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A Preliminary Survey of Kounounkan Forest, Guinea, West Africa

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A Preliminary Survey of Kounounkan Forest, Guinea, West Africa ORYX VOL 28 NO 4 OCTOBER 1994 A preliminary survey of Kounounkan Forest, Guinea, West Africa Adrian Barnett, Madeleine Prangley, Peter V. Hayman, Djiramba Diawara and Jeremie Koman Biological studies in Guinea have been very patchy, leaving much of the country almost unsurveyed. In 1992 the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society funded a 10-day field visit to Kounounkan, a relict forest at the northern edge of the Upper Guinea Forest Block. The survey found a variety of habitats and high biodiversity, including two vulnerable and one endangered species. Hunting pressure appears to be low and the site is very well suited for the development of further conservation initiatives. Introduction country's land area. Stuart and Adams (1990) considered the main cause of deforestation in Compared with other countries in West Guinea to be agricultural clearance, exacer- Africa, the biology of the Republic of Guinea bated by immigration from degraded Sahelian is not well known. Apart from botanical stud- regions to the north. ies on the Fouta Djalon plateau (Schnell, 1968) According to the IUCN (1988), protected and some recent studies of coastal avifauna areas cover some 4-5 per cent of the country. (Altenburg and Van Der Kamo, 1991) the ma- However, effectiveness of enforcement is com- jority of work has taken place in the south-east plicated by logistic and financial problems of the country, either on Mount Nimba (see (Cumming et ah, 1990) and many of the pro- Lamotte, 1983, for a summary) or elsewhere tected areas are now severely degraded (for example Bourque and Wilson, 1990, at (Wilson, 1992). Several habitat types are not Ziama and at Diecke). There are no country- represented within the current protected areas wide survey data at all for some groups (for system (Stuart and Adams, 1990). example crocodiles, Thorbjarnarson et ah, 1992), and many of the IUCN/SSC Action Plans include basic surveys as a priority rec- Site description and history ommendation for Guinea (for example Oates, 1985; Lee et al, 1988; East, 1989; Schreiber et Kounounkan covers 5032 ha 90 km south-east al, 1989; Foster-Turley et al, 1990). of the capital, Conakry, near the small town of There are six major vegetation types in Moussayah, Forecariah Province (Figure 1). It Guinea (White, 1983) and the climate becomes contains mainly old (greater than 150 years) progressively drier towards the north and east secondary closed canopy forest, although (Wilson, 1992). MacKinnon and MacKinnon marsh and natural savannah are also present. (1986) estimated that some 74 per cent of the The climate is monsoonal with rain from April country was originally forested. Recent esti- to October. The forest lies on the edge of the mates for extant closed forest cover range coastal scarp, at the geological junction be- from 8.33 per cent (FAO, 1988) to 4.33 per cent tween the plateau of the Fouta Djalon and the (Republique de Guinee, 1987) of Guinea's coastal plain of Guinee Maritime, on a massif 245,857 sq km. Wilson (1992) stated that rain of Devonian sandstone, a southerly outlier of forest (excluding mangroves) now covers the Fouta Djalon formation. The massif rises some 4692 sq km, or 1.9 per cent of the from 50 to 1094 m above the coastal plain. 269 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.22, on 25 Sep 2021 at 17:24:34, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300028672 A. BARNETT, M. PRANGLEY, P. V. HAYMAN, D. DIAWARA AND J. KOMAN Map I I4W I2N Atlantic Ocean 100 km Conakry __ Main regional Divisions , Mount Nimba ..-. Limit of Forecariah Prefecture SierraV? ^, Diecke J®/ \ d lv0lre i—> Rough limit of the Loma-man Dorsal Leone ^x> 1752 ml Liberia [§§] Rough limits of the Fouta Djallon Plateau 8N- HI Forest Reserve No rivers shown Figure 1. Map showing the location of Kounounkan Forest in Guinea, West Africa. Riverine erosion has dissected the massif northernmost extension of the Upper Guinea into several plateaux with very steep sides. Rainforest Block. Old government documents The forest area has also appeared on maps in the archives at the Direction Nationale des under the name of 'Kamalayah' (Bournonville, Forets et de la Chasse (DNFC), show that the 1967; Wilson, 1992). The coastal plain was forest has been the subject of very little scien- widely deforested during colonial times to tific activity. A visit to the Diglitili Valley by make way for banana plantations and there the French botanist Maurice Schnell in the are few extensive areas of forest remaining in early 1950s appears to be the only previous the region. Firewood collection is considered scientific study. The current survey was the to be the most substantial modern threat to the result of the desire by the DNFC to incorpor- fragments of scarp forest that remain. ate Kounounkan into the existing protected As long ago as 1954 the colonial French ad- areas network. To make the best use of scarce ministration was planning the protection of resources they wished the conservation value Kounounkan as 'one of the last relicts of pri- of the forest to be assessed before doing this. mary forest in lower Guinea' (Rouanet, 1954). Although the process of its incorporation into the protected areas network was interrupted The current survey by the upheavals that followed independence in 1958, the forest has always been regarded as In a 4-week study visit in November- a 'classified forest' by local people. This, December 1992, a team of three British and coupled with local beliefs that parts of it are four Guinean biologists spent 64 man-days at sacred, and the general inaccessibility of the Kounounkan. Three fieldwork sites were area have combined to protect it. According to visited and inventories of the birds (P.V.H.), Wilson (1992), this area may represent the mammals (A.B. and M.P.) and vascular plants 270 ORYX VOL 28 NO 4 OCTOBER 1994 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.22, on 25 Sep 2021 at 17:24:34, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300028672 KOUNOUNKAN FOREST, GUINEA, WEST AFRICA (J.K.) were undertaken. At the same time, D.D. of chimpanzee vocalizations heard during carried out interviews (in the regional fieldwork, P. troglodytes must be quite com- language, Susu) with local communities to mon at Kounounkan. Diana monkeys were re- gain insights into their hunting practices and ported from one area only. Of the other attitudes towards the forest and towards con- species of mammal, sooty mangabey servation plans for it. Cercocebus torquatus atys, Campbell's mona Standard methodologies were followed: ex- monkey Cercopithecus c. campbelli and western tensive surveys, timed species counts (TSCs) black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos (Pomeroy and Tengecho, 1986) and targeted polykomos were commonly encountered in the searches for birds; direct observation and closed forest. study of spoor for larger mammals and trap- This survey revealed the presence of tree ping for small ones. Attempts were made to species such as Afzelia africana, Aningeria al- cover all habitat types at each of the three tissima, Cola gigantea, Morus mesozygia which study sites. One of us (J.K.), accompanied by a place Kounounkan, as 'drier peripheral semi- local DNFC employee, traversed the forest evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest' in the with several multi-day walks, identifying vegetation classification scheme of White plants en route. Work with local communities (1983). The botanical work showed that the relied on D.D.'s previous experience with the forest is an area of mixed primary and sec- area's villagers, augmented by methodologies ondary closed forest with natural savannah derived from hunting surveys conducted else- (characterized by Annona senegalensis, Parkia where (Cunha and Barnett, 1989; Bellamy, biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Terminalia 1993). glaucescens) and man-made savannah. Regenerating farmbush is present in the pe- ripheral zones. Results In co-operation with their chiefs, questions on hunting were presented to the members of One hundred and thirty-five species of birds, six of the small (100-500 people) villages 33 species of mammals and 274 species of vas- around Kounounkan. There were a total of 10 cular plants were recorded. The white-necked hunters in these villages. They said they used picathartes Picathartes gymnocephalus was only shotguns and shunned traps and nooses. sighted three times and two nest sites were Older hunters preferred to hunt in the farm- found. This species is regarded as vulnerable bush, only the younger ones used the deep by Collar and Stuart (1985). In addition, four forest. There are no local taboos on hunting of Candidate Threatened Species (CTS) were any forest animal, although the two species of recorded: Ahanta francolin Fmncolinus wild pigs are not eaten because of the restric- ahantensis, yellow-casqued hornbill Ceratogymna tions of Islamic Law. Reportedly, bushmeat elata, Sharpe's apalis Apalis sharpii and red- was an important item of diet, but its use was cheeked wattle eye Platysteira Uissetti. Nine not commercialized. Commercialization of species of primate, three carnivores and 10 non-meat products was said to be limited to rodents were observed. Six other species the sale of skins to travelling musicians for in- (three carnivores, plus bongo Taurotragus eu- strument manufacture. Although there were rycerus, forest pig Potamochoerus or Hylochoerus said to be fewer mammals now than in the and duiker sp.) were recorded by field signs. past, two or three hours hunting was said to Another five species, not recorded by us, were yield an average of two animals.
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