AU9816855

A PIXE/PIGE Study of Gold Mineralisation in Lateritic Terrain, Tanami Desert, Australia

J C VAN MOORT and XU LI, Geology Department, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-79, Hobart, Tasmania 7001

SUMMARY Proton induced X-ray and y-ray emission (PIXE/PIGE) have been used to analyze major and trace elements in a suite of 140 core samples from around of the Jim's Find South gold anomaly in the Tanami desert, located in heavily weathered terrain. Simultaneous analyses were obtained for 30 elements, ranging in atomic number from 3Li to 9CTh, The method was chosen because of its speed and the wide range of determination, its flexibility, precision and low detection limits. The regolith powder samples were treated by hot aqua regia before making them into pills. The PIXE/PIGE data of the acid insoluble residue give three factor analysis clusters. The first cluster comprises the elements F, Al, K, V, Mn, Fe, Ga, Rb, W and Au and is essentially related to sericitic wallrock alteration. The second cluster consists of Ti, As, Y, Zr, and Nb and is largely related to resistant minerals. The third cluster consists of Na, Ca and Sr and is interpreted to comprise elements in weatherable minerals such as feldspar and thus represents weathering intensity. As, the Rb/K ratio and the product of AsxCuxNi provide the best surface expression of the gold mineralisation . The Rb/Al ratio provides the best expression of the sericitic alteration around the ore body.

1 INTRODUCTION sedimentary rocks. Several vein generations have been identified (1). Veins and breccias within Any mineral exploration program will aim at associated alteration halos are host to economic obtaining as much information as possible from gold mineralisation. Early vein systems of carbonate available surface or drill hole expression of an ± chlorite plus minor quartz or chalcedony are orebody. Gold exploration conventionally confined to either basalts or sediments. The gold concentrates on chemical anaylsis of the element bearing vein and breccia system consists of major itself, which can, by various methods, be obtained quartz sericite/illite ± pyrite + chlorite, and at ppb level. Elemental concentrations however sometimes banded ankerite/ quartz veins. Visible drop off rapidly beyond the zones of veins or hydrothermal alteration occurs as broad (up to 10m) disseminated gold occurrences. Wallrock alteration pervasive zones surrounding shear zones and as patterns may occur well beyond the zones of gold narrow (< 10 cm wide) zones surrounding enrichment and can be picked up by geochemistry. individual veins. This article deals with the recognition of wallrock alteration patterns of gold mineralisation in highly 3 GEOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF GOLD weathered terrain. Proton induced gamma ray and MINERALISATION (RAW MATERIAL) X-ray emission has been chosen as method of chemical analysis. Stott (2) studied the distribution patterns of over twenty five major and trace elements throughout the 2 GOLD MINERALISATION IN THE complete regolith profile preserved at Jim's South TANAMI DESERT Anomaly, some 23 km SW of the Tanami Gold Mine. Laterisation is marked by strong leaching of The Granites-Tanami gold province is a relatively alkali and alkali earth elements (Na, Ca, Sr), the new gold producing area approximately 650 km retention of less mobile elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mn, NW of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. Co) and the residual near surface elements of the Outcrop is largely interpreted from geophysical immobile elements (Zr, Hf, Ti). Modification of data. Mineralisation occurs in the paleoproterozoic the profile is marked by the accumulation of inlier between the approximately 1750 Ma old alkaline and alkaline earth elements in the upper Coomarie and Frankenia granite domes (figure 1). parts of the profile (Na, Sr) and by redistribution of Parliculate gold was discovered at Tanami in 1904 the semi-mobile elements (Si, Al, rare earth and has been mined intermittently since. Host rock elements). Where the complete profile is preserved, to the gold mineralisation are sequences with north- Au occurs as lenses with minor enrichment (50 ppb west dipping interbedded basalt and clastic to 1.4 g/t) and wide lateral dispersion in overlying

125 78200b0mN "_" ."! T Coomari©

Quaternary sand Mt Charles Beds

Antrim Plateau Volcanics Mine or prospect

Gardiner Sandstone Granite boundary

Granite under Quaternary sand Road

Figure 1 The regional geology in the Tanami gold district (after Tunks, 1996)

126 lateritic gravels. Secondary lenses are also found beam with typical beam currents of 200 nA; for within the saprolite. Lenses are centred over and each sample a dose of 100 U.C was accumulated. A around the hypogene ore zone and each are composite mylar-perspex pinhole filter was placed separated by zones of gold depletion. As and Sb in front of the PIXE detector in order to reduce form sometimes large cones of enrichment which excessive X-rays of Si. The PIGME analysis flare up from the hypogene zone to the modern land provided elemental concentrations for Li, F, Na and surface. K contents around the hypogene ore zone Al relative to the USGS standard SGR 1 for Li and are anomalously high compared with unmineralised F and NBS standard 278 (obsidian) for Na and Al, basalts (up to 1.3%) and correspond to sericite all with a minimum detection limit of several ppm. related to mineralisation. PIXE allows further simultaneous analysis of the elements Z=13 to Z=92. 4 GEOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF GOLD MINERALISATION (ACID INSOLUBLE 6 PRECISION AND ACCURACY RESIDUE) Reproducibility for a NBS standard sample, It is possible to remove iron and manganese oxides analyzed at fifteen different time. Normally they and hydroxides, carbonates, most sulphates and ranged from as low as 1% to 20%. The precision of residual sulphides from the regolith and rock Ni and Cu from standard SRM278 are from 20 to samples by hot nitric acid or aqua regia treatment. 21%, which is much higher than the other elements Kaolinite can be removed by hot sulphuric acid. and those in regolith samples. That is because they The acid insoluble residue consists largely of are below the detection limit. quartz, minor sericite, traces of feldspar, and some resistant zircon and rutile. This acid insoluble The accuracy of the method is not only dependent residue of quartz veins, rocks and soils has been upon the beam irritation procedure, but the X-ray line used as an exploration medium by the Geology intensity ratios used in fitting overlapping spectra of Department for more than fifteen years, against the "interfering" elements may also play a dominant role. conventional wisdom of analysing the leach and The problem we encountered in the analysis of throwing the leachate away. There is little regolith was the overlap of Ti, V and Cr with Ba L difference between the chemical composition of the lines and so on.. Moreover, the characteristics of acid insoluble residue of weathered and analyzed targets may severely affect the analytical unweathered rocks, although the residue of the accuracy. After careful sample preparation and weathered rocks is somewhat higher in rutile and matrix calibration, Very good accuracy has been zircon (3). If this acid insoluble residue, which obtained in the analysis of the major components represents essentially silicates, is rich in eg. zinc or down to 0.5% mass content, including those of gold, mineralisation is nearby. The acid insoluble magnitude for neighboring elements. residue sample medium is as a better sample medium than bulk rock analysis of raw material, as 7 DETECTION LIMITS much background noise has been removed. The detection limits for the INAA analyses used in 5 INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS an earlier study by Stott (1) were mainly those of thermal NAA ie using thermal neutrons for Simultaneous PIXE/PIGE analysis was chosen activation. The detection limits for Ag, Au, Ba, Co, because of its speed and the wide range of elements Cr, Fe, K, La, Na, Sb, Sc, Th, W and also Zn are which can be determined simultaneously including those for thermal neutron activation, followed by a Li, F and Na, its flexibility, precision and low count at about seven days after activation. The detection limits. Similar results may also be values shown for Al, Cl, Cu, Ga, Ge, Mg, Mn, Sr, obtained by XRF spectrometry, which method Ti, V and Y need separate counts eg because of however cannot provide information on the short-lived elemental isotopes that decay away concentration of the elements Li and F. Neutron rapidly. The NAA method is remarkably sensitive activation analysis provides more patch for elements like Au and As, the PIGME analyses information. are remarkably sensitive for Li. F and Na. The Au values in figures 3 and 4 are those of INAA Bulk chemical analysis of most of the samples was analyses by Stott (1). The (energy dispersive) PIXE carried out by simultaneous PIXE and PIGE analyses provide data in the ppm range with spectroscopy using the ANSTO 3 MV Van de detection limits coming close to those of Graaff accelerator. For these analyses 400 mg wavelength dispersive XRF. The minimum powder samples were made into pressed pills with concentrations detectable in this work depends on spectroscopically pure graphite. These were the pinhole filter used, and ranges from a few ppm bombarded with a defocussed 2.5 MeV proton for elements with intermediate atomic numbers such

127 as Zn to a few hundred ppm for heavier elements The best surface expression of Au mineralisation feldspar and thus represents weathering intensity. It are As, the Rb/K ratio and the product of such as Sn, where the efficiency for Ka-rays is AsxCuxNi. The best expression of wall-rock diminished. Concentrations of elements heavier alteration at depth is the Rb/Al ratio (Figure 2 and than Ba can be detected through their La lines 3) (6). These expressions are much larger than the (4,5). Common elements analysed and conservative distribution of Au itself, thus enlarging the drilling detection limit, for geological materials are shown target. in table 1. The chemical data of the acid insoluble residue give 8 RESULTS three factor analysis clusters (Figure 4). The first cluster comprises the elements F, Al, K, V, Mn, Fe, Gold distribution patterns in the Tanami area Ga, Rb, W and Au and is essentially related to define highly constrained subvertical mineralised sericitic wallrock alteration. The second cluster zones. The trend of these zones may be persistent consists of Ti, As, Y, Zr and Nb and is largely throughout the entire regolith profile with well related to resistate minerals. The third cluster defined Au, As, Sb and W anomalies at the surface. consists of Na, Ca and Sr and is interpreted to On the other hand more often sections exhibits a comprise elements in weatherable minerals such as broader less defined mineralisation with no or little feldspar and thus represents weathering intensity. It surface expression.

Table 1. Typical detection limits for INAA, PIXE/PIGME and XRF for geological materials (ppm) Atomic Number Element INAA" PIXE/PIGME*1 XRF 3 Li 8 9 F 10 11 Na 100 40 250 12 Mg 1500 100 13 Al 400 100 14 Si 1100 20 15 P 40 2 16 s 140 50 17 Cl 75 20 19 K 2000 35 10 20 Ca 10,000 45 100 21 Sc 0.1 40 2 22 Ti 17 60 23 V 2 27 5 24 Cr 5 13 10 25 Mn 7 50 26 Fe 200 5 40 27 Co 1 3 20 28 Ni 50 4 25 29 Cu 2 4 30 Zn 100 2 5 31 Ga 2 3 32 Ge 2 3 33 As 1 3 23 37 Rb 20 3 5 38 Sr 500 3 5 39 Y 1 6 5 40 Zr 500 5 5 41 Nb 5 4 47 Ag 5 80 2 50 Sn 100 100 1 51 Sb 0.2 25 2 56 Ba 100 50 30 57 La 0.5 600 2 74 W 2 25 2 79 Au 5ppb 7 3 82 Pb 4 5 90 Th 0.5 10 2 a: Bequerel Laboratories, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia b: Present study conducted at ANSTO, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia c: CSIRO, Division of Exploration Geosciences, Wembley, WA, Australia

128 9840 9860 9860 9900 9920 9940 9960 9980 10000 10020 10040 10060 10080 10100 10120

•i

••8

I^N RbZK(PIXE) > 0.0031 +

Au(NAA) > 200 ppb -+• -t- •+- •+• •+• -+• •+- -4- 9840 9860 9880 9900 9920 9940 9960 9980 10000 10020 10040 10060 10080 10100 10120 Scale 1:1000 0 20 40 BO >0 1?°

Figure 2 The distribution of Rb/K in the acid insoluble residue at Jim's Find South

9840 9860 9880 9900 9920 9940 9960 9980 10000 10020 10040 10060 10080 10100 10120 j . j 1 1 j f— -I 1 -t- 1 1 1 1

8 • Rb/AI(PIXE) > 5

E22IAU(NAA) > 200 ppb -f- •+- •+• •+• •+- •+- •+• 9840 9860 9880 9900 9920 9940 9960 9980 10000 10020 10040 10060 10080 10100 10120 Scale 1:1000 0 20 40 W j0__ 100 meters

Figure 3 The distribution of Rb/Al (xlO"3)in the acid insoluble residue at Jim's Find South (The Au values represent the concentration in the untreated material) appears also to represent wallrock alteration. REFERENCES

The results did not confirm the earlier conclusion (1) Tunks, A.J. (1996) Geology of the Tanami Gold by Stott (1) that the Au is remobilised into lenses in Mine, Northern Territory: Unpublished. Ph.D. the deeper part of the regolith. The Au trapped in thesis, Geology Department, University of the silicates of the acid insoluble residue displays Tasmania, 214 p. the same distribution pattern as the Au in the rock prior to treatment. In retrospect we feel that the Au (2) Stott., C. (1994) A regolith study of the Jim's distribution in the deeper part of the regolith reflects South gold anomaly, Tanami Desert, Northern the original distribution pattern. Territory. Unpublished. Honours thesis, Geology Depatment, University of Tasmania, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 137 p.

This study was carried out as a part of the AINSE (3) van Moort, J.C., Hotchkis, M.A.C. and Aung sponsored project "Chemical composition and Pwa (1995). EPR spectra and lithogeochemistry paramagnetic defects of quartz". 1995 and 1996. of jasperoids at Carlin, Nevada: distinction

129 between auriferous and barren rocks. J. Tasmania. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. Phys. Res., Geochem. Explo. 55:283-299. B109/110: 598-600

(4) Bird, J.R. and Williams, J.S. (1989). Ion Beams (6) Stott, C.L., Xu, L., Butt, C.R.M., Bailey, G.M. for Materials Analysis. Sydney, Academic and van Moort, J.C. (1997) Gold and associated Press, 719pp. elements in the lateritic regolith at Jim's Find South, Tanami Desert, Northern Territory, (5) Russell, D.W., Bailey, G.M., van Moort, J.C. Australia. Proceedings of 30th International and Cohen, D.D. (1996) Chemical composition Geological Congress, 4-14 August, 1996, and paramagnetism of vein quartz from the Beijing, P.R. China (in press) Tasmania gold mine, Beaconsifield, Northern

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Figure 4 Cluster analysis of PIXE/PIGE data from Jim's Find South

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