lanata • For prevention of Urolithiasis in male calves. • The higher amount of phosphates in the feed will obstruct the urinary tract by lodgment of calculi • Prevents reccurance • Use of Horse gram in feeding also advised for the same in Auyurveda DCP vs MCP as Source of Calcium and Phosphorus in Feed

Digestible P Source of P Calcium (%) Total P (%) (% of total) Dicalcium phosphate 23 19.7 55 (DCP) (anhydrous) Dicalcium phosphate 18.1 77 (DCP) (hydrous) Monocalcium phosphate 16 22.6 84 (MCP) Don’ts in Feeding Practices

•Feeding of Livestock with •Dried Brewers waste alone •Palm Oil By-products •Malt waste (end products of health drinks like Horlicks, Boost etc., )

•More of ammonia lowers uterine pH and causes embryonic mortality MANAGEMENT Wallowing Practices • The poor capacity for sweating due to scarcely distributed sweat glands and dark body colour, • Exhibition of behavioural traits such as seeking shelter, wallowing and or submerging themselves in water. • High milk producing Buffaloes - increased production of heat in makes them most susceptible during summer as heat stress and lactation stress are combined together • Wallowing prevents an alteration in physio-biochemical and endocrine response, and a decline in milk production during Summer & also in environment with high humidity. BREEDING

•Sex Sorted Semen • The X-chromosome (female) contains about 3.8% more DNA than the Y-chromosome (male) in cattle. • This difference in DNA content is used to sort the X- from the Y- bearing sperm. • sex sorting is possible at the purity of more than 90%. • sperm concentration of sexed semen is 2 - 4 million/dose whereas it is 20 million/dose in conventional semen. • commercially available for HF and Jersey breeds of Crossbred cattle and for Gir Indigenous cattle • it is recommended that sexed semen should be used only in heifers (especially virgin heifers) for better conception rate. • However, it can also be used in cows up to third lactation with excellent reproduction record. •Use of Breeding Bulls in Goshalas • Procure from a proven source MARKETING

• Value Addition

• Value Addition to Cow Milk • High remunerative prices to A2 milk @ Rs.120 – 150/Lit • Organic sweets priced for more than Rs.2000/ Kg • Ghee (1600/Kg) (Simhachalam) • 3000/Kg (Sree Peetham Kakinada)

• Value Addition to Urine • Mostly used in ayurvedic preparations • Go-Arka – for medicinal use • Ghanavati – preparation of soaps and gounyle • Other products

• Value Addition to Dung • Biogas • Vermi Compost • Vibhudi (an income of Rs.1.2 Crores/year at Srisailam Devasthanam) • “Dung Cakes & Fire Chimneys (Receptacles) (at Simhachalam temple)

GLORY OF INDIGENOUS COWS Indian Cow (Vs) CB Cow

S.No Indian Cow Crossbred Cow 1 Fall under Bos Indicus classifications. Fall under Bos Torus classifications. 2 Having hump, consisting of Surya Ketu Do not have hump or Surya Ketu nerve. nerve to prepare gold minerals. 3 Having character of feeling, honesty, Having very less or nothing inward feeling, acknowledgment sense, and strong honesty, and Acknowledgement sense. Active sense. 4 Physical Structure not having soft skin Physical structure -soft skin under neck, under neck, dull skin, length of intestine soft hair on skin, thin skin, Long short 115’ to 120’ (nutrients Of milk is intestine length is 160’ to 180’ heavy to digest). Round shape of ear and (nutrients of milk is very digestive), having lots of hair In the ears like wild Sharp shape of ears. animals 5 Voice is ‘Pahadi’. Voice like screams. 6 Higher Globulins and lower Creatine Inadequate Globulins an higher Creatine levels keep them healthy levels - Susceptibility to diseases 7 Tips of ears – V shape Tips of ears – U shape 8 Presence of fine, short and silky hair all Coarse hair all over the body including over the body with absence of hair on udder the udder Indian Cow (Vs) CB Cow

S.No Indian cow Crossbred cow 9 Tests and tastes food Eats even wastes 10 Sensitivity to surrounding stimuli, vigilant and Inert cautious, high surveillance to surroundings and active stimulus

11 Wedge shaped face with frontal convexity Short and flat face

12 They have highest cutaneous and lowest Panting is more respiratory heat loss, as such panting is less

13 The assortment of microbes in cow dung There is no such evidence of this provides a probiotic protection against the in the case of the CB cows. harmful effects of the UV rays of sun. The local people convert the cow dung into flattened round cakes and paste them on the walls of their houses, to escape radiation.

A2 Milk (Vs) A 1 milk

• Cows' milk - 87 % water and 13 % solids. • The major protein is casein, 30-35% is β-casein. • Histidine in the 67th position– A1 (Crossbred) • A1 protein is associated with Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease, IBS. • Proline in the 67th position– A2 milk (Indigenous) • Dairy farming with Indigenous cattle with sufficient grazing

Gold in Gir Urine??

• Junaghad Agriculture University did 4 years of research on Urine samples of Gir and extracted 3-10 mg of Gold/L of urine. • Cupriavidus metallidurans, a bacteria is responsible for the gold synthesis • Largest hump in the Zebu breeds of cattle THE UNIVERSAL DIVINE MOTHER