Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan

Home , Datura innoxia, Lahore, Sahib, Shah

Journal of Bioresource Management

Volume 3 Issue 2 Article 5

Anis Ali Shah Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected]

Zaheer -ud-din Khan Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan

Musarrat Ramzan University of Sargodha, Bhakkar, Pakistan

Rabia Saba University of Sargodha, Bhakkar, Pakistan

Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm

Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Biology Commons

Recommended Citation Shah, A. A., Khan, Z. -., Ramzan, M., & Saba, R. (2016). Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan, Journal of Bioresource Management, 3 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.6102.0052 ISSN: 2309-3854 online

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan

© Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or Journal of Bioresource Management’s prior written permission.

This article is available in Journal of Bioresource Management: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm/vol3/ iss2/5 Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HERBS AND SHRUBS OF MIANI SAHIB GRAVEYARD, LAHORE CITY, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Anis Ali Shah1*, Zaheer-ud-din Khan1, Musarrat Ramzan2 and Rabia Saba2

1Government College University Lahore 2Department of Biological Sciences University of Sargodha Sub-Campus Bhakkar *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT

This survey was carried out to prepare a plant inventory for the exploration of the ethnobotanical importance of the plants in the Miani Sahib Graveyard and to understand the effectiveness of graveyards in conserving plant diversity. Plants were collected in different seasons of the year and were dried, pressed, mounted and identified with the help of Flora of Pakistan. Our ethnobotanical study was carried out by interviewing the herbal drug dealers, timber dealers, fuel wood sellers, and the local elderly people residing in the adjacent areas of Miani Sahib and hakims through a questionnaire. Cyperaceae was noticed as the dominant plant family, showing the highest FIVI value. They are used in fever, flue, cough, asthma, digestive troubles, piles, diabetes, urinary diseases, male sexual diseases, gynecological diseases, joint pains and inflammation, ear diseases, tooth problems, cuts and wounds, dermal problems, and as cooling agents and other miscellaneous uses.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Graveyard, Protected areas, Miani Sahib.

INTRODUCTION in the government statistics face a broad range of threats from infiltration to Pakistan covers many ecoregions of damaging effects of air pollution or climate the world and is quite rich in biodiversity change (Carey et al., 2000). Only about with economically and commercially 11.5% of earth’s surface is declared significant plants (Ali et al., 2001; Ali, protected, which is crucial in minimizing the 2008). Plant diversity throughout the world loss of plant diversity. Although protected is lost through multiple threats including areas are highly effective in protecting habitat loss and degradation, introduction of biodiversity, the existing protected area exotic species, various diseases, pollutants, network provides a priceless service in rapid climatic change, over-exploitation of protecting habitat from destructive uses natural resources and through massive (Rodrigues et al., 2004). Even though there growth in human population (Alam and Ali, is an agreement on the vital role of protected 2010; Abbas et al., 2010). Protected areas areas in conserving plant biodiversity, the are the only hope we have of stopping many total area declared protected is frequently threatened or endangered species from being less than desirable. The level of funding extinct, and are essential for the provided for management of protected areas conservation of plant diversity (Defries et is almost always insufficient. The benefits al., 2005). It is generally assumed that these from protected areas to the society are often areas are now secure, which is a relief for underestimated, and the cost of protection conservationists, but this is certainly not appears huge (Dixon and Sherman, 1991). In true. Those areas that are declared protected fact, the long term integrity of protected

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. areas in developing nations depends upon medicinal plants not only for curing minor the support of rural communities that live diseases, but also for major diseases. There near these areas (Ferraro, 2002). is a growing trend in using wild plants for medicinal purposes. The number of Biodiversity is strongly related to the medicinal plant collectors has increased, survival and function of the ecosystem (Hooper giving rise to the comprehensive trade. The et al., 2005). Decrease in biodiversity is medicinal plants are exported to other alarming and its disappearance is even more countries of the world, as well. Pansars are threatening to the global ecological balance. using these valuable medicinal plants for Anthropogenic activities are continuously commercial purposes and many of these are decreasing biodiversity at a rapid rate also exported. Animals are also treated from (Krishnamurthy, 2003). Humans have these wild medicinal plants. Many plants deteriorated the environment ferociously speculated to treat a particular disease are without considering habitat lost. It is only our used for many other purposes. Drug dealers, ecosystem which provides space for species local collectors, and vendors are threatening richness and environmental stability. the flora of Pakistan, leading to the Fragmentation due to construction of roads and extinction of many medicinal plants. deforestation are some of the major reasons of Improper management of these valuable rapid reduction in plant diversity (Mohammed medicinal plants will not only result in the and Ahmed, 2012). Urban protected areas are extinction of plant species, but may also one of the crucial sites for the conservation of deteriorate the natural habitat. Sustainable plant diversity in the 21st Century, e.g. London utilization of these valuable medicinal plants has more than two thousand wild plant species is required to preserve the plant diversity (McNeely, 2001; Mcdonald et al., 2009). (Shinwari, 2010). The immense decrease in plant biodiversity needs ex-situ and in-situ Graveyards can be considered as sites conservation (Shinwari and Gilani, 2003). for environmental conservation and as a genetic resource for valuable, endangered medicinal The majority of people throughout plants. Graveyards are the least disturbed areas the world are facing problems in trying to due to religious beliefs of the local people. The raise their living standard and to improve the valuable gene pool must be conserved by the health care delivery in the face of increasing involvement of the local communities. Elder poverty and a growing population. It has people and conservation authorities must create been estimated that 70% - 80% of people in awareness among the local communities not to the developing countries use traditional destroy plant habitats. Graveyards must be herbal remedies for their ailments due to the protected in a real sense to conserve plant high cost of pharmaceutical products. diversity (Ahmad and Rabbi, 2009). Increasing demand of medicinal plants in the developing countries cannot be overlooked. Out of about 258,650 species of higher plants reported from the world, more Ethnobotany explains the utilization than 10% are used to cure ailing of plants by traditional societies and has communities. Traditional botanical immense potential to help the world by knowledge has uncovered the usage of many providing beneficial plants and plant beneficial drugs, e.g. tubocurarine, products (Veilleux and King, 2002). It also reserpine, aspirin and morphine. Many explains the utilization of plants in people in Pakistan are using theses valuable horticulture (Hurrel, 2016).Ethnobotany is

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. “the scientific investigation of indigenous MATERIALS AND METHODS cultures for food, medicine, pesticides, clothing, shelter, and other purposes”. It can The study area is the Miani Sahib help us develop new products in Graveyard of Lahore city. The graveyard is pharmaceuticals and food industries divided into seven blocks, i.e. Block A to G. (Kendler et al., 1992; Anjalam et al., 2016). The total area covered by the graveyard is The World Health Organization has 215 acres (City government). Although the recognized the role of traditional medicinal land is protected by a boundary wall, there plants in providing healthcare to the local are encroachments by the local people in the people (Lalramnghinglova and Jha, 1999). construction of shops, residential buildings, Wild medicinal plants play a very crucial etc. Ethnobotanical data on the traditional role in treating human ailments. Wild plants uses of plants was collected by interviewing provide “green social security” to people all the herbal drug dealers, timber dealers, fuel over the world. These crucial, role-playing wood sellers, and local elderly people plant species are pushed beyond recovery residing in the adjacent areas of Miani Sahib due to habitat deterioration and the and local hakims, through a questionnaire. excessive utilization of natural resources Plant specimens collected from the area (Cunningham, 2001). were dried, pressed and mounted properly. The plants were identified with the help of Ethnobotanical knowledge has been Flora of Pakistan, by Nasir and Ali (1970- widely used in recent years for the discovery of 1989), Ali and Nasir (1990-1992), Nasir and new drugs and new drug development (Sheng- Rubina (1995) and Ali and Qaisar (1992- Ji, 2001; Heinrich, 2000). Ethnobotanical 2007). The plant specimens were given to knowledge in Pakistan is preserved in bulk Dr. Sultan Ahmad Herbarium, at the GC amounts and is transferred to succeeding University, Lahore, Pakistan after pasting generations. Ethnobotanical knowledge is voucher numbers. Field trips were carried extensively used in the treatment of various out in different seasons throughout the year. human ailments and other diseases. Medicinal plants in Pakistan are becoming popular as the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION principle source of medicines. In the past century, allopathic treatments were widely used Graveyard soil is fertile due to to cure various human disorders. Allopathic nutrients released from the decomposition of drugs also have side effects and people now human bodies. Graveyards are rich in plant prefer herbal healers for safe and secure drugs. diversity because of nutrient rich soil Moreover, the herbal drugs are cheaper, easily (Rahman et al., 2008). Table 1 lists the available, and have no side effects. History of numerous medicinal and important plants ancient folk healers has helped in the discovery found in the study site. High frequency of many herbal drugs. Unfortunately, this weeds i.e., Rumex dentatus, Poa annua, knowledge is destined to extinct due to rapid Coronopus didymus, Convolvulus arvensis, acculturation and westernization in many parts Euphorbia prostrate, Cynodon dactylon and of the earth where indigenous people still live Less frequently weeds i.e., Amaranthus peacefully. The loss of ethnobotanical viridis, Cirsium arvense, Stellaria media, knowledge will result in a barrier in the Chenopodium murale, C. album, Fumaria advancement of numerous aspects of indica, Oxalis corniculata, R. scleratus, environmental conservation (Schultes, 1994). Solanum nigrum, Parthenium hysterophorus, Sonchus asper, Euphorbia

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. Table 1: The details of plants collected from the Miani Sahib Graveyard and their traditional uses.

Family Botanical Name Local Name Parts Used Traditional Uses Trianthema Kaan-gund Roots, To prevent early abortion. portulacastrum L (Punjabi), Narma leaves Aizoaceae (Urdu) Zaleya pentandra (L.) Wasanh (Punjabi) Leaves, Used to treat skin and C. Jeffrey roots Gynecological disorders. Achyranthes aspera L. Putkhanda Whole Used as laxative and to treat (Punjabi) plant piles, rheumatism. Alternanthera Nanthra (Punjabi) Stem Decoction cures abdominal paronychioides A. St.- pain of children. Hil. Alternanthera Kanchari (Punjabi) Leaves used to treat inflammation sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. Chaulai (Punjabi) Leaves Leaves are emolient. Used in scorpion sting and snake bite. Chenopodium album L. Bathu (Punjabi) Leaves A paste is made from leaves and is applied on wounds of cattle. Chenopodium murale Bathu (Punjabi) Leaves Plant is laxative and is used L. in hepatic disorder. Anethum graveolens L. Sowa (Urdu) Fruit Fruit is carminative. Oil is obtained from the seeds used Apiaceae to treat flatulence of children. Calotropis procera Ak (Urdu) Whole Leaf extract is used against (Aiton) R. Br. plant scorpion bite. Apocyanaceae Nerium indicum Mill. Kanair (Punjabi) Roots, Oil from root bark used in leaves skin diseases and leprosy. Asparagus officinalis Phala-moosa Leaves Herb is diuretic, laxative, Asparagaceae L. cardiac and sedative. Ageratum conyzoides Ageera (Urdu) Leaves, Used to treat wounds and L. stem dermal problems. Cirsium arvense (L.) Kandyari (Urdu), Whole Plant is ammetic, diaphoretic Scop. Pohli (Punjabi) plant and tonic. Conyza ambigua DC. Phuljharri Leaves Leaf extract is used in curing Asteraceae (Punjabi) liver diseases. Parthenium Parthenium (Urdu) Whole Whole plant is stimulating, hysterophorus L. plant anti-hysteric and flea repellent. Pulicaria crispa Bui (Punjabi) Whole Bruised leaves are applied in (Forssk.) Benth. and plant headache. 36

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. Hook. f. ex Oliv. and Hiern Saussurea Kali ziri (Punjabi) Seeds Extract of the seeds is used heteromalla (D. Don) to treat inflammation and Hand.-Mazz. arthritis. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Dodak (Punjabi) Whole Pounded herb is used to treat plant wounds or boils. Ehretia obtusifolia Chamror (Urdu) Root Decoction of fresh root is Hochst. ex A. DC. given in veneral diseases. Coronopus didymus Charini boti Seeds, Decocation is laxative. Seeds (L.) Sm. (Punjabi) Roots, are used in dyspepsia. Leaves Eruca sativa Mill. Tara mera (Urdu) Seeds Oil used for anti lice. Young leaves are considered diuretic, stimulant and Brasicaceae stomachic. Sisymbrium irio L. Jangli sarrun Seeds, Seeds are anti-pyretic, (Punjabi) leaves analgesic. Used to treat white facial spots. Leaves are used to cure throat and chest infections. Opuntia monacantha Chithar thor Stem, fruit Fruit is laxative. Stem makes Cactaceae Haw. (Punjabi) a soothing poultice. Cassia occidentalis L. Chasku (Urdu) Leaves, Fresh leaves are used to treat Casalpinaceae root jaundice. Cannabis sativa L. Bhang (Punjabi) Whole Asthma, cataract, headache, Cannabaceae plant Leucorrhoea, nose bleeding and palpitation. Stellaria media (L.) Climatus (Urdu) Leaves Tender leaves and stalk eaten Cirillo as vegetable. Plant used in Caryophyllaceae the inflammation of digestive, renal, reproductive tracts. Convolvulus arvensis Hiran khuri (Urdu) Roots, Used as fodder. Root is Convolvulaceae L. leaves purgative and diarrheic. Bryophyllum pinnatum Pathar chat (Urdu) Leaves Leaves are used to treat Crassulaceae (Lam.) Oken kidney stones. Cyperus rotundus L. Nagar ghah Tuber The decocation of the tuber (Punjabi) given in fever along with salt. Tuber is anthelminthic, Cyperaceae diuretic, used in stomach diseases and in irritation of bowels. Euphorbia helioscopia Mohri-booti Whole Herb is cathartic. Oil from L. (Punjabi) plant seeds is purgative. Root is Euphorbiaceae anthelmintic. Euphorbia prostrata Hazar-dani Leaves, Leaves are used as fodder. 37

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. Aiton (Punjabi) Root Smoke inhaled from burnt root is helpful to stop sneezing. Euphorbia royleana Danda thor Stem, Root Extract is useful in treating Boiss. (Punjabi) hepatitis. Ricinus communis L. Arind (Urdu), Leaves, Due to bitter taste of bark, it Harnoli (Punjabi) fruit is used to treat asthma and dysentery. Fumaria indica Papra (Urdu) Whole Herb is diuretic and Pugsley plant diaphoretic. Infusion of herb is recommended is Fumariaceae constipation, leprosy and syphilis.

Ocimum basilicum L. Niazbo (Urdu) Leaves Leaves are user to treat throat infection and serve as alternative of strepsils. Also used to treat skin infection.

Salvia plebeia R. Br. Sage (Urdu) Seeds, Seeds are used in gonorrhea, Leaves menorrhagia, diarrhea, and Lamiaceae hemorrhoids.

Linum usitatissimum L. Alsi (Urdu) Seeds, Bark and leaves are used in Bark, gonorrhea. Seeds used to Leaves, treat irritation of uringenital Flower system.

Abutilon indicum (L.) Peeli booti Leaves, Leaves are used against Sweet (Punjabi), Khanghi bark, root bronchitis, diarrhoea and (Urdu) bladder inflammation.

Malva Jhar (Punjabi) Whole Leaves are cooling and are Malvaceae coromandelianum (L.) plant applied to inflamed sour and Gareke wounds.

Malva parviflora L. Sonchal (Urdu) Leaves, Plant is emollient. Seeds are Seeds used in cough and to treat ulcers in bladder. Eucalyptus Sufaida (Urdu) Leaves, Leaves are used to treat Myrtaceae camaldulensis Stem asthma. Matchstick is also formed.

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. Boerhavia procumbens Itsit (Punjabi) Roots, Roots are boiled in water to Nyctaginaceae Banks ex Roxb Leaves obtain extract which is used as liver tonic.

Oxalis corniculata L. Khat-mith Seeds, Leaves are stomachic and Oxalidaceae (Punjabi) leaves laxative.

Melilotus indica (L.) Seinchi (Urdu) Whole Plant is use as discutient and Papilionaceae All. plant emolient. Avena sativa L. Jangli jae (Urdu) Seeds Seeds are laxative and nerve tonic.

Cenchrus biflorus Bhurt (Punjabi) Fruit Decocation of fruit Roxb. considered pectoral and diuretic.

Cenchrus Pampus grass Shoot Shoot is used as fodder and pennisetiformis Hochst. (Urdu) help to burn wood. and Steud. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Ghaas (Urdu) Leaves The extraction prepared from Pers. this plant along with garlic and warm mustard oil is rubbed on the body to relieve body pain.

Dactyloctenium Madana (Urdu) Seeds Seeds are used to treat Poaceae aegyptium (L.) Richt. kidney disorders. Also used as fodder.

Desmostachya Dabh (Punjabi) Roots Culm is stimulant, diuretic bipinnata (L.) Stapf and is also used in dysentery.

Dichanthium Palwan (Urdu) Stem, Ash of the leaves is applied annulatum (Forssk.) Leaves on injured portion to heal Stapf wound.

Digitaria timorensis Ralia (Urdu) Stem Stem extract mixed with (Kunth) Balansa boiled corn is used to treat respiratory paralysis.

Eragrostis paeoides Aragon (Urdu) Seeds Seeds are used to treat constipation.

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. Phalaris minor Retz. Dumbi-siti Whole Used in asthma. The root is (Punjabi) plant given in dyspepsia and flatulency. Poa annua L. Maila ghaa Roots Root is given in jaundice. (Punjabi)

Setaria glauca (L.) Sawank (Urdu) Leaves, Used as fodder. Leaf extract P.Beauv. seeds is considered efficacious in cases of eruptions.

Sorghum halepense Baru (Urdu), Jangli Seeds Seeds are diuretic and (L.) Pers. jawar (Punjabi) demulcent. Used as fodder.

Polygonum plebeium Kheera wal Whole Dried and powdered plant is R. Br. (Punjabi) plant taken internally in pneumonia. Polygonaceae Rumax dentatus L. Jungli palak Whole Effective in removal of (Punjabi) plant kidney stones. Portulaca oleracea L. Lunak (Urdu) Whole Water extract of plant is used Portulacaceae plant to treat asthma. Ranunculus sceleratus Kabikaj (Urdu) Fruit, The plant is used to treat L. Leaves earache, coryza, gout, liver Ranunculaceae pain and nose ulceration.

Ziziphus mauritiana Ber Root, fruit, Blood purifier and is used to Rhamnaceae Lam. leaves treat skin spots.

Leucophyllum Sabhaloo (Urdu) Leaves Extract from the leaves can frutescens (Berl.) I.M. be used to treat cough and Johnston fever. Also used for Scrophulariaceae decorative purposes along road sides.

Datura innoxia Mill. Dhatoora (Punjabi) Whole Used to treat joints. Also Solanaceae plant used in drugs.

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. Lycium edgeworthii Hamlia (Urdu) Whole The glands and the hairs on Dunal plant the fruit useful in scabies, ringworm and other skin diseases.

Nicotiana Jangli tambaku Leaves Used in drugs. plumbaginifolia Viv. (Punjabi) Solanum nigrum L. Makoh (Urdu) Leaves, It is used to treat liver fruits disorders. Inflammation can also be treatment by cooking its leaves as sarson.

Withania somnifera Aksan (Urdu) Root, fruit Roots of this plant are used (L.) Dunal in rheumatism and painful swellings. Used to treat pain in joints.

Grewia damine Gaertn. Bather (Urdu) Seeds, Seeds are used in anemia. Leaves Leaves are used to treat tumor. Tilliaceae Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Ganger (Urdu) Bark Bark used to treat female Fiori sexual disorders.

Lantana camara L. Panch-phooli Whole Plant is carminative, (Punjabi) plant diaphoretic and Verbenaceae antispasmodic.

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Kwargandal Leaves The extract is used to reduce (Punjabi) hair fall and also provides nourishment to the growing hairs. Xanthorrhoeaceae Asphodelus tenuifolius Piazi (Punjabi) Seeds Seeds are diuretic and are Cav. externally applied to treat ulcer.

heleoscopia and Solanum nigrum were Salvadoraceae (1.68), Fumariaceae (1.62), reported from different areas of Lahore Solanaceae (1.45), Asteraceae (1.35), (Riaz et al., 2007). In the present study Polygonaceae (1.33), Fabaceae (1.27), Cyperaceae was noticed as the dominant Malvaceae (1.23), Nyctiginaceae (1.14), plant family. showing the highest family Meliaceae (1.11), Xanthorrhoeaceae (1.11) Importance Value Index (FIVI) value, i.e. and Crassulaceae (1.03). The FIVI values of 2.18, followed by Cannabaceae (1.97), other plant families ranged from 0.14 to Tamaricaceae (1.89), Tilliaceae (1.71), 2.18. 41

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. This study provides evidence that Ali SI, Qaisar M (1992-2007). Flora of graveyards are gene pools of many crucial Pakistan. Nos. 194-208. Department medicinal plants and should be conserved to of Botany, University of Karachi protect natural resources for the benefit of and National Herbarium, PARC, humanity. It is essential to conserve the Islamabad. vegetation of graveyards by involving local communities. Religious scholars and elder Ali SI, Nasir YJ. (1990-1992). Flora of people should be involved in the conservation Pakistan. No. 191-193. Department of programs. Areas adjacent to these graveyards Botany, University of Karachi and should also be protected to conserve local National Herbarium, PARC, vegetation. Islamabad.

CONCLUSION Ali SI, Ome S, Qaisar M (2001). Flora of Pakistan In: Mohammad Afzal and Graveyards are one of the protected areas and Shehzad A. Mufti Natural History are sites for the conservation of plant diversity. research in Pakistan. PASTIC, It is important to document the ethnobotanical Islamabad. knowledge of graveyards so that these plants can be utilized by the local peoples. Anjalam A, Kalpana S, Vijai D, Premalatha S (2016). Documentation of REFERENCES medicinal plants used by malayali tribes in Kolli hills. Int J Adv Res Abbas H, Qaiser M, Alam J (2010). Biol Sci. 3(3), 101-107. Conservation status of Cadaba heterotricha stocks (Capparaceae): An Carey C, Dudley N, Stolton S (2000). endangered species in Pakistan. Pak J Squandering Paradise?: The Bot. 42(1), 35-46. Importance and Vulnerability of the World’s Protected Areas. WWF: 1- Ahmad S, Rabbi F (2009). Conservation of 232. endangered plant genetic resources: Assessing the role of cultural and Cunningham AB (2001). Applied Ethnobotany: religious beliefs in the sustainable People, wild plant use and management of sacred forests in conservation. Earthscan Publications Pakistan. Tropentag, 6-8. Limited, London, 1-6.

Alam J,Ali SI (2010). Conservation status of Defries R, Hansen A, Newton AC Hansen MC Androsace russellii Y. Nasir: A (2005). Increasing isolation of critically endangered species in Gilgit protected areas in tropical forests over district, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 42(3), the past twenty years. Ecol Appl. 15, 1381-1393. 19-26.

Ali SI (2008). Significance of flora with special Dixon JA, Sherma PB (1991). Economics of reference to Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 40(3), protected areas. Ambio. 20(2), 68-74. 967-971. Ferraro PJ (2002). The local costs of establishing protected areas in low-

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. income nations: Ranomafana National widening – a negative approach. Indian Park, Madagascar. Ecol Econom. 43, J ApplPure Bio. 27(1), 49-51. 261-275. Nasir E, Ali SI (1970-89). Flora of Pakistan. Heinrich M (2000). Ethnobotany and its role in No. 1-190. National Herbarium, drug development. PhytotherRes. PARC, Islamabad and Department of 14(7), 479-488. Botany, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Hooper DU, Chapin FS, Ewel JJ, Hector A, Inchausti P, Lavorel S, Lawton JH, Nasir YJ, Rubina AR (1995). Wild Flowers of Lodge DM, Loreau M, Naeem S, Pakistan. Oxford University Press, Schmid B, Setala H, Symstad AJ, Karachi, Pakistan. Vandermeer J, Wardle DA (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem Rahman AHMM, Anisuzzaman M, Haider SA, functioning: a consensus of current Ahmed F, Islam AKMR, knowledge. Ecol Monograph. 75, 3- Naderuzzaman ATM (2008). Study of 35. medicinal plants in the graveyards of Rajshahi city. Res J Agric Biol Sci. Hurrel JA (2016). Introduction of 4(1), 70-74. Ethnobiology. Springer. 171-176. Riaz T, Khan SN, Javaid A, Farhan A (2007). Kendler BS, Koritz HG, Gibaldi A (1992). The Weed flora of Gladiolus fields in American Biology Teacher. University Lahore, Pakistan. Pak J Weed SciRes. of California Press, 54(1),46-50. 13, 113-120.

Krishnamurthy KV (2003). Textbook of Rodrigues ASL, Andelman SJ, Bakarr MI, biodiversity (Principles and Practice). Boitani L, Brooks TM, Cowling Science Publishers, USA. RM, Fishpool LDC, da Fonesca GAB, Gaston KJ, Hoffmann M, Lalramnghinglova H,Jha LK (1999). Long JS, Marquet PA, Pilgrim JDR. Ethnobotany: A review. J Econ Taxon L. Pressey RL, Schipper J, Sechrest Bot. 23(1), 1-27. W, Staurt SN, Underhill LG, Waller RW, Watts MEJ, Yan X (2004). Mcdonald RI, Forman RTT, Kareiva PRN, Effectiveness of the global protected Salzer D,.Fisher J (2009). Urban area network in representing species effects, distance, and protected areas in diversity. Nature, 428(8), 640-643. an urbanizing world. Landsc Urban Plan. 93(1), 63-75. Schultes RE (1994). The importance of ethnobotany in environmental McNeely JA (2001). Cities and protected areas: conservation. Am JEcon Sociol. 53(2), an oxymoron or a partnership?. Parks, 202-206. 11(3), 1-3. Sheng-Ji P (2001). Ethnobotanical Mohammed MS, Ahmed MO (2012). approaches of traditional medicine Destruction of the ecosystems for road studies: some experiences from Asia. Pharm Biol. 39, 74-79.

Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. Shinwari ZK (2010). Medicinal plants research in Pakistan. J Med Plant Res. 4(3), 161-176.

Shinwari ZK, Gilani SS (2003). Sustainable harvest of medicinal plants at Bulashbar Nullah, Astore (Northern Pakistan). J Ethnopharmacol. 84(2- 3), 289-298.

Veilleux C, King SR (2002). An Introduction to Ethnobotany,htt://www.accessexcell ence.org/RC/Ethnobotany/Pp.2html.