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The Dark Side of Human Sociality the Evolutionary Roots of Contemporary Prejudice and Bias Motivated Behaviors

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The Dark Side of Human Sociality the Evolutionary Roots of Contemporary Prejudice and Bias Motivated Behaviors Vakgroep Criminologie, Strafrecht en Sociaal Recht 2015 The Dark Side of Human Sociality The Evolutionary Roots of Contemporary Prejudice and Bias Motivated Behaviors By: Ben Heylen Dissertation submitted to Ghent University for the degree of Doctor in Criminology Supervisor: prof. dr. Lieven Pauwels Guiding committee: Prof. dr. Johan Braeckman Prof. dr. Alain Van Hiel Prof. dr. Tom Decorte This study is dedicated to My late father &Sir Karl Popper Both giants, standing on whose shoulders Allowed me to see further 2 Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................... 9 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................................ 11 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter I. Scientific philosophical background and problem formulation .............................. 21 1. Ontology and epistemology: the nature of reality and our knowledge ......................... 21 1.1. Epistemology – the nature of truth ......................................................................... 22 1.2. Deduction and the problem of induction ............................................................... 23 1.3. Structural components of a theory ......................................................................... 30 1.4. Causation and explanation ..................................................................................... 31 1.5. The object of study and prediction ......................................................................... 34 1.6. Substantive assumptions with regard to crime and criminology ........................... 35 2. Problem formulation ..................................................................................................... 38 3. Goals of the study and their relevance .......................................................................... 40 3.1. Theoretical goals: integration and unification ....................................................... 40 3.2. Practical goal: implications for practice................................................................. 42 3.3. Criminological relevance ....................................................................................... 42 4. Design and Methodology in a nutshell .......................................................................... 44 5. Concepts and quarrels over words: practical agreement on terms used in the study .... 45 6. To conclude ................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter II. The dark side of human sociality: towards an evolutionary theory on prejudice .. 50 1. Nuts and bolts of evolutionary theory ........................................................................... 52 2. Human sociality ............................................................................................................. 56 2.1. “Classical” explanations of human sociality .......................................................... 57 2.2. Parochial altruism and coalitional computation ..................................................... 60 2.3. Intermediary conclusion ......................................................................................... 64 3. Co-evolution of social exclusion and hostility .............................................................. 65 3.1. Punishment of bad reciprocators ............................................................................ 65 3.2. Dynamics in punishment ........................................................................................ 68 3.3. The import of coalitional psychology on punishment ........................................... 70 4. Reputation and costly signaling .................................................................................... 71 4.1. Genuine signaling of pro-sociality ......................................................................... 72 3 4.2. Deceptive signaling of pro-sociality ...................................................................... 73 4.3. Intermediary conclusion: leaders and followers .................................................... 75 5. Auxiliary mechanisms ................................................................................................... 75 5.1. Transmission mechanisms ..................................................................................... 76 5.2. Emotions as proximal stimuli ................................................................................ 79 6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 80 Chapter III. Contemporary social psychological explanations of prejudice and bias motivated behaviors .................................................................................................................................. 84 1. A little bit of history ...................................................................................................... 85 2. Social-psychological theories on prejudice ................................................................... 87 2.1. Dual process model ................................................................................................ 88 2.1.1. Right Wing Authoritarianism .................................................................................... 88 2.1.2. RWA and the evolutionary framework ..................................................................... 90 2.1.3. Social dominance orientation .................................................................................... 91 2.1.4. SDO and the evolutionary framework ....................................................................... 93 2.1.5. Differential effects according to the out-group ......................................................... 94 2.2. Integrated threat theory .......................................................................................... 95 2.2.1. Realistic threat ........................................................................................................... 96 2.2.2. Symbolic threat .......................................................................................................... 96 2.2.3. Intergroup anxiety and negative stereotypes ............................................................. 97 2.2.4. Threats related to group esteem ................................................................................. 98 2.2.5. Integrated threat theory and the evolutionary framework ......................................... 98 3. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 99 Chapter IV. Towards a testable model ................................................................................... 102 1. Selection of variables of the model ............................................................................. 102 2. Deducibility relationships ........................................................................................... 104 3. Hypotheses and their rationale .................................................................................... 106 4. Conclusion: two stages to bias motivated aggression ................................................. 113 Chapter V. Methodology: truncus communis ........................................................................ 117 1. General design: multi-site survey research ................................................................. 118 2. Sampling ...................................................................................................................... 119 3. Online distribution of questionnaire ............................................................................ 121 4. Hypothetico-deductive testing in practice ................................................................... 122 5. Implementation: a latent variable approach ................................................................ 125 5.1. Parceling of indicators ......................................................................................... 125 4 5.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses ............................................................................. 126 5.3. Structural equation models .................................................................................. 127 5.4. Assessment of model fit ....................................................................................... 128 6. Falsification put to practice ......................................................................................... 129 7. Cross-national validation ............................................................................................. 131 8. Sex-specific analyses ................................................................................................... 133 9. Group comparisons in practice: invariance ................................................................. 133 10. Exploratory survey: pretesting the idea behind the study ........................................ 135 10.1. Construction of signaling scales .........................................................................
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