A Preliminary Survey of Kounounkan Forest, Guinea, West Africa

ORYX VOL 28 NO 4 OCTOBER 1994 A preliminary survey of Kounounkan Forest, Guinea, West Africa

Adrian Barnett, Madeleine Prangley, Peter V. Hayman, Djiramba Diawara and Jeremie Koman

Biological studies in Guinea have been very patchy, leaving much of the country almost unsurveyed. In 1992 the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society funded a 10-day field visit to Kounounkan, a relict forest at the northern edge of the Upper Guinea Forest Block. The survey found a variety of habitats and high biodiversity, including two vulnerable and one endangered species. Hunting pressure appears to be low and the site is very well suited for the development of further conservation initiatives.

Introduction country's land area. Stuart and Adams (1990) considered the main cause of deforestation in Compared with other countries in West Guinea to be agricultural clearance, exacer- Africa, the biology of the Republic of Guinea bated by immigration from degraded Sahelian is not well known. Apart from botanical stud- regions to the north. ies on the Fouta Djalon plateau (Schnell, 1968) According to the IUCN (1988), protected and some recent studies of coastal avifauna areas cover some 4-5 per cent of the country. (Altenburg and Van Der Kamo, 1991) the ma- However, effectiveness of enforcement is com- jority of work has taken place in the south-east plicated by logistic and financial problems of the country, either on Mount Nimba (see (Cumming et ah, 1990) and many of the pro- Lamotte, 1983, for a summary) or elsewhere tected areas are now severely degraded (for example Bourque and Wilson, 1990, at (Wilson, 1992). Several habitat types are not Ziama and at Diecke). There are no country- represented within the current protected areas wide survey data at all for some groups (for system (Stuart and Adams, 1990). example crocodiles, Thorbjarnarson et ah, 1992), and many of the IUCN/SSC Action Plans include basic surveys as a priority rec- Site description and history ommendation for Guinea (for example Oates, 1985; Lee et al, 1988; East, 1989; Schreiber et Kounounkan covers 5032 ha 90 km south-east al, 1989; Foster-Turley et al, 1990). of the capital, Conakry, near the small town of There are six major vegetation types in Moussayah, Forecariah Province (Figure 1). It Guinea (White, 1983) and the climate becomes contains mainly old (greater than 150 years) progressively drier towards the north and east secondary closed canopy forest, although (Wilson, 1992). MacKinnon and MacKinnon marsh and natural savannah are also present. (1986) estimated that some 74 per cent of the The climate is monsoonal with rain from April country was originally forested. Recent esti- to October. The forest lies on the edge of the mates for extant closed forest cover range coastal scarp, at the geological junction be- from 8.33 per cent (FAO, 1988) to 4.33 per cent tween the plateau of the Fouta Djalon and the (Republique de Guinee, 1987) of Guinea's coastal plain of Guinee Maritime, on a massif 245,857 sq km. Wilson (1992) stated that rain of Devonian sandstone, a southerly outlier of forest (excluding mangroves) now covers the Fouta Djalon formation. The massif rises some 4692 sq km, or 1.9 per cent of the from 50 to 1094 m above the coastal plain. 269

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.22, on 25 Sep 2021 at 17:24:34, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300028672 A. BARNETT, M. PRANGLEY, P. V. HAYMAN, D. DIAWARA AND J. KOMAN

Map I I4W

I2N

Atlantic Ocean 100 km

Conakry

__ Main regional Divisions , Mount Nimba ..-. Limit of Forecariah Prefecture SierraV? ^, Diecke J®/ \ d lv0lre i—> Rough limit of the Loma-man Dorsal Leone ^x> 1752 ml Liberia [§§] Rough limits of the Fouta Djallon Plateau 8N- HI Forest Reserve No rivers shown Figure 1. Map showing the location of Kounounkan Forest in Guinea, West Africa.

Riverine erosion has dissected the massif northernmost extension of the Upper Guinea into several plateaux with very steep sides. Rainforest Block. Old government documents The forest area has also appeared on maps in the archives at the Direction Nationale des under the name of 'Kamalayah' (Bournonville, Forets et de la Chasse (DNFC), show that the 1967; Wilson, 1992). The coastal plain was forest has been the subject of very little scien- widely deforested during colonial times to tific activity. A visit to the Diglitili Valley by make way for banana plantations and there the French botanist Maurice Schnell in the are few extensive areas of forest remaining in early 1950s appears to be the only previous the region. Firewood collection is considered scientific study. The current survey was the to be the most substantial modern threat to the result of the desire by the DNFC to incorpor- fragments of scarp forest that remain. ate Kounounkan into the existing protected As long ago as 1954 the colonial French ad- areas network. To make the best use of scarce ministration was planning the protection of resources they wished the conservation value Kounounkan as 'one of the last relicts of pri- of the forest to be assessed before doing this. mary forest in lower Guinea' (Rouanet, 1954). Although the process of its incorporation into the protected areas network was interrupted The current survey by the upheavals that followed independence in 1958, the forest has always been regarded as In a 4-week study visit in November- a 'classified forest' by local people. This, December 1992, a team of three British and coupled with local beliefs that parts of it are four Guinean biologists spent 64 man-days at sacred, and the general inaccessibility of the Kounounkan. Three fieldwork sites were area have combined to protect it. According to visited and inventories of the birds (P.V.H.), Wilson (1992), this area may represent the mammals (A.B. and M.P.) and vascular plants

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(J.K.) were undertaken. At the same time, D.D. of chimpanzee vocalizations heard during carried out interviews (in the regional fieldwork, P. troglodytes must be quite com- language, Susu) with local communities to mon at Kounounkan. Diana monkeys were re- gain insights into their hunting practices and ported from one area only. Of the other attitudes towards the forest and towards con- species of mammal, sooty mangabey servation plans for it. Cercocebus torquatus atys, Campbell's mona Standard methodologies were followed: ex- monkey Cercopithecus c. campbelli and western tensive surveys, timed species counts (TSCs) black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos (Pomeroy and Tengecho, 1986) and targeted polykomos were commonly encountered in the searches for birds; direct observation and closed forest. study of spoor for larger mammals and trap- This survey revealed the presence of tree ping for small ones. Attempts were made to species such as Afzelia africana, Aningeria al- cover all habitat types at each of the three tissima, Cola gigantea, Morus mesozygia which study sites. One of us (J.K.), accompanied by a place Kounounkan, as 'drier peripheral semi- local DNFC employee, traversed the forest evergreen Guineo-Congolian rain forest' in the with several multi-day walks, identifying vegetation classification scheme of White plants en route. Work with local communities (1983). The botanical work showed that the relied on D.D.'s previous experience with the forest is an area of mixed primary and sec- area's villagers, augmented by methodologies ondary closed forest with natural savannah derived from hunting surveys conducted else- (characterized by Annona senegalensis, Parkia where (Cunha and Barnett, 1989; Bellamy, biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Terminalia 1993). glaucescens) and man-made savannah. Regenerating farmbush is present in the peripheral zones. Results In co-operation with their chiefs, questions on hunting were presented to the members of One hundred and thirty-five species of birds, six of the small (100-500 people) villages 33 species of mammals and 274 species of vas- around Kounounkan. There were a total of 10 cular plants were recorded. The white-necked hunters in these villages. They said they used picathartes Picathartes gymnocephalus was only shotguns and shunned traps and nooses. sighted three times and two nest sites were Older hunters preferred to hunt in the farm- found. This species is regarded as vulnerable bush, only the younger ones used the deep by Collar and Stuart (1985). In addition, four forest. There are no local taboos on hunting of Candidate Threatened Species (CTS) were any forest animal, although the two species of recorded: Ahanta francolin Fmncolinus wild pigs are not eaten because of the restric- ahantensis, yellow-casqued hornbill Ceratogymna tions of Islamic Law. Reportedly, bushmeat elata, Sharpe's apalis Apalis sharpii and red- was an important item of diet, but its use was cheeked wattle eye Platysteira Uissetti. Nine not commercialized. Commercialization of species of primate, three carnivores and 10 non-meat products was said to be limited to rodents were observed. Six other species the sale of skins to travelling musicians for in- (three carnivores, plus bongo Taurotragus eu- strument manufacture. Although there were rycerus, forest pig Potamochoerus or Hylochoerus said to be fewer mammals now than in the and duiker sp.) were recorded by field signs. past, two or three hours hunting was said to Another five species, not recorded by us, were yield an average of two animals. No regular reported by local communities. market selling bushmeat was said to exist in The western diana monkey Cercopithecus the nearby town of Moussayah, and none was diana diana is listed as vulnerable by Lee et al., observed during our stay. Fresh and dried (1988) and the western chimpanzee Pan freshwater fish appeared to be the only meat troglodytes verus is listed as endangered. commonly sold in the market at Moussayah. Judging from the distribution and frequency Primates were not reported to be punitively

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hunted as agricultural pests. Diecke and Mount Nimba [Bourque and Hill-stream catfish (Amphilius sp.) were Wilson, 1990]), have bird communities that found in a small stream in the Diglitili Valley. have much in common with those in adjacent parts of Liberia, Cote d'lvoire and in the Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. The Outamba-Kilimi Discussion area of Sierra Leone lies to the north-east of Kounounkan and has an avifauna with a high According to Morel and Morel (1988), percentage of savannah and open woodland Picathartes has been recorded in south-east species (Harding and Harding, 1982; Happel Guinea (see Brosset, 1984) but not from south- 1984). At Kounounkan, the composition of the west Guinea. Richards (1982) included an un- bird community is what one might expect in a confirmed record of Picathartes gymnocephalus forest with comparatively low hunting inten- in his list of birds from Kakoulima, making sity at the natural edge of the Upper Guinea our records the first confirmed sightings of the Forest Block. Some forest bird species com- species in south-west Guinea. The confir- monly present in Gola and Western Area mation of the presence of this species at Forests were notable by their absence from Kounounkan represents a north-westerly Kounounkan (for example, icterine greenbul range extension of approximately 125 km, the Phyllastrephus icterinus), while dry country nearest known birds being on the Freetown species such as vinaceous dove Streptopelia Peninsula, Sierra Leone (Airport, 1991). The vinacea, red-collared widowbird Euplectes ar- record for Kounounkan represents the most dens, red-billed firefinch Lagonosticta senegala westerly confirmed record for the species to and martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus were date. Picathartes gained an index of 0.6 in the present at Kounounkan but have not been TSC results, which is high for a species nor- recorded from either Gola or the Western mally considered to be elusive and difficult to Area Forest, Sierra Leone. see and may indicate a high population den- A similar pattern is also found in the results sity of this species at the sites visited. of the mammal studies. Thus, dry country According to Lee et ah, (1988) Cercopithecus species such as the green monkey d. diana has been recorded previously in the Cercopithecus aethiops and olive baboon Papio Seredou area of Guinea (some 300 km ESE of anubis were recorded alongside forest species Kounounkan). Pan is widespread in Guinea like Campbell's mona monkey, diana monkey, (Sugiyama and Soumah, 1988), and the lesser white-nosed monkey C. petaurista country may hold 60 per cent of the western buttikoferi and western black-and-white subspecies (Lee et ah, 1988). Bournonville colobus. (1967), who conducted a 100-day field survey The hunting pressure on Kounounkan ap- of Pan in western Guinea, obtained reports pears to be relatively low compared with that that chimpanzee calls were frequently heard reported elsewhere in African forests (for at 'Kamalayah' (=Kounounkan), but did not example Robinson, 1971; Jeffrey, 1977; Starin, visit the site himself. His nearest sighting was 1989; Ausden and Wood, 1990; Falconer, 1992; some 40 km NW of the present location. It Sodeinde and Adedipe, 1994). The reasons for must be considered unlikely that chimpanzees believing this include the high apparent den- now survive at many of Bournonville's sites sity of primates in Kounounkan [a group that (especially those near Conakry). is often preferentially hunted for bushmeat The avifauna of Kounounkan closely resem- (Martin, 1991)], the monkeys' lack of fear of bles that of Gola Forest, eastern Sierra Leone humans and the often-observed presence of (Allport et al., 1989) and Western Area Forest, monkeys near villages. Colobines are gener- western Sierra Leone (Ausden and Wood, ally considered to be very sensitive to hunting 1990). The latter is ornithologically more (Martin, 1991), yet the black-and-white closely allied to Kounounkan. The best-stud- colobus was seen frequently at Kounounkan. ied bird communities in Guinea (Ziama, The encounter rates with troops in this study

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was in marked contrast to that in other studies Conservation at Kounounkan (for example Coe, 1975; Bourque and Wilson, 1990), where monkeys were encountered only There is little doubt about the conservation rarely. In addition, only one snare and very value of Kounounkan. Despite its relict status, few shotgun cartridges were found in the for- the forest appears to be in good condition and est, and there was little cultural indication that is probably a representative sample of a veg- nocturnal hunting commonly took place. The etation type that has disappeared from much current absence from Kounounkan of red of Guinea. In addition, it holds populations of colobus Procolobus badius badius, a high canopy a number of globally threatened animal specialist (Martin, 1991), is attributed to the species. Because monkeys and other wildlife extent of past deforestation, which may have do not appear to be regarded as agricultural reduced the forest to such an extent that it was pests, there is little or none of the human an- unable to support populations of this distur- tagonism towards wildlife that, as Mittermeier bance-sensitive species. Allport (1991) re- (1987) noted, can so often hamper conser- ported Picathartes to be hunted elsewhere in vation efforts. Although actions of local Guinea. This is not known to be the case at people appear, to date, to have done more to Kounounkan. benefit Kounounkan than to harm it, rising For such an area of forest to be subject to so rural population levels, the construction of a little apparent hunting pressure is highly un- nearby road and the possibility of encroach- usual. Other studies in Guinea have com- ment for farming, firewood and hunting mean mented on the high levels of hunting, even that a more active approach than hitherto within protected areas (Bourque and Wilson, must be adopted to achieve the continuing 1990). Other workers, studying well-hunted protection of Kounounkan. The formalization areas, found mammals so uncommon that of the forest's status is being planned by the they resorted to procuring specimens from DNFC. Our enquiries revealed that local resi- hunters (Roche, 1971). The reason(s) for dents feel positive towards the idea of con- Kounounkan's situation await clarification, serving Kounounkan. In general, much of the although it is possible that the difficulty of ac- enthusiasm appears to be for the economic cess and the fact that part of the forest is con- benefits that, it is believed, will flow from sidered sacred may be influential. Whatever such an initiative. The most obvious way in the basis, the current situation is obviously which this might occur is from eco-tourism. beneficial to wildlife. However, at present it is difficult to see how these expectations could be realized, given the Overall, Kounounkan's wildlife may also lack of infrastructure appropriate for the de- have benefited from the disturbance caused velopment of eco-tourism and the difficulty of by past agricultural activity in the region. access to the site Botanical studies indicate that this probably occurred at a low level and for a short time. It Given the proximity of the capital, its min- has resulted in a mosaic of secondary forest of istries and university, it has been suggested to different ages. Three of the four CTS birds the DNFC that conservation of natural re- were recorded in such vegetation. sources at Kounounkan could be married to According to O. Crimmen (pers. comm.), instruction, training and environmental edu- 'Amphilius catfishes are adapted to clean, fast- cation (Barnett, 1993). It is vital that such uses flowing mountain environments and are prob- do not conflict with the interests of local ably vulnerable to changes resulting in sedi- people, to which end it is recommended that mentation. Their presence at Kounounkan is no ban on hunting be imposed, but that a zon- probably an indication of the site's minimal ing policy be implemented. The possibility of disturbance.' other sources of income, such as non-timber vegetable forest products, should be investi- gated, but only once the feasibility of market- ing has been thoroughly researched. More im-

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mediately, it is hoped to combine more de- to the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, tailed surveys at Kounounkan with studies of London. other relict forest patches in the region. Such a Bellamy, R. 1993. Ethnobotany in Tropical Forests. Expedition Field Techniques, No. 3. Expedition programme will help to assess regional con- Advisory Centre/Royal Geographical Society, servation priorities and so assist local land re- London. source planning. de Bournonville, D. 1967. Le chimpanze en Republique de Guinee. Bulletin de I'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noir, 29A, 1188-1269. Acknowledgments Bourque, J.D. and Wilson, R. 1990. Guinea Forest We are grateful to Roger Wilson and Amanda Biodiversity Study - Ziama and Diecke Reserves. Hillier (FFPS), to the staff of the Natural History Unpublished report to IUCN, Gland. Museum's mammal section and of the general li- Brosset, A. 1984. Oiseaux migrateurs Europeens brary, the Zoological Society of London librarians hivernant dans la partie Guineenne di Mont and to Gary Allport (BirdLife International), Ken Nimba. Alauda, 52,81-101. Smith (RSPB) and Roger Hammond (Living Earth). Coe, M.J. 1975. Mammalian ecological studies on We express our gratitude to Mammadou Oury Bah Mount Nimba, Liberia. Mammalia, 39,523-587. (Direction Nationale des Forets et de la Chasse, Collar, N.J. and Stuart, S.N. 1985. Threatened Birds of Guinea), and to Michael Wilson, Mickael Grut and Africa and Related Islands. ICBP/IUCN Red Data Catherine Cruveillier of the World Bank. We also Book, Part 1. ICBP/IUCN, Cambridge. wish to thank Thierno Oumar Diallo, Ahmed Faya da Cunha, A. and Barnett, A. 1989. Project Uakari: Traore, Satenin Sanga and Cherif Bah (from DNFC), First Report; The Preliminary Survey - Part One, Paul Anspach (GTZ), Mamadou Daliou Diallo, the Zoology. Unpublished report to IUCN and RGS. staff of Guinee Ecologie, all those at the Catholic Cumming, D.H.M., Du Toit, R.F. and Stuart, S.N. Mission, Conakry and Mammadou Saliou Dialo 1990. Elephants and Rhinos: Status Survey and (our driver). Mr and Mrs Mammadou Bella Sase Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC African Balde gave their house and hospitality in Moussaya. Elephant and Rhino Survival Group, IUCN, Cheikh Oumar Diallo and Gnakoye Lamin made en- Gland. tomological collections at Kounounkan; Oliver East, R. 1989. Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Crimmen, Natural History Museum, identified our Action Plans. Part 3 - West and Central Africa. catfish; and John Dutton reviewed an early draft of IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group. this paper. This study was funded entirely by the Falconer, J. 1992. Non-timber products in Ghana's Flora and Fauna Preservation Society. forest zone: issues for forest conservation. In Conservation of West and Central African Rainforests (Eds K. Cleaver, M. Munasinge, M. Dyson, N. References Egli, A. Peuxer and F. Wencelius), pp. 177-181. World Bank Environment Paper, No. 1. World Allport, G. 1991. The status and conservation of Bank, Washington DC. threatened birds in the Upper Guinea forest. Bird FAO. 1988. An Interim Report on the State of Forest Conservation International, 1,53-74. Resources in Developing Countries. FAO, Rome. Allport, G., Ausden, M., Hayman, P.V., Robertson, Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S. and Mason, C. P. and Wood, P. 1989. The Conservation of the Birds 1990. Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation. of the Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. ICBP Study Report, IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland. No. 38. ICBP, Cambridge. Happel, R.E. 1985. Birds of Outamba area, north- Altenburg, W. and Van Der Kamo, J. 1991. west Sierra Leone. Malimbus, 7,101-102. Ornithological Importance of Coastal Wetlands in Harding, D.P. and Harding, R.S.O. 1982. A prelimi- Guinea. ICBP Study Report, No. 47. ICBP, nary checklist of birds in the Kilimi area of north- Cambridge. west Sierra Leone. Malimbus, 4,64-68. Ausden, M. and Wood, P. 1990. The Wildlife of the IUCN. 1988. Guinea: Conservation of Biological Western Area Forest, Sierra Leone. Report to the Diversity and Forest Ecosystems. WCMC, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Cambridge. International Council for Bird Preservation and Jeffrey, S. 1977. How Liberia uses wildlife. Oryx, 14, Conservation Society of Sierra Leone. 168-173. Barnett, A. (ed.) 1993. Report on a Survey of the Lamotte, M. 1983. The undermining of Mount Biodiversity, Conservation Value and Management Nimba. Ambio, 12,174-179. Requirements of the Forest of Kounounkan, ForecariahLee, P.C, Thornback, J. and Bennett, E.L. 1988. Prefecture, Republic of Guinea. Unpublished report Threatened Primates of Africa - The IUCN Red Data

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