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Please Scroll Down for Article This article was downloaded by: [Florida State University Libraries] On: 7 December 2008 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 789349894] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Criminal Justice Education Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713721714 Lombroso's Legacy: The Miseducation of Criminologists John P. Wright; Kevin M. Beaver; Matt DeLisi; Michael G. Vaughn; Danielle Boisvert; Jamie Vaske Online Publication Date: 01 November 2008 To cite this Article Wright, John P., Beaver, Kevin M., DeLisi, Matt, Vaughn, Michael G., Boisvert, Danielle and Vaske, Jamie(2008)'Lombroso's Legacy: The Miseducation of Criminologists',Journal of Criminal Justice Education,19:3,325 — 338 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/10511250802476137 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511250802476137 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION VOLUME 19 NUMBER 3 (NOVEMBER 2008) Lombroso’s Legacy: The Miseducation of Criminologists John P. Wright, Kevin M. Beaver, Matt DeLisi, Michael G. Vaughn, Danielle Boisvert and Jamie Vaske TaylorRCJE_A_347781.sgm10.1080/10511250802476137Journal1051-1253Original2008193000000NovemberJohnWrightWrightww@ucmail.edu and& of Article Francis Criminal (print)/1745-9117Francis 2008 Ltd Justice Education (online) This study examines the extent to which criminal justice and criminology Ph.D. students are exposed to contemporary biological and genetic findings associated with aggression and violence. Drawing on multiple sources of infor- mation, we find little evidence showing that Ph.D. students are exposed to any biological research on crime and offending. We examine the conse- quences for this “trained incompetence” and offer suggestions for remedying this deficiency. If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind. (John Stuart Mill) Introduction Mill was an impassioned advocate of the free and open exchange of ideas. No opinion, regardless of how inflammatory or insensitive or baseless, according to Mill, should be exercised or banished from civil discourse. Mill justified his posi- tion by noting that open discourse benefits democracy because beliefs are Downloaded By: [Florida State University Libraries] At: 12:09 7 December 2008 constantly debated and revised when confronted with new evidence. So impor- tant is Mill’s philosophical legacy that it formed the intellectual backbone of the modern United States university system. Similar to Mill’s advocacy of free polit- ical speech as a method to advance democracy and liberty, universities, at least in theory, advance free speech as a method to find the truth. Just as Mill observed over a century ago, societies advance through open dialogue, especially when that dialogue is informed by new evidence. When empirical evidence collides with and overcomes longstanding institutionalized dogma, science is advanced. In theory, the friction between empirical evidence and dogma should force falsified ideas into the criminological garbage heap, or ISSN 1051-1253 print/1745-9117 online/08/030325-14 © 2008 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences DOI: 10.1080/10511250802476137 326 WRIGHT ET AL. at minimum, cause some degree of modification to contemporary and widely accepted views. Unfortunately, there is often a gulf between theory and practice. In theory, criminology should have by now discarded certain theories of crime. Outside of demonic possession, however, one would be challenged to locate a social theory of criminal behavior that has been empirically laid to rest. Falsification is a critical goal in any science, yet falsification of sociologically based theories of crime has yet to happen. Indeed, just the opposite has occurred. New theories and new paradigms, such as postmodernism, peacemak- ing and many feminist perspectives, have made their way into the mainstream of criminology (Cullen, Wright, & Blevins, 2006). While inventive, their ascen- dancy has arguably given rise to even less emphasis on the scientific method and has thus placed falsification even further from the aims of the field. As Walsh and Ellis (2004, p. 18) note, “Any field generating this much theoretical excess to explain the same phenomenon can reasonably be accused of lacking in scien- tific rigor”. While criminologists would be hard pressed to locate any social theory of crime that has been empirically falsified and thus is no longer presented as a scientifically supported theory, they would not be so pressed to locate an entire body of knowledge that has been systematically excluded from the discipline. Despite tremendous gains made in the biological and genetic sciences, few, if any, of these insights have penetrated criminology (for important exceptions, see Moffitt, 1990, 1993, 2005). For example, it is commonplace for criminology textbooks and criminological theory texts to only include an occasional box feature on biological topics relating to crime, or at best, devote a single chapter on biological approaches to crime. Even books that take stock of contemporary criminology lack any dedicated coverage of the influence of biological variables (Cullen et al., 2006). Yet the impressiveness of the research findings linking biological and genetic factors to human violence has led Robinson (2004) to note that “The biological sciences have made more progress in understanding crime over the last 10 years than the social sciences have in the last 50”. Robinson’s assessment may be dismissed as mere hyperbole, but in the age of genomic science dismissal may come with a high price. If Robinson is correct, Downloaded By: [Florida State University Libraries] At: 12:09 7 December 2008 or even slightly correct, then the question that immediately emerges is why has criminology not been part of the broader mainstream movement to link biologi- cal and social influences into a coherent understanding of the development of criminal behavior? In other words, why has criminology chosen disciplinary isolation instead of consilience— the unity of knowledge from diverse fields (Wilson, 1998)? This paper takes on a unique approach to address this question. We empiri- cally examine the degree to which biology has or has not penetrated criminol- ogy. Unlike other studies, however, we look not at textbooks but at the faculty of Ph.D.-granting criminology programs, the training of Ph.D. criminology students, the dissertations produced by Ph.D. criminology students and faculty research into the biology-crime link. We present our findings and then go on to point out the multiple problems associated with the current state of the field, LOMBROSO’S LEGACY 327 including how Ph.D. students are trained and how knowledge is produced. We finish the paper with suggestions to reorient the training of Ph.D. students. The Miseducation of Criminologists The forces that have led to the exclusion of biology from criminology are varied and have been covered in detail elsewhere (van den Berghe, 1990; Walsh & Ellis, 2004). While not exhaustive, we list three general reasons: first, many criminologists hold liberal or radical views on crime causation, which are ideo- logically opposed to individualist explanations of crime in general, and to biological theories specifically. For instance, Walsh and Ellis’s (2004) analysis of survey data from (n = 147) members of the American Society of Criminology found that the self-reported political ideology of the professor predicted her belief in and support of specific criminological theories. According to Walsh and Ellis’s findings, self-identified liberal faculty were significantly more likely to believe that a lack of opportunities, an unfair economic system and bias in the criminal justice system were important causes of criminal behavior. Liberals were also more likely to believe that exposure to media violence has a stronger influence on wayward behavior than does low IQ, genetic factors, hormonal variables or evolutionary processes. Liberals were not alone in assigning a limited influence to biological factors on crime, as the few (n = 10) self-reported conservatives in Walsh and Ellis’s study also ranked these variables as having less influence than a lack of supervi- sion, poor discipline practices and an unstable family life. Walsh and Ellis concluded by noting that “any field in which a person’s sociopolitical ideology
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