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Chapter 5. Are Udder and Teat Conformation Heritable Traits That Affect Mastitis in Texel Sheep?

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Chapter 5. Are Udder and Teat Conformation Heritable Traits That Affect Mastitis in Texel Sheep? University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/77075 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Determining the Organisms, Pathways of Infection and Risks for Ovine Mastitis Selin Cooper Submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick February 2015 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. XI DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................. XIII SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... XIV ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... XVI CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 1 1.1. MASTITIS: AN OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1. DETECTION OF MASTITIS ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF MASTITIS ............................................................................. 5 1.2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MASTITIS ................................................................................................... 8 1.3. RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MASTITIS ................................................................................ 11 1.4. AETIOLOGY OF MASTITIS ....................................................................................................... 12 1.4.1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONTAGIOUS PATHOGENS.................................................................... 13 1.5. THE DEFENSIVE ROLE OF THE MAMMARY GLAND ......................................................................... 14 1.6. SOURCES & TRANSMISSION PATHWAYS OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA .................................................. 15 1.6.1. MOUTH & NASAL CAVITIES................................................................................................ 16 1.6.2. THE MILKING ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................. 16 1.6.3. BEDDING AND DIRT ......................................................................................................... 17 1.6.4. UDDER SKIN .................................................................................................................. 17 1.6.5. TEAT LESIONS ................................................................................................................ 18 1.6.6. TEAT APICES .................................................................................................................. 18 1.6.7. OTHER POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS OF MASTITIS-CAUSING PATHOGENS.............................................. 19 1.7. THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF BACTERIAL SPECIES ............................................................................. 19 1.8. PERSISTENCE OF INFECTIONS IN THE MAMMARY GLAND ................................................................ 20 1.8.1. INFECTION PERSISTENCE DURING LACTATION .......................................................................... 20 1.8.2. THE ROLE OF THE DRY PERIOD ............................................................................................ 21 1.9. THE IMPORTANCE OF STRAIN TYPING ........................................................................................ 23 1.10. METHODS USED TO UNDERSTAND MASTITIS ............................................................................... 23 1.10.1. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY .............................................................................................. 23 1.10.2. LABORATORY BASED TECHNIQUES ....................................................................................... 24 Culturing of bacteria ............................................................................................................... 24 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification ...................................................................... 24 Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) .................................................................................... 25 Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) ......................................................................................... 25 Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) .............................................................................................................................................. 26 1.10.3. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES .......................................................................................... 27 Cross-sectional studies ............................................................................................................ 27 Longitudinal studies................................................................................................................ 27 1.11. THESIS AIMS ...................................................................................................................... 28 ii CHAPTER 2. RISK FACTORS FOR OVINE CLINICAL MASTITIS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF 329 FARMS IN ENGLAND ....................................................................................................................... 29 2.1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 29 2.2. AIMS ............................................................................................................................... 30 2.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS.................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1. STUDY POPULATION ........................................................................................................ 30 2.3.2. DESIGN OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE ......................................................................................... 31 2.3.3. PILOT STUDY.................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.4. DATA COLLECTION & STORAGE ........................................................................................... 31 2.3.5. DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 32 2.4. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.4.1. RESPONSE RATE ............................................................................................................. 33 2.4.2. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 34 Farm characteristics ............................................................................................................... 34 Incidence rate of clinical mastitis ............................................................................................ 34 Clinical mastitis ...................................................................................................................... 35 Management practices ........................................................................................................... 36 Mammary gland abnormalities ............................................................................................... 37 2.4.3. RISK FACTORS FOR CLINICAL MASTITIS .................................................................................. 39 Model 1 – General flock management .................................................................................... 39 Model 2 – Ewes housed in barns before lambing ..................................................................... 39 Model 3 – Ewes housed at lambing ......................................................................................... 39 Model 4 – Ewes housed after lambing ..................................................................................... 40 Model 5 – Ewes that lambed outdoors .................................................................................... 40 Model 6 – Ewes reared outdoors after lambing ....................................................................... 40 2.5. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 49 2.6. CONCLUSIONS
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