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P AID PDSTE

Mrs. Eileen of

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Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Ministere des AjJaires indiennes et du Nord Canadien Vol. Thirteen, No. Seven Ottawa, Canada October, 1970

Federation of Saskatchewan Indians to Manage Community Development

David Ahenakew, President of nity development responsible for the the Federation of Saskatchewan overall operation of the program, Indians, Jean Chretien, Minister of five area supervisors, and a number Indian Affairs and Northern Devel- of community development workers. opment, and Otto Lang, Minister The first year's expenditures for of Manpower and Immigration, re- the program are estimated to be cently announced the signing of an about $380,000. important agreement which gives A brief presented to the govern- the Federation authority to set up ment by the Federation of Saskat- and manage its own province-wide chewan Indians in May outlined community development organiza- proposals for setting up community tion. development services and said, "We The official signing took place on wish to see our Indian people be- the final day of a three-day annual come completely involved in the conference of the Federation attend- solution of problemsand self man­ ed by a delegation of more than 200 agement." The brief went on to say, I n d i a n leaders representing 67 "Participation in self-help programs bands. will, through the achievements and The agreement gives the Federa- successes of the Indian people, in- tion authority to organize and ad- crease their feelings of adequacy minister a community development and responsibility." services program for more than -The brief concluded with the 35,000 Indian people, the majority statement "We, too, believe that of whom live on 123 reserves occu- full-fledged equal membership in a pying I ,257,169 acres in the prov- nation must be earned. We need the opportunity to prove to ourselves, mce . Above - the official signing of the community development agreement. and others, that we can earn it." Benefits of development projects From right - Jean Chretien, Minister of Indian Affairs, and David set up to aid the Indians will be Operation of the program will Ahenakew, President of the Federation of Saskatchewan Indians. shared by non-Indians who live come under the scrutiny of a five - within the boundaries of the ser- man executive committee consisting viced communities. Funds for the of two representatives each from program will come from govern- the Federation, the Department of "A Time to Refle.ct " ment sources in the form of pay- Indian Affairs and Northern Devel- ment for services provided, plus ad- opment, and a fifth member from These are times of social turmoil from the rest of society and have ministrative expenditures. the public at large. and dissent, times that test man's been denied the opportunity to par- commitment to his country, to his ticipate on an equal or equitable The Federation's projects will be Similar agreements were signed society and to himself. Recent basis with the balance of the society. conducted within the framework of last month with the Union of Nova events in Quebec have served notice . existing . services and agencies in I believe that, we above all peo- Scotia Indians and in October of upon all of us as Canadians that the province, Plans call for the ap- last year with the Manitoba Indian ple have earned the right to react concern for Canadian stability must pointm~nt of a director of commu- Brotherhood. to what we often feel is the thought- be uppermost in the minds of all lessness and indifference of the Canadians and serves to illustrate to larger society, but I must say th at us the extent to which radicalism by no stretch of the imagination and dissent can tear us apart and could we conceive of winning our N.I.B. Letterhead Contest bring shame to us all. The right to battle for equality of opportunity dissent is a precious freedom con- through the tactics of terror em- The National Indian Brotherhood wishes to ·announce a competition ferred principally upon a democratic ployed by the Front de Liberation society, a freedom that should for the design of a letterhead for the organization's stationery. Competitors du Quebec. Their acts are as ab- jealously be guarded against the horrent to us as they must be to you. must be of native background· between the ages of 12 and 18 . Awards attacks of radicalism that would will be given in the form of books by contemporary Indian authors and/ or There is , however, a lesson to serve to replace democratic action be learned from all this, and that is prize money. The design should depict national native unity. Remember, with anarchy, to replace reason with that the society as a whole cannot the National Indian Brotherhoodis your organization. irrationality, to destroy our indivi- continue to be indifferent and apa- dualrights and replace them with thetic about the socially, economic- the imposition of terror and fear. Address entries and enquiries to: ally and culturally deprived of this As an Indian I have lived with country. We can no longer afford The National Indian Brotherhood discrimination all of my life. My the luxury of simply saying that it 7th Floor, 71 Bank Street, · forefathers, as well, have suffered is unfortunate that people must exist Ottawa 4, Ontario. . . social .·and physical isolation (Continued on Page Seven) CAl . I'A 59 !54' . v •.>

1/ NEWS page Two I II I I~~~ II!~~~~~~ ~I~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~fll~ II II a31187 011753090b Les lndiens de Ia Saskatchewan CONCOURS gereront leurs affaires communautaires La Fraternite nationale des Indiens annonce un concours de dessin d'un symbole et d'une entete pour ses publications officielles. David Ahenakew, chef de la Fe-­ Les depenses pour la premiere Tous les jeunes indigenes de 12 a 18 ans peuvent participer. Les prix deration des Indiens de la Saskat­ annee de la realisation du pro­ seront des livres d'auteurs indiens ou de l'argent. chewan, et les honorables Jean gramme sont estimees a $3 80,000 . Le de::.sin doit symboliser l'unite nationale des peuples indigenes. Chretien, ministre des Affaires in­ environ. Pmsque la Fraternite nationale des Indiens est votre organisation, elle diennes et du Nord canadien, et Dans le memoire qu'elle a pre­ attend plusieurs dessins de la part des jeunes Indiens. Otto Lang, ministre de la Main sente au gouvernement en mai, la Adressez vos soumissions a: d'oeuvre et de l'Immigration, ont Federation des Indiens de la Sas­ La Fraternite nationale des Indiens annonce recemment la signature katchewan a fait des propositions 7 1, rue Bank d'un important accord en vertu du­ relativement a la creation d'une 7eme etage quel la Federation est autorisee a organisation de developpement com­ Ottawa 4, Ontario. mettre sur pied et a gerer sa propre munautaire. organisation de developpement communautaire a l'echelle provin­ La Federation a declare qu'elle ciale. desirait voir la collectivite indienne Premier roman publie en L'accord a ete signe au troisieme s'interesser vivement aux problemes et dernier jour de la conference an­ qui la touchent de pres et a !'auto­ anglais par un Esquimau nuelle de Ia Federation, a laquelle administration. Elle a ajoute que la ont participe plus de 200 dirigeants participation de ses membres a des Markoosie, un jeune Esquimau canadien par un de ses habitants i n d i e n s qui representaient 67 programmes d'aide accentuerait le de 27 ans de Resolute dans les Ter­ modernes. ban des. sens des responsabilites chez ces ritoires du Nord-Ouest, est le pre­ Markoosie a reussi a faire passer En vertu de !'entente, la Fede­ derniers, grace a leurs realisations mier de son peuple a publier un la tradition orale de ses ancetres a ration peut elaborer et mettre en et a leurs succes. roman en anglais. la page ecrite. La tragedie rebondit oeuvre un programme de developpe­ En guise de conclusion, la Fede­ Non seulement auteur, Markoosie jusqu'au moment oil Kamik seul ment communautaire a ]'intention ration a precise dans son memoire est aussi le premier Esquimau a reste vivant. Il a deux fois tue des de plus de 35 ,000 lndiens dont la qu'il fallait travailler pour que la obtenir un brevet de pilote de ligne. ours feroces, mais ce sont des vic­ majorite vit dans 123 reserves. Ces collectivite indienne soit reconnue II est aussi le premier Esquimau a toires vides car il doit enterrer les dernieres ont dans la orovince une au meme titre que tous les autres s'etre merite un permis de compa­ corps dechires de ses compagnons superficie globale de I ,257,169 Canadiens. "Nous devons avoir gnon-menuisier. de chasse. acres. !'occasion de prouver, tant a nous­ Markoosie a soumis un conte L'histoire se deroule continuelle­ Les non-lndiens qui demeurent memes qu'aux autres citoyens, que 'Harpoon of the Hunter" a Inutti­ ment de l'etape solitaire du retour dans les limites des localites des­ nous pouvons atteindre ce but." tuut, une revue ecrite entierement de Kamik, aux inquietudes de sa servies profiteront aussi des avan­ en syllabiques esquimaux, et son ta­ mere, aux dangers des chasseurs qui tages clu programme. Le gouverne­ Le programme sera realise sous lent a fortement impressi_onne les cherchent le jeune homme. Elle ment affectera des fonds sous forme Ia surveillance d'un comite compose editeurs. Par la suite on demanda a court toujours a un rythme essouf­ de paiement pour services rendus, de cinq membres: deux represen­ Markoosie de traduire son oeuvre flant evoquant la fuite des Esqui­ en plus d'assumer les depenses ad­ tants de Ia Federation, deux porte­ en anglais. Les Presses des univer­ maux devant une mort inevitable. ministratives. parole du ministere des Affaires in­ sites McGill et Queen's le publie­ Ce livre pourrait bien servir aux La Federation accomplira sa diennes et du Nord canadien, et un rent. Germaine Arnaktauyok de professeurs qui veulent enseigner les tache en ayant recours aux services representant du grand public. Frobisher Bay a illustre le livre. conditions de vie des indigenes ca­ ct aux organismes deja etablis dans n·autrcs accords semblables ont Une traduction fran<.;aise du livre nadiens. "Harpoon of the Hunter" Ia province. Lc programme prevoit deja ete conclm; J'un, le mois der­ paraitra bient6t a Montreal. a aussi un message de valeur pour la nomination d'un directeur gene­ nier, avec l'Union des Indiens Le livre est le recit des aventures notre societe soi-disant liberale. A ral, de cinq directeurs regionaux et de la Nouvelle-Ecosse, et }'autre, en de Kamik, un jeune Esquimau, au travers toutes les morts et les mal­ d'un certain nombre d'animateurs cctobre de l'annee derniere, avec la cours de Ja chasse d'un ours blanc chances du conte, les premiers habi­ sociaux. Fraternite des Indiens du Manitoba. enrage. Markoosie depeint la ri­ tants du Nord canadien maintien­ gueur de la vie sur une terre de nent un lien de foi, d'espoir et d'hos­ glace et de roche dans un style sim­ pitalite que nous avons perdu dans ple mais fluide, direct mais non notre civilisation des machines. Les Indiens beneficiaires ~ter ile. C'est un conte du vieux nord - Michele. Tetu des recettes d'un livre

La derniere tache officielle ac­ Mme Whitmore, dont la mere est complie par Walter Deiter comme anglaise et le pere de langue fran­ president de la Fraternite nationale c;aise, a base son livre sur ses expe­ des lndiens, a ete d'accepter un riences personnelles. Elle ose croire cheque de Mme Lorimer Whitmore, que son livre portera les gens a femme auteur du nouveau livre in­ penser plus a leurs compatriotes qui titule Une fami!lc> - Une culture. font partie des divers heritages. Mme Whitmore, nee· Fleur Gar­ Elle espere qu'elle aidera ces per­ neau, nous parle dans son livre des sonnes a mieux se connaitre et a problemes auxquels font face les mieux se comprendre. Mere de personnes de descendance franco­ trois enfants a !'age de 44, elle croit anglaise. Elle a reconnu que Jes que tous les Canadiens doivent s'in­ Indiens du Canada pourraient etrc teresser aux differences culturelles impliques dans une meme situation. du pays et que ces problemes ne C'est pourquoi elle a decide de re­ doivent pas etre deiegues aux poli­ mettre les recettes du livre a la Fra­ ticiens et aux hommes d'affaires. ternite nationale des Indiens afin M . Deiter, qui avoue avoir lu le que celie-ci poursuive ses pro­ livre C.:eux fois, a exprime qu'il etait o-rammes d'education sociale au doublement heureux car c'etait la Canada. · premiere fois que son organisation "Personne n:est plus Canadien ait rec;u un tel don. Il a aussi con­ qu'un- Indien," a-t-elle dit, "mais si firme que George Manuel, nouvelle­ nous n'ecoutons pas les demand~s et ment elu au poste de President de les besoins du peuple indien, nous la Fraternite nationale des Indiens, pourrions nous . trouver dans une se basera sur le livre pour assister situation semblable a celle des a !'union des peuples indigenes Walter Deiter accept un cheque de $1,200 de Fleur Garneau Whitworth, groupes franco-anglais." camidiens. femme auteur du livre "Une Fam;tle - une Culture". October, 1970 THE INDIAN NEWS Page Three Historical Notes news REPORT OF 1HE DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS Editor - DAVID MONTURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1880 Editorial Assistant - MICHELE TETU The Indians of the North-West Territories, known as the Plains Indians, of the distressing condition of whom, in consequence of the The Indian News is a publication devoted to news about Indians and scarcity of buffalo in the country, Your Excellency is already aware, Indian communities in Canada and is a vehicle for the free expression of express themselves as deeply grateful for the assistance given them by viewpoints and opinions held by Indian people. The opinions and state- the Government. And the manner in which some of the bands have already ments contained in its pages are not necessarily those of the Department settled upon their Reserves, built houses, and fenced and broken up land of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, which produces this publica- for cultivation, has astonished old residents of the Territories; who tion each month for free distribution to Indians and other interested persons scarcely believed such a transformation of character in the wild Indians and organizations. Any article may be reproduced provided credit is given of the plains possible. the author or this paper. Education: 400 Laurier Ave. W., Room 360, Ottawa 4, 995-6386 The Indian day school is, under the best of circumstances, attended with unsatisfactory results. The Indian youth, to enable him to cope successfully with his brother of white origin, must be dissociated from the prejudicial influences by Letters to the Editor which he is surrounded on the reserve of his band. And the necessity for the establishment more generally of institutions, whereat Indian chil- Dear Mr. Monture: from an English-speaking Canadian. dren, besides being instructed in the usual branches of education, will We have not yet received any letters be lodged, fed, clothed, kept separate from home influences, taught trades I have noticed that in some of and instructed in agriculture, is becoming every year more apparent. your issues, articles have been writ- from French Canadians asking why ten in the French language, but do most of our articles appear in Eng- Tribal Government lish only. Nor have we been asked not appear in the English language. Convinced of the desirability of introducing, as soon as Indian bands I find this somewhat intriguing as by our Indian readers why articles are not published in Cree syllables are prepared for it, a better system for managing their local affairs than some of these articles would be of the one which at present prevails among them, under which the chiefs considerable interest to people, - which, indeed, should be the case. (who in many cases are hereditary, and therefore may or may not fairly even to unilingual anglophones. represent the intelligence of the band) control such matters -the Depart- Perhaps you can enlighten me on We unfortunately do not have ment despatched a circular to the various Indian Superintendents and your policy. enough room to put everything in Agents, calling upon them to report whether the bands under their super- G. N. Faulkner both languages. We have the choice vision were sufficiently enlightened to justify the conclusion that the District Supervisor of covering as many important inauguration of a simple form of municipal government among them would London District events as possible, be it in French be attended with success. D. I.A. N.D. or in English, or of sacrificing some stories entirely to enable repetition From the majority of its officers who have replied to the circular, Dear Sir, the_reports received lead to the conclusion that the Indian bands within- Thankyou for your letter of in both of our country's official tongues. their respective districts are not sufficiently advanced in intelligence for October 30. the change. An attempt will, however, be made at an early date to obtain Yours is the third such inquiry -The Editors the consent of the more advanced bands to the establishment of some such system. From John A. Macdonald, Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs Book Review Harpoon of the Hunter by Mar- Harpoon of the Hunter plunges koosie. MeGill-Queen's University directly into the life of 16-year-old Ford Foundation Announces Doctoral Press; Montreal and London, 1970. Kamik, son of Suluk. The Eskimo 81 pages. $4.95. youth awakens to "the sound of the howling wind and the beating Fellowships to be Given to * * * of snow," to the everlasting battle Markoosie has at 27 achieved with the weather and the endless American Indian Students more than most Eskimos of the struggle to find food in a land of ice and barren rock. "The animals they past or present ever dreamed pos- The Fellowships are open to full tuition and fees required by the sible. Born at Resolute Bay in the depended on for food and clothing became scarce with the season. American Indian Students who ( 1 ) graduate school, (b) an allowance Northwest Territories, he is the first of $300 for books and supplies, and Canadian Eskimo to hold a com- Often nature itself seemed to go have received a bachelor's degree against them." during the ten years ending Sep- (c) a monthly stipend for living mercial flying licence, and works as costs. An unmarried Fellow will re- a pilot taking charter flights in and In a direct, simple style the life tember 1971, ( 2) plan to enter graduate school and study full-time ceive a stipend of $250 per month. out of. the Arctic. He also holds a pattern of the northern natives is A married fellow will receive a journeyman, carpenter's licence. outlined. The roles of the father, for a Ph.D. in the humanities, the stipend of $250 per month and hunter and provider, and the moth- social sciences, or the natural may also claim his/ her spouse and A story he wrote in Eskimo syl- sciences, and ( 3) plan to enter labics for Inuttituut, a magazine er, maker of clothing and food, are up to two children as depend- published by the Department of In- made clear in the first few sentences. careers in higher education. A per- ents if the gross income of each dian Affairs and Northern Develop- The ·tale is built around an at- son is not eligible if he has prev- dependent is not more than $2,500 ment, was received with great en- tack by and hunt for a rabid polar iously, or is now, engaged in pro- per year; stipends for each depend- thusiasm. Markoosie's unique ap- bear. The hunters who set out to fessional or graduate study. ent will be $50 per month. plication of the oral folklore style track the animal exhibit a strikingly Recipients will be selected upon The deadline for submitting ap- of his people to the written word calm, almost fatalistic attitude. the recommendation of a panel of plications is January 3 I, I 97 I . The. has resulted in a tale of excitement distinguished faculty members in names of the recipients of the fel- - a vision of the old north through Tragedy strikes again and again, the respective academic disciplines. lowships will be announced on or the eyes of one of its modern in- until only Kamik is left alive. Twice about April 15, 1971. habitants. his harpoon deals death to fierce Each fellowship award will sup- polar bears, but it is a hollow vic- port full-time graduate study for up For application forms and addi- Markoosie's own translation· of tory as he buries the torn, bloody tional information, write to: his story was put into print by remains of his fellow-hunters. to five years if the Fellow maintains the MeGill-Queen's University Press satisfactory progress toward the Doctoral Fellowships with illustrations by Germaine Ar- Markoosie's description is rich in Ph.D. The Fellow may begin study For American Indian Students n_aktauyok of Frobisher Bay. It is imagery. It flows simply and easily. in either the summer session of The Ford Foundation the first Eskimo fiction published in It is direct but.not barren. One of 1971 or the fall term of 1971. Each 320 East 43rd Street the English language. (Continued on Page Seven) year the award will cover (a) the New York, New York 10017. Page Four THE INDIAN NEWS October, 1970

Challenge to the Indian Act "The Liberal Impulse" Institute of Iroquoian Studies Mr. Malcolm Montgomery, legal Dr. James Duran of the Depart- adviser for supporters of the Six ment of History, Canis ius College, A REPORT BY DAVID MONTURE Nations Confederacy, a 46-year-old Buffalo, in his presentation: "Chre- faction on the Six Nations Reserve tien Indian Policy: Peril and Oppor- The 9th Annual Seminar of Iro- between the U.S. and Britain giv- which disputes the legality of the tunity" drew parallels between U.S. elected band council, told the sem- quoian Studies, held this year on ing free passage with goods over and Canadian Indian policy. October 3rd at the University of the border, for Indians. Mr. Bene- inar that the group would move to "The proposed policy of the Waterloo attracted educators, news- dict went on to say that things have have the Indian Act, in its entirety, Trudeau oovemment was remark- declared illegal. In a presentation . men, observers from nearby Iro- returned to normal on his reserve. ably comparable to ~he termination quoian reserves in Canada and the reading, not unlike the arguments policy pursued dunng the Eisen- expressed in the government's po- U.S., experts in Iroquoian studies Seneca Nation hower administration in the U.S. licy proposal, Montgomery stated: and other interested people. Space It sprang from the . same moti.va- William Seneca of Cataragus Re- "If you read the Indian Act care- tion, the same basic hberal Im- permits only a highlighting of points serve, N.Y., President of the Seneca fully, almost every subsection of raised during the all-day semmar. pulse common to western European Nation, discussed the development that statute is discriminating in one civilization to bring all people to a Return of the Wampum? of the Seneca reserves since the set- way or another. It is the only sta- position of equality before the law backs suffered from the infamous tute I know . of, that governs and with equal opportunity." Professor Arthur Einhorn of the Kinzua Dam project which flooded sets out to govern a racial group . .. State University of New York at valuable reserve lands, and broke "We say that the Indian Act is A Formula in Indian Education Buffalo, gave a brief history of the ancient treaties. Mr. Seneca stated wrongly maintained by the govern- To quote Dr. Arthur Blue, Alt- loss of the Iroquois' Wampum and though, that the Seneca Nation has ment of Canada because the Cana- house College, London, from his the pros and cons of these now claims before the U.S. Claims Com- dian Bill of Rights repudiates such presentation: sacred and symbolic belts being re- mission to the tune of 17 million legislation in every law of Canada 1) Elect Indian boards for Indian turned. Apparently all of the New dollars. because of race, national origin, Schools. York Iroquois belts were to be colour, religion or sex." Mr. Mont- 2) Establish teacher training in- found in State Museums by 1900. \Yhat is Ontario doing for Indians? gomery suggested that the Supreme This was followed in 1924 in Can- stitutions that can do an adequate "Premier John Robarts pointed Court of Canada decision on the job of training, of educating Indians ada, by the R.C.M.P.'s confiscation liquor sections of the Indian Act of Wampum belts from the Six out quite clearly last fall in the legis- to become teachers. It has long lature that as far as the province is in the now famous Dry Bones case since passed the time that we can Nations Reserve. Professor Ein- might open the door to the com- horn suggested that there was per- concerned, the proposals put for- adequately educate Indians with ward by the federal government plete over-ruling of the Indian Act. white teachers, white teachers who haps an equal argument for the The general consensus among I~- State holding the belts but that m bore directly on contractual or for the most part have never learned treaty relations between the federal dian leaders across the country IS the language. How can they know this emotion-laden controversy the that though they are painfupy aware Indian claim was comparable to a government and the Indians them- the culture? How can they respect selves. He went on to say that these of the limitations imposed by the the traditions that the people live nation's claim to the Magna Carta. Indian Act, they will not accept any The wampum recorded for the Iro- relationships would certainly have with? to be clarified before our role can changes until the issue of claims quois, their treaties with the Dutch, and treaties ·has been settled. The 3) We must sometime get away other early settlers, and other In- be made particularly clear." These from the idea that the best way to were the words of Robert Welch, Indian Act still represents the fed- dian groups, and some go back to eral government's constitutional educate our children is to take them the very founding of the League. Ontario Minister of Citizenship, in out of their homes and move them discussing the province's Indian- responsibility in Indian matters. The federal government's policy 150 or 500 miles and put them in Association of Iroquois and oriented programs. a school. If education is not a part- Allied Indians proposal suggests the abolishment Mr. Welch went on to describe of the Indian Act. nership between the parents and the teacher, with both sides exerting an President Norman Lickers dis- the task force method of approach Professor Douglas Saunders of cussed the history of the organiza- the province has used to support influence and assisting the child, the Faculty of Law, University of there is no education. It is training. tion and its goals. (See this month's some 45 Indian community devel- Windsor, and director of research Indian News Interview). opment projects in Ontario along It is the type of thing that we do behind the publication, Native when we hope to re-socialize people - with providing aid to Indian friend- Rights in Canada, in his later pre- "You are on Indian land" ship centres. who are not social. We call them sentation disputed the Montgomery penitentiaries. Ernest Benedict, presently with The next speaker, Harvey McCue, arguments. He said that the liquor the Indian Studies Department at sections in the Indian Act struck 4) We must develop new curri- the Executive Secretary of the In- cula, curricula that meets the stu- Trent University, Jed a discussion dian Eskimo Studies Program at down in the Dry Bones case were following the showing of this N.F.B. actually asked for by Indian leaders dents' needs, that meets the commu- Trent University, immediately ques- nity's needs - not curricula aimed Challenoe for Change film . The film tioned Minister Welch's program, at the time of the signing of the documents the Cornwall Island treaties because of the disastrous ef- at the basic society's needs. bridge blockade by St. Regis Band fects that the free trade in liquor, 5) We must become involved in Indians in protest over the Cana- following the termination of the Adult Education. We must develop dian Government's non-acceptance Hudson Bay Company Charter, more schools, high schools, voca- of the Jay Treaty's stipulations. Mr. was having on native people. _"So tional schools on reserves, and we Benedict stated that very little ne- in striking down these sectiOns must do this immediately, otherwise ootiation has taken place over the in the Indian Act in the name of we're saying technology is only for issue, though a question was raised legal equality, the Supreme Court the white man and that the only last year in the House of Commons. did not seem to reahze the treaty way that you can have anything to The Supreme Court has ruled that implications involved. I think there do with it is to leave the reserve no existing Canadian laws support has to be some concern about deci- and become a white man." the Jay Treaty, which was signed sions made on concepts of equality What is the Status of the Aboriginal which can be, in fact, extremely Rights Question? insensitive to the situation of par- "I'd like to comment on the gov- ticular minority groups who are be- ernment's position as we can ascer- fore the courts." tain it, from public statements by Mr. Trudeau on the concept of the aboriginal title. The white paper refers to the aboriginal title as being expressing concern at the lack of questioning from the audience and 'so general and undefined that it is asked howthe province had arrived not realistic to think of them as at the "arbitrary and terribly in- specific claims capable of remedy.' adequate figure of $1 ,000,000" to On August eighth 1969, Mr. Tru- even attempt to make headway m deau was in Vancouver, that hotbed this province of some 54,000 status of claims based on aboriginal rights, Indians. Unfortunately Mr. Welch and at a Liberal fund-raising din- was unavailable for questioning by ner, referred specifically to this a.s- the audience following his presen- pect of government policy. He satd tation. (Continued on Page Six) October, 1970 THE INDIAN NEWS Page Five

AN INTERVIEW WITH to accept the native people as tion exists. I think the older equal. The white people have people would welcome younger the idea that all the Indian can leadership because they realize do is produce headwork and their lives and experience have Norman Lickers leatherwork. If all the Indians been limited to the small loca- went ahead and did this, they lity. The young people have Norman Lickers, 57, a Seneca of would saturate the market in no gone out and received more edu- the Six Nations Reserve at Brant- time. (Q. You would suggest cation and consequently have ford, Ontario, is the president of then that the government is still the benefit of more contact with one of Canada's newest Indian or- promoting a "beadwork men- the larger society. They can give ganizations, the Association of Iro- tality" among native people?) better leadership in relation to quois and Allied Indians, which was the broader experience they formed in August of 1969. Mr. As long as they keep propa- have received rather than the Lickers, a construction foreman at gating this kind of notion, the older people with their local the nearby Nanticoke industrial white people will continue to mentality. We are beginning to complex, is also a band councillor look on us as tourist objects. hear it down here on my reserve; on this reserve, which has the larg- They're not yet prepared to ac- people are saying, "let's get est band membership in the country cept us in every trade, for exam- some young blood into the coun- - close to 9,000. He has been ple. This is why we won't accept cil" You'll see more of it in the involved in sports and recreation on any implementation of a white future. the reserve and was once a Junior paper based on the assumption that native people are an inte- Q. As a distraction at this point, Dominion Champion middle dis- what is your opinion of the tance runner. He attended a resi- gral part of the society which country. The organization has re- we're not - at this time. Just Indian News? Would you like to dential school for 12 years - an see the paper leave government experience he would now prefer to cently set up research committees in saying we are all equal doesn't the following areas: Health and Wel- make it so - not by a long shot. sponsorship? Do you feel there look back on as "water under the is a need for a national Indian bridge." fare, Claims and Treaties, Economic The white paper is merely a vain Development, Lands, Administra- attempt to legislate equality and publication, perhaps in the eyes The Iroquoian Association is tion., Education, Membership and until such time that we gain of many people, a more inde- fortunate in that the reserves it Public Relations, and is about to true acceptance, we'll hold onto pendent publication? represents are in close proximity in begin work on a position paper to our reserves; in fact we'll always A. We certainly need a national southern Ontario growth areas, and present to Ottawa. All of the Asso- hold onto the reserves. have large band memberships of a publication. As with any or- ciation's meetings to date have been ganization, a newspaper or common cultural background - a Q. Would you suggest that the As- held on the member reserves. otherwise, it's often purely a much more manageable situation sociation of Iroquois and Allied for an organization than the prob- Norman Lickers is married and Indians is truly a band-council matter of finances. If this pub- lems of isolation, economic disparity has five children. oriented organization? lication could be financed out- and cultural differences which must side of the government - well be dealt with in other areas of the David Monture A. Yes, this is written into the and good. If it cannot be, then [ think the government is doincr constitution. Only an elected or . . . * * a band council appointed repre- one service m puttmg m the money. I don't think the Indian Q. The Association of Iroquois and be heard any other way l went sentative can be a member of the board of directors, for exam- News is ·overly partial. It is all Allied Indians have now set up along with the association idea. news - what sort of a thing their research committees. There Up until that time I wasn't too ple. We have no such thing as an associate member or indivi- do people want, a trade journal are also physical problems in much in favour of an association of some sort? Perhaps the Na- getting the committees together. because I felt that as far as the dual membership. The band council votes to join the organi- tional Indian Brotherhood would Will there be money and time Iroquoian people were con- like to carry it on. You're going to hire outside professional re- cerned we could pretty well go it zation, thus all the elected band members are automatically to get a slanted view of things source people for the organi- alone - if we could be heard. no matter who publishes it. zation? If we couldn't be heard except members of the Association. through an association, well Q . A very broad generalization - A. We do not expect to hire many Q. Would you like to see a greater then, let's form that association. membership for the Associa- do you feel that Indian people outside people. What the gov- are often their own worst ene- ernment wants is the Indians' In view of the fact that our tion? mies as far as internal conflicts thinking. they wanted ex- reserves have some of the larg- If go? pert opinion on this, they would est band memberships and are A. I'd like to see more reserves, have gone out and hired them fortunate in being situated in whether they join our Associa- A. It would seem to be the case on and had another Hawthorn pretty good economic areas, tion or any other organization, the ·surface, yet when you get Report made. I've been asked they would be bound eventually join through their band coun- to know the people themselves, "are we going to get a legal ad- to want our opinions. c.ils. I feel that other organiza- it's obvious that a strona com- visor to write a report?" I don't tions must get away from indivi- radeship exists among the In- When the government made it dual or subscribed membership. think the. government requires known that it planned to trans- dians. In connection bwith hicrh this; they want our opinion When it comes right down to a steel construction work, we have fer the administration of Indian final policy having evolved be- whether or not it is written in services over to the province, all-Indian gangs working to- the best prose. I think some tween the National Indian gether. They're a happy-go- I'm positive the province Brotherhood and the govern- of the associations are missing wouldn't have undertaken the lucky bunch. There is a cer- a point. . The Indians know the ment - if they can arrive at a tain amount of individual jeal- thing without consulting us - broad policy - these chances situation better than anyone else not in Ontario. ousy, I suppose, but when it and nobody has to tell me what will still have to be satisfactory comes right down to it - we the Indian wants. If he doesn't Q. Do you feel .that native people to each individual reserve. To help each other out. For in- know now, he never will. To have a favourable public opin- get proper representation, then, stance, up at Caughnawaga, go out and hire someone else ion on their side at this time? the different organizations must when they started at iron work, to do our thinking for us, well, The youth movement seems to be represented by the elected they always took along an ap- we might just as well let the be identifying strongly with the people on the reserve. It's going prentice with each gang and in government come up with their native outlook on the environ- to be very important in the fu- this way self-trained whole proposals. ment as well as with tradi- ture that all organizations have crews - Indians training In- tional styles of dress. Editorial- band council backing. No indivi- Q. Could you give me a brief his- dians. That way we're pretty ists in major Canadian news- dual can speak for the reserve. good. tory of the Association? papers have been sympathetic. Is this support in fact sincere, Q. Can you see a generation gap in When it comes down to poli- ·A. The Association' of Iroquois and Indian society? Do you see a Allied Indians was formed as a and how long do you think it tical matters, that's another will last? problem of the older people story. Everybody wants to be the result of the Minister of Indian being reluctant to allow a Affairs' statement that the gov- A. This is where I quarrel with the leader. I've often said this - younger leadership to develop "You can put four Indians in a ernment would only consult with government's white paper pro- on reserves? room, and they'll come out with Indians-through their recognized posal, because even now, non- associations. Since we wouldn't Indian society is not prepared A. No, I think the opposite situa- (Continued on Page Six) Page Six THE INDIAN NEWS October, 1970 Norman Lickers .. . Iroquoian Studies Seminar ...

(Continued from Page Five) (Continued from Page Four)

five different opinions as far as forget about it. A parliamentary 'to speak of aboriginal claims would Trudeau as saying at a meeting in politics are concerned." committee would then sit and mean to say we were here before the N.W.T., that the concept of the come out with a solemn pro- you, you came and took the land aboriginal right in the north is so Q. Do you consider the process of nouncement that something must away from us and, perhaps, you complicated as to be unworkable. the National Consultation meet- be done with the Indian - and cheated us by giving us worthless I find an interesting contrast be- ings of May 1969 to have been that's as far as it went. This things in return for vast expanses tween the earlier statements that somewhat of a farce? has re-occurred about every I 0 of land and we want to re-open the concept is too general and un- years. I've been studying some this question. We want you to pre- defined - and the last statement A. I don't think there will be very of these commission reports on serve our aboriginal rights and re- that it is too complicated. There much coming out of those con- the Indians; the first one I came store them to us.' He said at that seems to be some inconsistency sultations - they were a win- across was dated 1834, and all time that the government had de- between the statements of August dow dressing to a very great they came up with was - cided not to recognize aboriginal fourth and June fourth, giving rise extent. At least it made Indians "something must be done." rights. to some apprehension that perhaps conscious of their problems. (Q. Until we settle the constitu- "On June the fourth, in his reply the question of aboriginal right is Do you think that there was tional question as to who is to the presentation of the Red not as open for discussion as it much apathy before?) Yes, that legally responsible for maintain- Paper, Mr. Trudeau said that the seemed to be at the time of the Red has been the history of consulta- ing services for Indians, we government would consider some Paper presentation." tions as long as I can remember. won't be finding any new solu- kind of arbitration body on the If - Professor Douglas Saunders in Every time they wanted to revise tions. the federal government question of aboriginal rights. the last presentation of the semi- the Indian Act, there would be would just admit its total re- "On August fourth of this year, nar entitled ((Recent Directions sponsibility, perhaps we could a great hullaballoo - delegates the newspapers reported Mr. in Indian Policy." would go down to Ottawa, blow work something out, but until off steam and tell the govern- they do, and without consulta- ment what they wanted and tion with the provinces then, hell, they'd go home and we're just wasting our time. Appointment of 15 Indians to Key BIA Posts Announced from the U.S. Where Does an Indian Artist Go? Secretary of the Interior Walter upon, Secretary Hickel pointed to J. Hickel recently announced the the newly created Indian Business An Indian enters any of the pres- Indian artists and craftsmen un- appointment of 15 American In- D e v e I o p m e n t Fund, financed ent art courses in Canadian schools known, to marvel at how wonder- dians to key executive posts in the through BIA, which provides equity or colleges and leaves with the same fully talented they were - this is Washington, D.C., headquarters capital or "seed money" to Indian- European art background as the negative and unnecessary. office of the Bureau of Indian owned business in local Indian areas non-Indian. Later, he may major in Affairs. to enable such enterprises to get off other ethnic art forms, but his own There are still Indian artists to a sound start. "This is a step whose works are just as worthy of The Secretary also named 5 new have been ignored and pushed aside BIA officials who are non-Indian. toward a more viable local econ- in favour of those alien to him public view. But the Indian artist omy," he said. is today a curio, as is his ancestor. The appointments are the result of indeed, one might say alien to an executive realignment charted The Secretary also commented: "Indians are responsible for these Canada. The Indian culture is indigenous. early this year as a move to make developments. They are helping us Every ethnic group, other than Its art forms have not, unlike other the BIA more responsive to chang- ing conditions and needs among the make policy that makes sense to Indian, has a repository for its cul- forms, been modified by exposure them. Now we are getting the kind ture; not necessarily the physical to Canada and its infinite geographic nation's more than 450,000 reser- vation Indians. of action Indians have been asking repositories such as museums and variations (Ukrainian settlers have for - the kind that will result in Hickel said : "The changes are art galleries. A student of non- added wheat motifs to their tradi- more jobs, better education, and a tional patterns and maple ]eaf central to our objective of taking Indian background, ten or twelve strengthened sense of Indian iden- blooms on their Pascale eggs). In- the Bureau of Indian Affairs out of generations removed from and out tity." dian art forms are truly born out the business of managing the affairs of touch with family and cultural Under the new realignment, the origins may, if he wishes, trace his of the country; they spring from of Indian Americans and putting it a deep understanding of nature and into the more appropriate role of Commissioner is flanked by two As- history and return to his country to sociate Commissionerships - one learn his ancestors' language and a unique closeness all-pervading - advisor and advocate for Indian in- united with their religions. terests. This is in keeping with heading program operations and one cultural values and patterns, and ap- providing support services - with ply them to his own life. If he is President Nixon's July 8th Message The retention of their cultural to Congress on Indian Affairs. In- line authority. Five new director- an artist, he may even use these ships of key programs - education, as a source of inspiration for ex- identities is paramount to the Indian dian initiative is now getting a bet- people. That ethnic art can be a ter chance to surface." economic development, community pression. He has access to the well- services, fiscal management and ad- springs of his culture. source of national pride is verified Commissoner of Indian Affairs by the Mexican experience, where ministrative and related operations Louis R. Bruce heads the realigned - provide the line-back-up services The European or Asian can re- ethnic art has contributed to public BIA structure. "I am pleased," said learn or revitalize his culture be- architecture and public buildings to the Commissioner and his two Bruce, "to have this executive staff Associates. Stag offices for tribal cause it is alive and dynamic, evolv- and have become national treasures implementing our new policy. We ing and receptive to revitalization, and sources of pride, encouraging relations, intergovernmental rela- are now prepared to make the tion, and a group of immediate constantly being used and expressed. the work of other ethnic artists and Bureau totally responsive to the the revitalization of their culture assistants to the Commissioner com- The Indian must also be given needs of the people it serves." An plete the new executive alignment. and expression in contemporary Indian of Mohawk-Sioux descent, the opportunity to research his cul- forms. The BIA's activities extend into ture and use it as a source of in- Bruce is the third Indian leader to 25 states, chiefly in the West. The spiration to communicate his cul-· The Mexican experience is re- hold the post of Commissioner. He majority of its employees are in tural emotions in all forms of the peated in Europe and Asia. The was appointed to office by President positions in the Federal Indian arts. An Indian cannot do this as big question now is whether Canada Nixon in August 1969. school system. Other BIA jobs re- the situation now stands. Once a can see far enough in advance and Hickel called attention to the late to management and develop- part .of his culture is lost, no matter become ready, willing and able to Zuni Pueblo in New Mexico, which ment of Indian lands and respurces, how small and seemingly insignifi- accept and honour her own artists. recently completed negotiations social services, technical aid for cant, it is irretrievably lost. Or will she continue to foster the with BIA to assume control of all commercial and industrial develop- programs formerly operated by BIA North America is the repository image of the Indian artist as the ment, and facilities, construction souvenir maker of Canada. on that reservation. This new In- and operation. It is expected that of Indian culture and the source of dian venture into self-government is creative inspiration. a number of these responsibilities - from a brief by John Dockstader. financed under contracts with BIA. will be assumed by tribal govern- To wander through museums and The Indian News invites your To illustrate the kind of support ments that are seeking more auto- be awed by the skill or ingenuity of comments. Indian tribes may continue to rely nomy. October, 1970 THE INDIAN NEWS Page Seven

BOOK REVIEW ... Manitoba Indians Trained As (Continued from Page Three) the most beautiful passages depicts Standby Policemen the rabid bear, subject to the same Twenty-seven supernumerary In- deadly laws of nature as the dian constables from 22 Manitoba Eskimos:· reserves have completed a week- "The big animal travels slowly, long training course at the Fort aimlessly. His hind leg is in pain. Garry Hotel in Winnipeg, under He doesn't remember why his leg the direction of the Royal Cana- is in pain, his only thought is to dian Mounted .Police. get food." He sees another bear This marks the third successive eating something and attacks it: year that the course in police meth- "He roars to tell the other bear his ods has been offered. Those who intention. The other turns, ready Markoosie, author of Harpoon of had attended the two prior courses to defend its food. They meet head the Hunter. The talented Eskimo were given advanced training to in- on. from Resolute Bay has also written crease their effectiveness on the a collection of ghost stories for "Their jaws open, slashing, bit- basis of experience they have gained North magazine. On the Seat of a in the field . ing. Sharp claws and powerful jaws Pilot, a story which he based on find their mark. They go down to- his personal experiences as a flyer RCMP Sgt. Lome Wagner, who gether, and the snow becomes red in the north, will soon be published. was in charge of the training ses- with their warm blood. Their roar M arkoosie is married and has five sion, said the course content in- is like that of thunder. Their jaws children. cluded powers of arrest and search, find their mark once again. They how to protect exhibits, crowd taste each other's blood. Now one enjoy and understand it, though it control and other basics of police of them must be killed or run in may be too realistic for the very work. defeat. They roll, bite, slash. It is young. "The bulk of their training was Police Constable Cooper Paupanekis all over. One roars a cry of victory But we must be careful not to done at home where they could of Norway House listens intently over the motionless body of his relegate this culture to pages in the relate what they learned in class- during one of the police training victim." library or sterile shelves in the mu- rooms to actual experience," Sgt. sessions held by the RCMP in the seum. It is the heritage of a living Wagner said. After the week of Hotel Fort Garry. Under the plan , Markoosie skilfully rotates from people, the unique first race in Indians from Manitoba reserves are Kamik's lonely trek homeward to formal training, the supernumerary Canada's Arctic. And it has a val- constables spent an additional brought into Winnipeg for RCMP his mother's plaguing anxiety to the uable lesson for this white, so-called training, then sent back to act as desperate journey of a searching week on patrol with RCMP con- liberal, western society - a lesson stables stationed at the Selkirk and resident police officers on the re- party at a breathless pace evocative which must be learned before it is Portage la Prairie detachments. serves. of the Eskimos' eternal race against too late. The supernumerary or reserve - Winnipeg Free Press Photo death. For through all the sadness and policemen are appointed by chiefs death in the tale, the people main- Harpoon of the Hunter is a mov- and band councils and are on the ing, exciting story. It definitely tain a wonderful fellowship, a bond payroll of the Indian Affairs Branch. place the ~CMP) T~ey can also merits a_ place in the curricula of oU aith, hope and selfless hospi- There are. however some special - preserve evidence and 1dent1fy pea- schools which are seeking to pre- tality. It is ironic that such a pri- constables 'who are employed by the ple involved in disturbances. sent a realistic picture of the native mitive people, who must devote RCMP. peoples of Canada. Markoosie is every moment to surviving, has a According to Sgt. Wagner, none the first to open the door to a truly humaneness that "civilized" society Sgt. Wagner said the super- have left because of a lack of effi- Eskimo look at the culture of our has lost among its machines. numeraries are working out very ciency. "Their's is a very difficu1t well in that they can maintain con- north. Both children and adults will - Michele T Tetu assignment," he said, "because they trol of a situation until the RCMP are arresting friends and people arrives (they were not hired to re- - they have known all their lives ." A Time To Reflect (Continued from Page One)

in social and economic deprivation. being violent confrontation, quite We must at last face the fact that possibly with no useful purpose. something must be done to eliminate The Indians of Manitoba have those factors of social differences decided to take the position that that divide us, those factors of we are committed to the process of economic disparity that deprive seeking to develop mutual under- certain segments of our society and standing between ourselves and / those psychological distinctions that yourselves, to an examination of serve to provide a basis for dis- our community-of-interest and to crimination between people. the development of an enlightened . . . Our options are open before atmosphere within which reconcilia- us, we can continue to pursue the tion can take place without con- pathway ofdissent and conflict at frontation and within which the just the expense of the country, or we and equitable demands of the so- can pause now and reflect on the cially deprived and the under- consequences of such continued ac- privileged can be met without con- tivity. I suggest seriously that it is flict and antagonism. time to pause and reflect. We extend to you the hand of The Indian people of Manitoba friendship and not the fist of anger and we suggest to the rest of society have been considering for some Cindy Kenny, 1970 Indian Princess time these very issues of dissent and that they follow our example, recog- nizing that the seeds of their dissent for the Northwest Territories, smiles conflict. We have a case to ·make goodbye as she boards a plane for to the public of Canada, a case are sown not nearly so deeply in historic public policy to divide and Hawaii with former Indian Princess based on a hundred years of social Georgina Pryde (right), wife of and economic deprivation, but to to deprive as has been the case with Indian people. N.W.T. councillor Duncan Pryde. pursue such a case on the basis of The week's holiday in mid-October conflict will place us, both you and - from a recent speech by Dr. was a gift from N. W.T. councilman I, on a collision course that may David Courchene, President of Gordon Gibson - a lovely centen- only result in increased antagonism the Manitoba Indian Brother- nial contest prize for Cindy. Cindy a_nd hostility with the end result hood. is a teacher in Yellowknife. Page Eight THE INDIAN NEWS October, 1970

The Story of Handsome Lake by Robert Whelan The survival of the Six Nations in brawls while others, who had Confederacy in spite of the en- passed out, were left to die of ex- croachments of a powerful and posure. Chiefs bartered land for alien civilization is due in large more drink, inviting the extinction measure to the appearance among of their people. Handsome Lake the Senecas almost two centuries had lived a dissolute and drunken ago of a prophet and religious re- life and by this time was a helpless former whose influence on his peo- mvahd. He had been bed-ridden ple was as great as that of any of for the past four years in a cabin the more widely known prophets at Deo-no-sa-daga, Cornplanter's m mankind's history. village on the Alleghany. He had He was Ga-ne-o-di-yo, known in not touched liquor during those English as Handsome Lake. In the four years and was nursed by a 16 years before his death in 1815, married daughter. he preached a doctrine which he It was in 1799 that Handsome professed was revealed to him by Lake experienced the first of a ser- the Great Spirit. It is known as the ies of visions that resulted in the Guy-wee-yo or Good Message and religion which literally saved his is the basis of the new religion of people. On June 15th he felt he the Six Nations. Every other year was on the point of death when it is recited in the Longhouse on three beings, each bearing a sprig three successive mornings and has of berries, came to him and offered given the Iroquois a code of morals him the berries. He ate them and and manners and a body of doctrine was miraculously restored to health. which not only embodied all the He got up and went out of the precepts of the ancient faith, but cabin with them. The beings then encompassed new doctrines which revealed to him the will of the enlarged the old beliefs without Great Spirit on a variety of subjects, diluting them. It should be men- dwelling particularly on the prevail- tioned here that the Indian, who ing intemperance and ordering him drew many more to travel with Press. Excerpts are included in has so often been referred to as a to spread the message among the him on his journey. Soon after "League of the Iroquois," published "pagan" and a "savage," had a froquois. A fourth being then ap- arriving in Onondaga village he in 1962 by Corinth Books Inc. concept of One God long before peared before him, whom he be- fell ill and died. He was buried the ancient Hebrew prophets an- lieved to be· the embodiment of the under the council house with im- The place of Handsome Lake and the doctrine of the Good nounced this doctrine which pro- Great Spirit and over a period of pressive ceremony and a granite vided the basis for Christianity. several hours more of the doctrine monument, erected by the Six Na- Message in Iroquois life is per- was imparted to him. H e imme- tions, marks his resting place. haps best expressed in these words The doctrines which H andsome of Chief Corn planter : "Whatever Lake revealed grew out of a body diately assumed his role of teacher His grandson, Sos-hay-yo-wa and prophet and, _like Mohammed, (Big Burden Strap), known as he did and said of himself is of religious thought every bit as of no consequence. What he did subtle as that of any of the world's simply repeated h1s message to all James Johnson, was appointed his who would listen and the visions successor. He was the first and and said by the direction of the four great religions. Because it was not messengers is everything it is written down it was presumed not were reduced to a moral code in only person elevated by the Iro- much the same way that produced quois to the position of Supreme our religion. Ga-ne-o-di-yo was to exist. Handsome Lake's code weak in many points and sometimes was not written down until the the Koran. Religious Instructor and he spread the message orally until it had gen- a~raid to do as the messengers told 1860's but by then it had provided So great was H andsome Lake's him. He was almost an unwilling a rallying point as it does today eral currency on the lips of living success that in 1809 a delegation servant. He made no divine claims, against the Jevelling influences of Quakers, visiting Onandaga, men in all Iroquois communities . he did not pose as infallible nor of Western civilization. could write: "We were informed, It was not until the early sixties of the past century that a council was even truly virtuous. He merely Handsome Lake was born in not only by themselves, but by the proclaimed the Guy-wee-yo and 1735 in the Seneca village of Cona- interpreter, that they totally re- appointed to reduce the doctrine to a reliable version in the Seneca that is what we follow, not him. wagas on the Genesee River in New frained from the use of ardent We do not worship him, we wor- spirits for about nine years, and written language. It would be un- York. He was of a noble family, ship one great Creator. We honour as indicated by his title Ga-ne-o- that none of the natives will touch fair to even attempt to summarize it." the teachings in this short space. and revere our prophet and leader, di-yo and the fact that his half- we revere the four messengers who brother was the famous Chief Corn- Such was an outsider's view of The entire code can be found in planter. Very little else is known the results of Handsome Lake's "Parker on the Iroquois," published watch over us but the CreC\_tor of his life up to the time of the teaching; the Indians had simply in 1968 by Syracuse University alone do we worship." visions which Were the source of his stopped drinking. But that was just doctrine, except that he moved to one outward sign of a revolution the Alleghany River settlement that shook Iroquois society to its today holds the tale of yesterday when his people, who had been core. The doctrine was a creation loyal to the British during the Ame- of one of their own on which they and promises tomorrow rican . Revolution, were dispossessed could rebuild their faith and hope; of their lands on the Genesee RiveL energy which had been dissipated in you were younger .then General Sullivan in 1779 with an despair and resentment could now today you are older army of 4,000 had burned the vil- be used to rebuild all the activities lages, fruit orchards and grain sup- of Iroquois society. tomorrow you will be older still plies of the Senecas and whatever After living for 1 years in Corn- and yet you move on the same trails escaped the bullet and the torch planter's town, the prophet moved was left for the fire-water to finish to Cold Spring. Two years later, you see the same days many times over off. in 1812, he went with his chief colours change Handsome Lake was one of al - followers to Tonawanda where he cohol's many victims among these remained for three years until in a you grow cold and warm as you move hopeless and dispossessed ·people vision he saw his four messengers who had had no experience with who said: "They have stretched out you bring onto me what i can take alcohol and had developed no way their hands pleading for you to you ask for only my life to resist its effects, which were come and they are your own people disastrous. Whisky and rum turned at Onondaga." The messengers as i wander with you sacred dances into orgies. One, in also told him he would there sing you have been a cold year the spring of 1799, went on for . his "third song", which meant he weeks and several men were killed would die there. The prediction leo yerxa, 1970