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Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan

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Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 3 Issue 2 Article 5 Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan Anis Ali Shah Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected] Zaheer -ud-din Khan Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan Musarrat Ramzan University of Sargodha, Bhakkar, Pakistan Rabia Saba University of Sargodha, Bhakkar, Pakistan Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Biodiversity Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Shah, A. A., Khan, Z. -., Ramzan, M., & Saba, R. (2016). Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan, Journal of Bioresource Management, 3 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.6102.0052 ISSN: 2309-3854 online This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethnoecological Studies of Herbs and Shrubs of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or Journal of Bioresource Management’s prior written permission. This article is available in Journal of Bioresource Management: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm/vol3/ iss2/5 Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HERBS AND SHRUBS OF MIANI SAHIB GRAVEYARD, LAHORE CITY, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Anis Ali Shah1*, Zaheer-ud-din Khan1, Musarrat Ramzan2 and Rabia Saba2 1Government College University Lahore 2Department of Biological Sciences University of Sargodha Sub-Campus Bhakkar *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT This survey was carried out to prepare a plant inventory for the exploration of the ethnobotanical importance of the plants in the Miani Sahib Graveyard and to understand the effectiveness of graveyards in conserving plant diversity. Plants were collected in different seasons of the year and were dried, pressed, mounted and identified with the help of Flora of Pakistan. Our ethnobotanical study was carried out by interviewing the herbal drug dealers, timber dealers, fuel wood sellers, and the local elderly people residing in the adjacent areas of Miani Sahib and hakims through a questionnaire. Cyperaceae was noticed as the dominant plant family, showing the highest FIVI value. They are used in fever, flue, cough, asthma, digestive troubles, piles, diabetes, urinary diseases, male sexual diseases, gynecological diseases, joint pains and inflammation, ear diseases, tooth problems, cuts and wounds, dermal problems, and as cooling agents and other miscellaneous uses. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Graveyard, Protected areas, Miani Sahib. INTRODUCTION in the government statistics face a broad range of threats from infiltration to Pakistan covers many ecoregions of damaging effects of air pollution or climate the world and is quite rich in biodiversity change (Carey et al., 2000). Only about with economically and commercially 11.5% of earth’s surface is declared significant plants (Ali et al., 2001; Ali, protected, which is crucial in minimizing the 2008). Plant diversity throughout the world loss of plant diversity. Although protected is lost through multiple threats including areas are highly effective in protecting habitat loss and degradation, introduction of biodiversity, the existing protected area exotic species, various diseases, pollutants, network provides a priceless service in rapid climatic change, over-exploitation of protecting habitat from destructive uses natural resources and through massive (Rodrigues et al., 2004). Even though there growth in human population (Alam and Ali, is an agreement on the vital role of protected 2010; Abbas et al., 2010). Protected areas areas in conserving plant biodiversity, the are the only hope we have of stopping many total area declared protected is frequently threatened or endangered species from being less than desirable. The level of funding extinct, and are essential for the provided for management of protected areas conservation of plant diversity (Defries et is almost always insufficient. The benefits al., 2005). It is generally assumed that these from protected areas to the society are often areas are now secure, which is a relief for underestimated, and the cost of protection conservationists, but this is certainly not appears huge (Dixon and Sherman, 1991). In true. Those areas that are declared protected fact, the long term integrity of protected 33 Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. areas in developing nations depends upon medicinal plants not only for curing minor the support of rural communities that live diseases, but also for major diseases. There near these areas (Ferraro, 2002). is a growing trend in using wild plants for medicinal purposes. The number of Biodiversity is strongly related to the medicinal plant collectors has increased, survival and function of the ecosystem (Hooper giving rise to the comprehensive trade. The et al., 2005). Decrease in biodiversity is medicinal plants are exported to other alarming and its disappearance is even more countries of the world, as well. Pansars are threatening to the global ecological balance. using these valuable medicinal plants for Anthropogenic activities are continuously commercial purposes and many of these are decreasing biodiversity at a rapid rate also exported. Animals are also treated from (Krishnamurthy, 2003). Humans have these wild medicinal plants. Many plants deteriorated the environment ferociously speculated to treat a particular disease are without considering habitat lost. It is only our used for many other purposes. Drug dealers, ecosystem which provides space for species local collectors, and vendors are threatening richness and environmental stability. the flora of Pakistan, leading to the Fragmentation due to construction of roads and extinction of many medicinal plants. deforestation are some of the major reasons of Improper management of these valuable rapid reduction in plant diversity (Mohammed medicinal plants will not only result in the and Ahmed, 2012). Urban protected areas are extinction of plant species, but may also one of the crucial sites for the conservation of deteriorate the natural habitat. Sustainable plant diversity in the 21st Century, e.g. London utilization of these valuable medicinal plants has more than two thousand wild plant species is required to preserve the plant diversity (McNeely, 2001; Mcdonald et al., 2009). (Shinwari, 2010). The immense decrease in plant biodiversity needs ex-situ and in-situ Graveyards can be considered as sites conservation (Shinwari and Gilani, 2003). for environmental conservation and as a genetic resource for valuable, endangered medicinal The majority of people throughout plants. Graveyards are the least disturbed areas the world are facing problems in trying to due to religious beliefs of the local people. The raise their living standard and to improve the valuable gene pool must be conserved by the health care delivery in the face of increasing involvement of the local communities. Elder poverty and a growing population. It has people and conservation authorities must create been estimated that 70% - 80% of people in awareness among the local communities not to the developing countries use traditional destroy plant habitats. Graveyards must be herbal remedies for their ailments due to the protected in a real sense to conserve plant high cost of pharmaceutical products. diversity (Ahmad and Rabbi, 2009). Increasing demand of medicinal plants in the developing countries cannot be overlooked. Out of about 258,650 species of higher plants reported from the world, more Ethnobotany explains the utilization than 10% are used to cure ailing of plants by traditional societies and has communities. Traditional botanical immense potential to help the world by knowledge has uncovered the usage of many providing beneficial plants and plant beneficial drugs, e.g. tubocurarine, products (Veilleux and King, 2002). It also reserpine, aspirin and morphine. Many explains the utilization of plants in people in Pakistan are using theses valuable horticulture (Hurrel, 2016).Ethnobotany is 34 Shah et al.,: Ethnoecology of Miani Sahib Graveyard, Lahore City, Punjab, Pakistan J. Bioresource Manage. (2016) 3(2): 33-44. “the scientific investigation of indigenous MATERIALS AND METHODS cultures for food, medicine, pesticides, clothing, shelter, and other
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