Due STORAGE

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Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Minisiere des Ajfaires indiennes et du Nord Vol. Thirteen, No. Three Ottawa, June , 1970 IA ALBERT A INDIANS PRESENT "CITIZENS PLUS'' "The true owners of the land are not yet born." Thus reads the Indian Associa- tion of Alberta's Citizens Plus, or the Red Paper, as it has become known, in commenting on Indian lands and legislation for the future. There would seem to be a message here for mankind, as the world fast approaches its environmental crisis. The land is only a man's to hold - not to do with as he damned-well pleases.

On June 4, 1970 - some 93 years after the signing of Treaty Seven, the Indian Association of Alberta, led by and backed by the National Indian Brotherhood, presented its Citizens Plus counterproposal to Prime Min- ister and 13 mem- Chief Norman Yellowbird presents the Red Paper to Prime Minister Trudeau bers of the Cabinet in an historic (Photo- David Monture) confrontation in the Centre Block on Parliament Hill. The 100-page it because this was designed by that this will not be our last hour. document was prepared after a year the government itself. At the same Our brothers in Alberta present you Squamish Band of almost universal Indian opposi- time we have our own set of ideas Citizens Plus. We hope you wiJl tion to the federal government's In- as to what the Indians should be accept it in the manner which it is Develops dian Policy proposals of last June doing for themselves and we have given, in honesty and sincerity." and represented, in the words of come up with a proposal. We do Housing Proiect Manitoba Indian Brotherhood Pre- Harold Cardinal, in addressing not need this any longer. Our peo- Council members of British Col- sident Dr. David Courchene, "one ple do not need the Indian policy the Prime Minister, declared: "It is hundred years of frustration, rejec- disheartening at this stage in history umbia's Squamish Band have stud- paper. This is the reason I am re . ied, planned and negotiated for two tion, broken promises and discrimi- turning it to Mr. Chretien." to have made so little apparent pro- nation." gress towards reaching an under- years to set up a housing and land development project on the Capi- The meeting began with Mr. David Courchene then came on standing of each others point of strongly with a plea that sincere and view." He added, rather more opti- lano and Mission Reserves in North Trudeau introducing the members Vancouver. of the Cabinet, and Walter Deiter, honest dialogue must follow on the mistically, that native people could N.I.B.. president, introducing the part of both government and the take encouragement from the mere An agreement with the Central Indian representatives. Chief Jim native people in acting on the Red fact that a meeting was finally being Mortgage and Housing Corporation Shot Both ·Sides of the Blood Re- Paper's proposals. "This past year, held at this level, which indicated and the Department of Indian Af- serve chanted .an untranslated In- like the past 100 years, has been a new willingness on the part of fairs has enabled the band to finance dian prayer and then came the sym- mostdifflcult. for our_people.. But the government to come to grips the development with a $780,000 bolic presentation: Chief Norman unlike the past 100 years, . thisyear with the situation. He said that the CMHC loan guaranteed by the De- Yell ow bird presented the Red Pa- is notending in frustration and Alberta chiefs·.were not there onlv partment of Indian Affairs, which per to the Prime Minister on behalf anger. We have, for the first time to reject the government's propo- will be repaid from "grants to of the Indian chiefs of Alberta, in our history, joined together as sals, but to come up with viable bands" funds received from the De- while at the same time Chief Harry one. We are not only brothers in alternatives. partment at the rate of $120,000 Chonkolay, . dressed in treaty uni- colour and blood, but we are bro- per year for six years. There · will thers in purpose, intent, aspirations, Mr. Cardinal went on to reiterate also be an annual grant from band form, returned the green Indian that the government must recognize Policy proposal booklet to Indian hope and effort. The government funds of $66,000 plus revenues re- .of Canada has had one hundred its historic, legal, moral and consti- ceived from rentals. This will re- Affairs Minister Jean Chretien. tutional responsibilities in relation to Chief Chonkolay does not speak years to prepare its white paper. We sult in the band having full owner- have had but one year to prepare aboriginal rights and treaty obliga- ship of the homes in 10 years. Eriglish.- His comments, translated tions. He charged that Indian by Walter Deiter, went as follows: our views. We now have but one Claims Commissioner Lloyd Barber Centred around a park-like area "I am returning the paper to Min- hour to meet with you. This hour ister Chretien. I completely reject is one hundred years . : . . We hope (Continued on Pag first .CA1 IA 5 9' I54 .

Page Two \llil IIII I ll\ June. 1970 ta3klll ll! ~ l l~ 8 7~ 0 11ll~l7530\ll I l l\ ~ Il66hl\ ~~~~ ClTlZENS PLUS a aussi de­ juge. Le jury donnera preference Le Livre ~ouge mande la formation d'un nouveau Concours des arts aux coutures faites a Ia main, au repond 'au ministere qui ne serait responsable et metiers indiens cuir tanne a la maison et aux tein­ qu'aux lndiens. A present M. Chre­ tures et peintures naturelles. Livre Blanc tien, ministre des Affaires indiennes, Nous vous prions de n'envoyer est aussi responsable pour les pares La Guilde Canadienne des Me­ que des articles sans inscription. par Michele Tetu nationaux et les lieux historiques, la tiers d'Art, en collaboration avec Les articles dits de souvenir ne se­ conservation, et le Grand Nord la Fratemite nationale des Indiens, a ront pas acceptes. canadien. annonce un concours et une expo- b) arts et metiers contemporains: Le ·silence qui a ensevele plus d'un . sition d'art indien canadien, gui se siecle de pauvrete et discrimination Le premier ministre a repondu nous acceptons l'artisanat de toute aux critiques formulees dans le tiendra du 10 au 22 novembre, sorte, y compris les textiles (tissage, .a ete brise ]e mois dernier par 1970, . a la Place Bonaventure a CITIZENS PLUS, le "livre rouge" livre rouge, mais il a admis que le tapis, nattes, decorations murales, Montreal. • de Harold Cardinal, president de Gouvernement avait ete tres na!f etc.), objets de bois et de pierre, 1' Association des lndiens de 1' Al­ dans le livre blanc, qu'il etait un Le but de cette exposition est de . poterie, ceramique, email, metal, berta. peu trop theorique, un peu trop faire connaitre et apprecier !'excel­ bijouterie, cuir, peinture, imprimes abstrait, pas assez pragmatique. lent travail fait, a travers le Canada, C'etait la premiere fois que le et lithographies. Mais le livre rouge, a-t-il dit, est par les artistes contemporains et premier ministre et son cabinet se Les methodes et materiaux tradi­ pragmatique et rationnel. les artisans traditionnels indiens. sont rassembles pour porter oreille tionnels ou modernes peuvent etre Les Indiens et Metis canadiens peu­ aux demandes des Indiens du Ca­ M. Trudeau a ajoute que si les utilises. vent y participer. nada. Le livre rouge repond aux Indiens voulaient atteindre. leur but Les objets a exposer doivent etre propositions du "livre blanc" que en venant a Ottawa, obtenir une Les prix - un total de $2000, emballes soigneusement et etre en­ M. Jean Chretien, ministre des Af­ nouvelle forme de liens entre le avec des prix individuels jusqu'a voyes, aux frais des concurrents, a: Gouvernement et les lndiens, il faut $200 - seront decernes par un faires indiennes, a depose au Parle­ Arts et Metiers des lndiens du ment il y a un an. qu'on ait au moins un peu de con­ jury de trois personnes. fiance l'un en l'autre. Canada, M. Walter Deiter, president de la Le premier ministre a declare a/s de Monsieur R. Racine, Plate­ Fraternite nationale des Indiens, et forme de Chargement, les chefs des associations indiennes que son cabinet allait certainement Place Bonaventure, Montreal 114, des provinces ont donne leur accord considerer les soumissions du livre P.Q. et leur appui aux propositions du rouge, et a souligne son desir de livre rouge. faire connaitre au Canada }'unique Sauf indication contraire, les ar­ culture des lndiens. ticles seront vendus a des musees Devant plus de 200 auditeurs in­ diens, les chefs Chonkolay et M. Trudeau a donne son appro­ ou au public. L' artisan do it indi­ Y ellowbird ont chante une petite bation a la commission impartiale quer le prix de ses travaux sur la formule d'inscription. Le. produit priere indigene pour le succes de la pour examiner les droits et traites presentation. des lndiens. II a affirme son inten­ de Ia vente lui sera envoye aussitot tion de changer les lois au bienfait que possible apres la cloture de M. le docteur David Courchene, des indigenes, et d'instruire le pu­ 1' exposition. vice-president de · la Fraternite na­ blic afin qu.e ces lois ne soient nas tionale des Indiens et president de Les frais d'assurance des articles effectuees dans un manque de c~n­ envoyes a !'exposition seront payes 1' Association des Indiens de Mani­ naissance. par l'artisan. Le risque de perte des toba, a accorde au Gouvernement Federal au moins le merite d'avoir Il a donne l'assurance que les In­ articles est assure quand ceux-ci sont entre les mains de la Guilde suscite une communication, un dia­ diens peuvent prendre tout Je temps Les articles entrent dans deux Canadienne des Metiers d'Art. Les logue que ses predecesseurs avaient voulu pour repondre aux soumis­ categories: ecarte. Le livre rouge, a-t-il de­ sions proposees dans le livre blanc. articles qui ne sont pas a vendre, a) artisanat traditionnel: vanne­ ainsi que ceux qui ne seront pas clare, est presente avec honnetete et En terminant, M. Trudeau a pro­ rie; travail sur ecorce - coffrets, vendus, seront renvoyes aux frais sincerite. Il a presente M. Cardinal mis que le Gouvernement n'impose­ modeles reduits de canoes, seaux, de la Guilde, en valeur declaree. en prevenant des "livres rouges" rait pas sa politique aux lndiens. ecorce machee; sculpture sur os ou que les associations indiennes des M. Jean Chretien, ministre des pierre; sculpture sur bois - bois, Pour plus de renseignements ou autres provinces etaient en train de Affaires indiennes, a aussi adresse pipes, figurines, animaux, vaisselle, des formules d'inscription, ecrire a: fa ire. la parole et a affirme que le livre masques, ornements, petits totems, Madame J. 0. McCutcheon, M. Cardinal a donne a M. - blanc n'est que des sournissions, et mallettes, cuilleres en corne; pou­ Presidente, Trudeau une liste de modifications que toutes les suggestions des chefs pees de balle de mais ou sculptees; Arts et Metiers des Indiens du faites la veille par la delegation indiens du Canada seraient les travail de pedes de verre sur peau Canada, indienne. bien venues. - vetements, mocassins, mitaines, a/ s de Ia Guilde Canadienne des Metiers d'Art, M. Andras, anterieurement rni­ gants; broderie sur peau faite avec Les chefs Adam Solway et John 2025 rue Peel nistre d'Etat prepose aux Affaires des piquants de pore-epic - cein­ Snow ont lu tour a tour du livre Montreal 110, P.Q. blanc et du livre rouge. indiennes, a declare qu'il etait tres tures tresses; travail en poil d'ori­ emu par Ia flexibilite du Premier gnal; ornements d'argent ou de cui­ Un festival de danse, de musique Le livre blanc dit que la discri­ et de films indiens aura lieu en mination legislative et constitution­ ministre a l'egard des lndiens. En vre; raquettes - modeles reguliers se souvenant du travail de M. ou reduits; travail effectue avec meme temps que !'exposition a la neUe doit etre eliminee, mais le livre Place Bonaventure. rouge maintien que l'enlevement Andras aupres des Indiens, les audi­ nerfs et lanieres - sacs, etc.; tis­ des lois · discriminatoires rempire­ teurs indigenes l'ont chaudement sage - nattes, couvertures, cein­ raient la situation. II faut garder applaudi. tures, etc. la Loi sur les Indiens avant que la Andrew Delisle, president de Les objets doivent parvenir entre La fete folklorique question des droits et traites ne soit l'Association des Indiens du Que­ 1e 15 septembre et le 31 octobre reglee. bec, Fred Plain, president de 1970. Priere de joindre Ia formule de Mariposa Bien que le livre blanc insiste que l'Union des Indiens de !'Ontario, et d'inscription a !'envoi et d'inscrire la culture·indienne doit etre integree David Ahenakew, president de Ia le nom et l'adresse de l'expediteur La Fete folklorique de Mariposa a la vie canadienne, le livre rouge Federation des Indiens de Ia Sas­ sur le colis. Une breve notice sur aura lieu aux lies de Toronto du considere cette phrase trompeuse. katchewan ont aussi fortement ap­ }'artisan et son travail peut etre 24 au 26 juillet avec un rassemble­ Les lndiens veulent etre certains puye CITIZENS PLUS. jointe a l'envoi. Si !'artisan desire ment special des artistes indigenes que l'identite indienne ne sera pas .On remarquait une difference en porter son article au poste de Ia de !'Amerique du Nord. perdue. essence entre Je livre blanc du Gou­ Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson. Les membres de !'organisation Tout en retenant leurs droits vernement et le livre rouge des In­ 1e plus proche, le materiel et l'aide folklorique disaient que celle de aboriginaux, dit le livre rouge, les diens. Cette difference, a explique necessaires a l'emballage et l'envoi cette ~mnee sera plus qu'une expo­ Indiens doivent recevoir les memes M. Cardinal, est de donner aux In­ lui seront donnees, mais la compa­ sition. Il y aura une participation services qui sont accordes a tous les diens les ressources necessaires gnie decline alors toute responsa­ entre et les musiciens et les audi­ citoyens du Canada. pour qu'il puissent agir eux-memes bilite. teurs, qui menerait a l'equilibre et Le livre rouge demande l'eta- · .d'une fac;on responsable au lieu de Un concurrent peut envoyer jus­ la comprehension si necessaires blissement d'une., nouvelle commis­ tout faire pour eux. qu'a cinq articles. Les articles a1- dans notre societe complexe. sion consultative impartiale dont les Le livre rouge est entre les mains lant de paire font l'objet d'une seule Des artistes de tous les coins de decisions seraient imposes aux ~ In­ du premier ministre; il ne reste plus inscription. !'Amerique du Nord viendront a la diens et au Gou:vernement'. maintenant que les negociations. Tout autre article accepte sera fete. June, 1970 THE INDIAN NEWS German Clubs Urge Respect lndian news for Aboriginal Rights of Editor - DAVID MONTURE Editorial Assistant - MICHELE TETU Canadian Indians . The Indian News is a publication devoted to news about Indians and The German Association on that the demonstrations of Indian communities in Canada and is a vehicle for the free expression of American Indian Culture has shown the Indians of Canada, as viewpoints and opinions held by Indian people. The opinions and state- its concern for Canadian natives in usual in civilized countries of ments contained in its pages are not necessarily those of the Department a letter to Indian Affairs Minister the so-called free world, will of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, which produces this publica- Jean Chretien. not be opposed by armed tion each month for free distribution to Indians and other interested persons forces and organizations. Any article may be reproduced provided credit is given Since the early explorers took the author or this paper. back some North American "red- that the Federal Government skins" in full traditional regalia, of Canada will not dishonor Indians have appeared frequently in the laws made between Great European movies and books. Britain and the Canadian Tn - There is even a museum of Indian dian Tribes and Nations Letters to the Editor artifacts, named "Bear-grease", near that the Federal Government The Indian News is definitely a of a proposal in a public document. Dresden in East . The of Canada will not discard mouthpiece of the Department of The recent Red Paper counter- communist government there val- the traditional Federal res- Indian Affairs and not the voice of proposal presented to government ues the museum as proof of Arne- ponsibility for Indian Affairs, the Indian people. It should be the by the Indian Association of Al- rican history dominated by racism pressuring Indians into giving voice of the people and print a berta is shortly to be printed in and imperialism. up their tax exemptions as strong editorial denouncing the pro- quantity by the Department of In- The letter, recently sent to Mr. well as their fish and game posed new Indian policy. dian Affairs for that same purpose Chretien by the German Associa- rights The government has every inten- of keeping the native people in- tion, underlines its interest in Can- formed. We will send along a copy ada's first citizens in a plea to the that the Federal Government tion of implementing this genocidal of Canada will not play the policy against the wishes of the na- for your information, Mr. Bomberry. government to recognize and respect As for the Indian News not the Indians' wishes and rights. game of power and treat the tive people of Canada. They are Indian Tribes and Nations as doing their best to sell this policy being a voice for the Indian people, The letter, a copy of which was I would suggest that you read this sent to the Indian-Eskimo Associa- conquered peoples who must through fancy pamphlets and ad- be assimilated. vertising. month's interview with Mr. Harold tion of Canada, states : This policy is very similar to the Cardinal - with great interest. All the German friends of Arne- that the Federal Government American Bureau of Indian Affairs' Thank you for your letter. rican Indian culture and life, united of Canada will give the In- termination policy that was pushed The Editor. in the IFI-Interessengemeinschaft dian Tribes and Nations re- very heavily during the 1950's. This * * * fiir Indianerkunde (German Asso- cognition to their rights as poliey-deni:es- th existence of Indian ---___ciation n American Indian Cul- Canadian citizens and also as people and makes them regular citi- On Page 3 you asked for readers' ture), and respected throughout the Indians to continue their own zens of the country. The American comments on the Indian News as whole of Germany and nearby Indian ways of life, accord in g government is still following this a propaganda organ of Indian European states as the voice of the to their treaty and aboriginal Affairs. I d policy to a lesser degree today. The n ian interested persons, beg you rights American Indians have overwhelm- First, I would like to say that urgently I have received this publication for that the Federal Government ingly rejected it. The new policy some time and am very honoured that in connection with your of Canada will settle certain would end the tax free status of our h 1 INDIAN POLICY the repre- long-standing problems with land. t at you wou d leave my name on sentatives and chiefs of the respect to the treaties and your mailing list. I enjoy reading Tribes and Nations of Canada If this policy is implemented, the the Indian News as I have an in- aboriginal rights of the Indian Indian people will be dealing with direct interest in the subject. will not only be consulted but Tribes and Nations of Canada ten different provincial govern- that there will be paid atten- There is no doubt, in my opinion, tion to the wishes of the In- We, the Indian-interested indivi- ments. It is bad enough now, deal- duals as well as institutons in Ger- ing with the one government in that this is a public relations vehicle dians, too for the Department. It gives onlv many, cannot believe that in Can- Ottawa; the problem will be in- positive news items which enhance that the Indians of Canada ada - the prototype of the world creased ten times. We must re- will get every possible chance the Department's position. Very of being justly treated as for freedom and human rights - member that we did not draw these no place can be given to the abori- provincial boundaries - they exist seldom does this magazine report people of different status what other organizations are doing ginal rights of the American abori- on paper only. These are the white for Indians. that the Indians of Canada gines - this means here the natives man's boundaries. will receive due recognition of Canada. We hope that the Fed- We must not accept this policy. As an example of the magazine's and reverence for their role relevance to the Indian cause, I eral will re- I urge all my brothers and sisters in the Canadian history turn to recognized international in Canada to support your leaders would refer you to the recent edition of Calumet which is the magazine that the Indians of Canada principles in the treatment of its in fighting this policy which would will be respected as human native population. This should be effectively end your status as In- of the Union of Ontario Indians. In comparing the two newspapers I beings having certain abori- done as a matter of equity and dians. Do not listen to the white ginal rights justice. lies; history is on your side. The think it is clear as to the differences government policy is one of slow in the editorial policies of the two genocide of Indian people. Remem- papers. The real issues of the times ber Deganawideh. are definitely in the Union of On- tion. If it is not, then I would sug- would further suggest that you tario Indians' publication and not I have spoken. gest that the budget for the Indian might have a look at the May issue in the . Indian News. The Indian News be passed on to the Indian of The Indian News for a front page Daniel R. Bomberry, Cayuga News is not the forum on current associations so that they can be story on the President of the Mani- Coordinator Tndian problems because the policy free to print their own news. toba Indian Brotherhood and this American Indian Center does not permit these items to be E. V. Ralph, organization's achievements to date. printed in its publicaton. The In- California Don Mills, Ontario We feel that if anything, the pa- dian News probably does provide a per is a source of information for * * record of achievement on the part * * * services available to Indians (your In reply to Mr. Bomberry I would of Indians, but I am afraid it is not In answer to Mr. Ralph's criti- paragraph four). Page Eight of this invite him to send in a copy of ·a source of information on services cism that The Indian News seldom issue should stand as an example. the "faf1CY pamphlets and advertis- available to Canadian Indians. reports on what is being done by Thank you for your constructive ing" described, keeping in mind the It is my hope that these com- Indians, I would suggest that he criticism and we will strive to pre- difference between .a hard sell cam- ments will be helpful in improving closely scrutinize recent issues of the sent the news along these lines. paign and simply informing people the editorial policy of this publica- paper. In particular, Mr. Ralph, 1 The Editor. Page Four THE INDIAN NEWS June, 1970

AN INTERVIEW WITH Harold Cardinal The December issue of Macleans white man's religion and regimenta- magazine calls Harold Cardinal, tion. In The Unjust Society Mr. 25-year-old president of the Indian Cardinal says of the school authori- Association of Alberta, "the most ties, All they wanted of their In- articulate, perhaps already the most dian charge was to pound a little powerful Indian leader in Canada". English into his head to enable him Mr. Cardinal's scathing book, The to decipher religious materials, and Unjust Society, a history of Can- to give him enough simple arithme- ada's injustice to its native people tic to enable him to count the ani- and an attack on the federal Indian mals on the church farm . They policy proposals of last June 2 5, didn't care if they broke his spirit has already sold 26,000 copies, put- as long as they got the right re- ting him next to Pauline Johnson sponses at Mass." as the most . widely read Canadian Mr. Cardinal entered high school Indian. The book will go into in Edmonton, to the dismay of the second printing. local residential school Father, and On June 4 the Indian Association then went on to study sociology at of Alberta presented Citizens Plus, St. Patrick's College in Ottawa. He its treaty-oriented counterproposal, later dropped out of university to to Prime Minister Trudeau and sev- join the Indian Association of Al- eral members of the Cabinet in an berta. At only 23 years of age he was voted president of the Asso- - historic meeting on Parliament Hill before us. I was pleased with Indian Rights and Treaties? (see front-page story). The Alberta ciation. the Prime Minister's honest re- A. It's going to be a close working proposal was prepared after a year A crowded Ottawa restaurant on actions about some aspects of of research, meetings with the 42 relationship. The National Com- the day after the Red Paper presen- our Red Paper which indicated mittee is intended to be a co- bands in the province and an all- tation was the setting for this inter- a lack of trust. I will have to chiefs' conference. The National ordinating body for our research view. My initial contact with the agree with his assessment that a at the national level. The real Indian Brotherhood gave its unani- articulate and charismatic Mr. Car- little bit of trust is necessary on mous support to Citizens Plus at a work has to be done at the pro- dinal had been at last July's Win- both sides as a starting point. vincial level. It's going to be general meeting in Ottawa during nipeg meeting of the National In- the two days leading up to the offi- Q. We have ahead of us an almost the responsibility of the provin- dian Brotherhood where he made cial members of the N.I.B. to cial presentation. a motion that I, being an employee inevitable summer of demon- strations, a long hot summer initiate the detailed research Mr. Cardinal, a , is one of of the Indian Affairs Department, necessary within their boun- 18 children (eight of whom died at be requested to leave the confer- with the racial situation. Do you feel that all of this is going daries. With this in mind I an early age) from the Sucker Creek ence room. to take away the public's atten- think that of necessity we are Reserve in Alberta's Treaty Eight Harold Cardinal is married and all going to have to work closely country. Ten years at a nearby tion from the Indian situation? has two children. Do you feel that th_e youth if we are going to co-ordinate Roman Catholic residential school our position with other Indians. conditioned his scepticism of the . . . David Monture movement could be utilized as a lobby for native people? Q. Do you feel that the Nishga court case of last year is going * * A. I feel we have to think along * the lines of a long-term ap- to set an unfortunate precedent Q. The concept of the aboriginal tration body in the form of a proach. The problems we have in regard to aboriginal land right is not included in Claims claims commission set up. I do before us are not going to be claims? Commissioner Lloyd Barber's not know what the exact nature solved within the next year. We A. We still have to see this case go terms of reference. At the same of our proposed commission have to think of a sustained in- through the Supreme Court of time we have the National Com- would be but it will have to terest on the part of the Cana- Canada, although it doesn't look mittee on Indian Rights and come out of further discussion dian public. We have to use all that hopeful because of what Treaties proceeding with their between ourselves and the fed- this time very rationally to ex- has happened at the other two own broader terms of reference eral government. Once this body plain our position. I don't think levels of government. There still to include the aboriginal ques- is set up, then I think the next that I would like to see demon- may be some hope in view of tion. During your presentation procedure for the commissioner, strations in the street on behalf the apparent broadening of of "Citizens Plus" to the Cabi- if he is still around, is to present of Indian people, though this scope on the part of the Su- net, ·the Prime Minister in one his case to the commission may help, because I think the preme Court based on their re- of his statements vaguely opened against the concept of aboriginal type of thing which is necessary cent decision with relation to the the door, as you have described, rights. It will be the function is for thinking people to get liquor sections in the . to settling the issue. What are of our committee to beef up our together and try and find some But I'm not too optimistic about your comments? argument towards our desired structures, some vehicles for set- a decision in favour of the ends and as an arbitration body, tling the differences. Nishga Tribal Council. This A. In as far as the commissioner the commission would have to Q. Do you still maintain that In- would set an unfortunate prece- is concerned, we have taken the weigh both sides to decide. dent in the courts for all Indian position that he is a government dian people were not consulted as to the appointment of Indian people, not only the Nishgas but commissioner whose role it is Q. Would you consider yesterday's the other people in B.C. and t-o strengthen the government's Claims Commissioner Lloyd meeting with the Cabinet, the Barber? our people with the same claims case against aboriginal and trea- presentation of the Alberta "Ci- in the other non-treaty areas. ty claims, claims which our na- tizens Plus" paper, to be of his- A. We have reiterated that position This is why we are suggesting a tional committee will co-ordi- toric significance? to the Prime Minister and the new approach where we recog- nate the research on. The proc- Cabinet and the fact that we nize that the government and A. This is actually the first time ess that we now see with the at do not see the role of the com- ourselves are in disagreement least apparent flexibility on the since Canada's Confederation missioner as being one that is over this fundamental concept. that Indian people have had the part of the Prime Minister on working on our behalf. I think We also need some political this whole question, is the crea- opportunity to speak with a this is the stand we will main- leadership on the part of the Prime Minister and with the tion of a body with which we tain in regard to the commis- government to give direction so can begin discussions almost im- whole Cabinet. It is in my view sioner. that justice can be arrived at on mediately on handling the legal an extremely significant meeting, this critical issue of the abori- issues and the pressing social indicating on the part of the Q . What is the Alberta Associa- ginal right. situation separately. For the government, a willingness to try tion's relationship going to be legal question we sec an arbi- and settle the issues that we have with the National Committee on (Continued on Page Five) June, 1970 THE INDIAN NEWS Page Five

Silently it screamed in our ears it filled our brains

It was not the first time for us not the first time for hunger or cold or pain or death but the shame?

We didn't understand

We don't understand

The noise in the chamber rises whispers buzz they're coming their great leader is coming

After one hundred years one hour

He comes - their leader he smiles the right smile (Photo- Rod Maclvor) he shakes the hands of our leaders he waits patiently, politely (On the Presentation of the Alberta Indian Chiefs' "Red Paper" he listens to our tribal prayer Railway Committee Room, House of Commons, Ottawa - June 4, 1970) he hears the beat of our drums the beat of our hearts The room is beginning to fill up happy faces, dark eyes glowing Our leaders speak lips moving in excited anticipation respect, tradition, faith in their words minds flashing back back one year We - the people of this land back one hundred years we give our answer to the smiling man back to now we tell this man with the power that we have our own answer The time has arrived we do not need his answer our time He speaks and his men speak The long, long years of ancestral pride come into our minds we speak and our men speak the years of sitting in peace faces turned to the sun Oh Great Spirit! so_les planted firmly on the stretching land ______let it be true the green boughs swaying in our hearts let this be our time the blue infinity passing into our souls let these words become deeds the joy of knowing and we will be happy knowing it was our land we will be happy yet knowing it belonged to all For one hundred years the shame grew It was not all peace, but it was good the despair grew the anger grew The vision has switched abruptly Now The hour has come the hour is here our hour now we have found ourselves The cold has crept into our thoughts we wait again along the dirt floor of the shack but we wait with hope into our limbs Now is our time into lungs that coughed now into mouths that hungered we are proud. into eyes that stung with tears - by Michele Tetu

We wince Cardinal ... Alberta, with our treaties we (Continued from Page Four) surrendered the land and then Why did the other people got promises in return for this the people with the pale faces Q. Harold, what is your personal surrender. In the process we had why. did they scowl and glare and jeer definition of the aboriginal right? our reserve lands set aside. As why did _they laugh It far as we are concerned, this has why did they call us names? A. is very simple. This concept gives recognition to the original in many ways extinguished our people as the owners of the land. claims to the land that otherwise We never knew before that it was wrong to have dark skin This all arose out of inter- we would still be saying is ours. to wear our hair in braids national law - a procedure that There are a number of other or floating free was adopted by civilized people issues of course, but basically in order to settle their land title- this is what the aboriginal right We didn't understand why they pushed us and called our fathers names ments in a civilized way. With means to me. We didn't understand why those men in long black robes this in mind, for me the abori- Q. Harold, a good percentage of told us to love one another ginal right means that before the status Indian population is but beat-us when we spoke the ownership of land can be now living away from the re- we didn't understand why we had to speak their tongue transferred to other parties, serves in the cities. Does your there must be a just settlement, organization plan to undertake We didn't understand and once that just settlement is any programs in aid of these made the land then can be le- people - as you know, we Suddenly, yet not so suddenly . gally and morally transferred to came the pain, the hunger, the cold, the shame other people. In the case of (Continued on Page Six) Page Six THE INDIAN NEWS June, 1970

Cardinal . Q. Do you see your paper, "Citi- (Continued from Page Five) zens Plus" as being the basis Manitoba Indians work on for the counterproposals which have near-ghetto areas develop- are to follow from the other pro- ing in major Canadian cities? vincial organizations, as a basis Nelson River transmission line A. To date our organization has for developing a national Indian been strictly reserve or rural consensus. More than 70 Manitoba Indians work, all crew members learned oriented. I suppose we follow · A. The paper was endorsed and are demonstrating their ability as quickly. Cliff, Charlie and Andy the philosophy that a lot of the examined by the member organi- high steel riggers on the Nelson Anderson, of Fairford Reserve, re- problems start at the reserve zations of the N.I.B. The con- River Transmission line under con- cruited the men and serve as their level. Most of the Indian people tents of the paper were approved struction in western Canada. foremen. Andy emphasized the In- leaving the reserves do not have almost paragraph by paragraph They are working on one of the dians' attitude when he said, "The the skills and the knowledge by our colleagues on the na- longest and highest voltage direct project presented an opportunity for needed to survive in the urban tional level. So when we look current transmission lines in the us to establish a reputation for being setting or to be what you'd at the paper we have to keep in world, the 556-mile Nelson River good workmen. We are all pleased call contributing productive citi- mind that other Indians haven't Transmission line which will link that this has been achieved." zens. We are trying to attack seen it to be harmful to them. Nelson River generating stations The men work as assembly, erec- the problem at what we believe Possibly they will see it as a and southern Manitoba. tion and "plumbing up" crews. The to be the root cause. Over the guideline or a framework for Engineering and construction of assemblers bolt together the steel next two years though, we are developing their own positions. the line are being financed by the towers along the line and the erec- planning to get involved in the Really I suppose the question federal government through Atomic tion crew f.ollows with a crane urban Indian situation. We have that has to be looked at is how looked at some of the structural different other papers will be or models being used in the U.S. can be, especially on the legal amongst poor people in Brook- question of rights. On the ques- lyn and New York and these tion of social problems, I think offer a fascinating way for us each of the organizations are to become involved. I wouldn't going to have to come up with want our organization to be- different techniques, different come involved just for the sake approaches in solving their of becoming involved, but our problems. I expect the approach involvement would be useful and Ontario may take in economic productive for the people we development may be drastically would work with. This is why different than Alberta because we've held back until we could we are dealing with an entirely grasp the means by which we different economic and geogra- could accomplish something and phic position. I think we now have this. We're getting into the prob- lems of regional disparities and Q . Do you feel that there is a lot different techniques, depending of jealousy amongst our own on the local situation, have to people and that aspiring leaders be developed. One of the under- are often frustrated by criticism lying principles we are trying to from the older people? stress in our presentation is A. I don't want to differentiate be- that there must be divergence in tween our people and others approach. I think it is unfair because I think we are all the for anyone to expect us to come same in this respect. There is up with a one-position paper no leader at any level of our that is going to answer all the society who does not undergo problems of Indian people pressure and criticism and it is across the country. We are mak- quite natural for Indian leaders ing a pragmatic approach which (Photo-Atomic Energy of Canada) to go through this. other provinces may look at and that is to sit down with the gov- Energy of Canada Limited, which equipped with a 200-foot boom. One of the things that people ernment, identify our differences contracted Dominion Bridge Com- They raise the completely assembled who hold pos:tions of leader- and examine the possibilities pany Limited to do the job. towers onto the foundations and at- ship, and especially Indians, for resolving these without jeo- The construction company felt tach the guy wires. The plumbing have to recognize is that be- pardizing the position we are that Indians from the Fairford and crew tightens the guy wires and cause they are Indians they can- taking on other legal issues. Lake St. Martin Reserves, with their not expect immunity from cri- makes sure the towers are perfectly inborn skill in high steel rigging, upright. ticism. They have to be pre- Q. Do you feel that Christianity would be the most suitable workers pared for this and many other divided our people? to hire for the job of assembling and The line is scheduled for comple- considerations. If · a leader is raising the 4,000 steel towers, par- tion by the spring of 1 971, but the really interested in helping his A. I think the facts stand pretty ticularly since the transmission line training and high reputation the people, then he must be pre- solidly by themselves. The fact Indian steel crews are receiving If passes through one reserve and is pared to fight on principles. of the matter is the Christian close to the other. should ensure a demand for their the people disagree with his churches which have never per- principles and philosophies then sonified the concept of unity Although only three had previous services for other steel construction it is their prerogative to get rid have divided our people into experience with this kind of steel jobs. of him. A leader who doesn't denominations under the broad work on principles cannot really heading of Christianity. In many succeed because all you have is instances we tend to view Chris- pollution. That is what has hap- this modern economic society in a theoretical type politician who tianity as the philosophy of a pened with Christianity. A lot order to have these things you heads a paper organization and certain cultural group of people of the values that are taught almost have to screw your fel- who attempts to avoid as much - Western European in this within the denominations are low man. This is where the criticism as possible by always case. Because of this we find that puritanical in many respects. harmful effects start coming in taking the safe position. What there was a profound effect on The churches preach that the as far as native people and their we need at the present time are the culture and traditional be- epitome of life can only be religions are concerned. strong leaders. Any man who liefs of Indian people even reached by true brotherly Jove takes. a position is automatically though from the religious view- and at the same time is taught disagreed wifh. We need these point the two beliefs are not the rather paradoxical value -part 2 of this interview with men and this is what the whole that far removed. It's when the that work is the be-ali and end- Mr. Cardinal will follow next process of democracy is all value system of a culture creeps all of life and that acquiring month. about. intc religion where we have the property is necessary - and in June, 1970 THE INDIAN NEWS Page Seven CITIZENS PLUS INDIAN ART COMPETITION (Continued from Page One) was appointed without the endorse- years of dissatisfaction, slowness and ANNOUNCED ment of the Indian people and this injustice from the government and The Canadian Guild of Crafts in Guild. Articles "Not for Sale" or appointment simply strengthened society. He admitted that the gov- co-operation with the National In- unsold will be returned postage pre- the government's position against ernment's statement of policy "had dian Brotherhood has announced a paid and insured. the concept of the aboriginal right. perhaps not been preceded by the competition and exhibition of Ca- 5. Individual entries will be He suggested that the two sides are kind of consultation which would nadian Indian art at Place Bonaven- judged in two general groups: rrow at a stalemate over this issue. satisfy everybody," but at least ture in Montreal, from November (a) traditional crafts such as bas- Mr. Cardinal's preferred suggestion something was finally being done. 10 to 22. ketry; bark work - boxes, on settling the claim once and for "I'm sure that we were naive in The aim of the exhibition is to model canoes, pails, bitten all is the setting up of an impartial some of the statements we made bring together the best work being work; carving in bone or Claims Commission, appointed after . . . having perhaps the prejudices created by contemporary Indian stone; carving in wood - consultation with the Indians, and of small "1" liberals and white men artists and traditional craftsmen. bowls, pipes, figures, ani- having broad terms and wide pow- at that, thinking equality means the Prizes will total $2,000, with indi- mals, food dishes, masks, ers; a body whose judgment would same laws for everyone," the Prime vidual prizes up to $200, and will ornaments, small t o t e m be binding on both sides (as sug- Minister said. He then called for a be awarded by a group of three poles, small storage boxes; gested by the Liberal Party during measure of trust to develop as the judges. spoons in horn; dolls - the 1963 election campaign). He dialogue proceeded. Bluntly taking Rules of the competition, which is corn husk or carved; bead went on to discuss the administrative exception to some of the accusations open to Canadian Indians and work on skin - garments, changes proposed by the Red Pa- made by the Red Paper, he told the Metis, are as follows: moccasins, mittens, gloves; Indian leaders: "You can say that per: that a review, not an abolition, 1. Articles should be packed care- embroidery on skin; porcu- the government doesn't understand, be made of the Indian Act; that a fully and sent prepaid to: pine quill work on skin; new and more dynamic federal that it's stupid or ignorant, but do woven belts; moose hair agency be set up, solely responsible not say that we are dishonest and Canadian Indian Art/Crafts Place Bonaventure Inc. work; silver and copper or- for Indian Affairs with its own Min- that we are trying to mislead you, naments; snowshoes - reg- because we're not." ister and more responsive to the c/o Mr. R. Racine ular and model sizes; sinew An arbitration body, as suggested needs of the people. The paper Loading Dock and thong work - bags, by the Red Paper, to decide on also proposes a re-examination of Montreal 114, Quebec etc.; weaving - mats, blan- Indian rights would be considered, the options available to Indian peo- kets, belts, etc. Mr. Trudeau said, but he saw the to arrive between September 15 ple for control of their land without Articles other than those listed accepting "white" concepts of prop- ultimate arbitration body not as a and October 31, 197 The entry will be considered for prizes. Prefer- erty rights. As an immediate pro- court, a commission or a committee form must be enclosed and the name ence will be given to hand stitching, posal to help alleviate the more - but the Canadian people. and address of the sender written In a final statement, the Prime on the outside of the parcel. Brief home-tanned leather and natural pressing social problems, Mr. Car- dyes and paints. dinal suggested the creation of an Minister promised that the govern- information about the craftsman If Alberta Indian Education Centre, ment would not force any solution and his work may be included. Please do not send articles with based on the concept that Indians on the Indian people, that there the craftsman will take his entry souvenir pictures or wording. should be given the resources and would be "two, three, five, ten or to the nearest Hudson's Bay Com- (b) contemporary art and crafts: be permitted to find---the-ir own solu- tweaty years" for proposals and dis- pany post he will be given materia crafts of all kinds are ac- tions. The centre would be a train- cussion - which brought the In- and assistance with packing and ceptable including textiles ing ground for developing manage- dian people to their feet for a sending, but the Company assumes (weaving, rugs, mats, wall ment and leadership skills among standing ovation. no responsibility. hangings, etc.), wood and the people. The 94 per cent drop- Andrew Delisle of Quebec, Fred 2. As many as five entries may stone objects, pottery, cera- out rate at the grade 12 level Plain of Ontario, and David Ahena- be sent by a competitor. A pair of mics, enamels, metal, jewel- amongst Alberta Indians could be kew of rose to ex- anything will be considered as one lery, leather, painting, prints lowered by research in Indian edu- press an appreciation of the Prime entry. and lithographs. cation and curricula to offer alter- Minister's final statements and said 3. Entries will be offered for sale Traditional or modern materials natives more relevant to the people, that the short hour's proceedings to museums and to the public unless and methods may be used. he said. The paper also proposes had been encouraging. marked "Not for Sale". The erafts- For entry forms and additional the setting up of an econom iC devel- Then David Courchene of Mani- man must mark the price of his information write to: opment corporation to involve a toba put it on the line : "This one articles on the entry form. Proceeds Mrs. J. McCutcheon, Chairman partnership among all levels of gov- hour certainly will go down in his- of sale will be sent to the craftsman Canadian Indian Art/Crafts ernment, private enterprise and the tory, as far as Indian people are as soon as possible after the exhi- c/o Canadian Guild of Crafts grass-roots people for developing concerned, provided it is not all bition ends. 203 5 Peel Street economic opportunity on Alberta talk. I hope that this hour that we 4. Insurance charges covering en- Montreal, Quebec Indian reserves. have had together will certainly be tries sent to the exhibition must be An Indian festival of dancing, Mr. Cardinal's presentation drew a start on a long-term plan. But paid by the craftsman. On arrival music and films will be held at Place a standing ovation from the native let us not forget the short-term solu- at Place Bonaventure, all articles Bonaventure at the same time as people, who packed the Railway tions that are needed immediately. are insured against loss by the the exhibition. Committee Room, as well as from Our people are still living in shacks reporters and many others present. in "forty below" weather, and you Squamish Band . scale. Those who can afford to Indian Affairs Minister Jean can see that any time you travel to (Continued from Page One) will pay rent based on the actual Chretien, in response to Mr. Car- Canada's northern sector . . . our 41 homes are under construction. financing cost for the unit they dinal, reiterated that the govern- people have given everything to occupy. Those whose means are ment's policy paper of last year was Canadian society, and all we are An additional 46 housing units on the Capilano Reserve are scheduled limited will pay only what they can a proposal for discussion with In- requesting is a fair share of its re- afford. for next year. dian people, the government and the sources. When we can dialogue to- The accommodation in every unit Canadian public, and that the gov- gether in honesty and sincerity, not Rentals for these community homes will be based on a sliding is first class. There is covered park- ernment is awaiting the counter- only to our Prime Minister, but to ing for every unit and additional proposals to be presented by the every Cabinet Minister and to every parking space for visitors. All units other organizations of the N.I.B. He provincial government, then we will look at the Red Paper and discus- have a view of the harbour and went on to describe how fast the be part of Canada, and we will be sion will follow. adjoin open playground areas for dialogue has moved along in two proud to call ourselves Canadians." Possibly the position of the In- children, which also provide space years, from the first scattered con- The meeting broke up on this dian Claims Commissioner is up for for a swimming pool. The basement sultation meetings to the meeting note, with handshakes all around re-evaluation as well as the role of areas are above ground so that ·a with the Cabinet, as compared to and the Prime Minister signing auto- the consultation and negotiation four-bedroom unit could be con- the slow progress during the century graphs. team within the Department - or verted to as many as six bedrooms -since Canada's Confederation. It would seem that Mr. Trudeau the implementation team, as Mr. if necessary. There are laundry And then the, Prime Minister came out of it all unscathed, while Cardinal calls it. We wait atten- rooms, utility areas and large, open made his response. He immediately both sides got the message. The tively to see what June 4th of next kitchens. recognized the Indians' position of Tndians were there in strength and year will bring for the Indians of having been faced with a hundred . meant business; the government will Canada. 0 David Monture (Continued on Pa~~ Eight) Page Eight THE INDIAN NEWS June, 1970

Squamish Band (Continued from Page Seven) FARM CREDIT CORPORATION LENDS The project has sparked other B.C. Indian bands to consider sim- ilar agreements to finance reserve $933,700 TO INDIAN FARMERS housing. The Seabird Island Band, A first-year review of the opera- It must be measured in net profit, FARM CREDIT CORPORATION near Agassiz, plans a 14-house de- tions of the Farm Credit Corpora- which depends on the ability of the Head Office velopment this year with CMHC tion disclosed that 48 loans totalling farmer to make the right decisions Sir John Carling Building, backing on the Indian Affairs Min- $933,700 were made to Indian about what to produce and then 930 Carling A venue, ister's guarantee. In this case the farmers across Canada. finding the best and most econo- P.O. Box 4209, Postal Station E, 'houses will be given, rather than Nine loans totalling $278,600 mical means of producing and mar- Ottawa 1. rented, to band members. were made in Alberta; in British keting it. The fourth ingredient in Two interior bands - Kamloops Columbia there were eight for successful farming, Mr. Carr said, Branch Offices and Lytton - are also investigating $130,000; Saskatchewan, 16 total- was the individual's determination P.O. Box 249, the possibilities of a federally-guar- ling $149,400; Manitoba, 10 loans to succeed at farming. He stressed 1615 Ellis Street, anted CMHC loan for on-reserve for $281,000; Ontario, four amount- that unless all these elements are KELOWNA, B.C. housing. ing to $72,600 and one in Quebec present a loan could be a detriment for $22,000. because the borrower would be No. 3 Sir Winston Churchill FCC loans for livestock, equip- saddled with a loan he could not Square, Indian Affairs ment and other improvements are repay. 99 St. & 102A Avenue, available to Indian farmers on re- Indian farmers, under the chair- EDMONTON, Alberta. M inister Chretien serves who have secure right to manship of Chief Hilliard McNabb the occupation and use of enough of the Saskatchewan Gordon Re- 701 Midtown Tower, J Becomes Chief farmland to establish a sound farm serve, met with FCC officials re- 11th A venue & Hamilton Street, In addition to being Minister of business. Loans are guaranteed by cently in Regina to prepare sug- REGINA, Saskatchewan. Indian Affairs, the Honourable Jean the Minister of Indian Affairs and gestions for improving the loan pro- Chretien is now an Indian Chief - Northern Development because re- gram. Several of these suggestions, 267 Edmonton Street, at least, he's an honorary one. serve Indians cannot mortgage their mainly involving streamlining of WINNIPEG, Manitoba. The chieftainship was conferred land. The loan must be repaid in procedures and simplification of ap- upon Mr. Chretien by the Manitoba equal annual or semi-annual pay- plication forms have now been put 20 Eglin ton A venue East, Indian Brotherhood at its Centen- ments over a number of years, de- into effect by the Corporation. TORONTO, Ontario. If nial Week celebrations in Winnipeg pending on the purpose of the loan. you want to know more about recently. The name he was given Another requirement for a loan FCC Loans, write or phone the 2700 Laurier Blvd., was Ka-we-to-ka-kat and means is proof of ability to follow success- Corporation's Credit Advisor in STE-FOY, Quebec 10, P.Q. "Helper." ful farming methods. H . D. Carr, your area. He will be pleased to FCC Credit Policy Advisor, said explain the details to you or your Lounsbury Building, In a short address during the that success in modern farming can- fellow reserve farmers or to your Alma Street, ceremony, David Courchene, pre- not be measured by yield per acre. Band CounciL MONCTON, N.B. sident of the M.I.B. said, "During the past year there has been much confusion and misunderstanding with respect to the relationship be- gifts of oratory were now fully de- tween the Government of Canada veloped. His name meant power and the Indian people. The Govern- Tecumseh from the Great Lakes to almost the ment of Canada's white paper on by Arthur Purvis Gulf of Mexico. Now grown to full Indian policy sparked a re·action (Continued from May issue) manhood, he presented an impres- amongst Indian people leading to sive figure. About six feet tall, slim strong words and intensive negotia- When he returned home and told Fort Wayne and on the banks of the and athletic, he seemed to have an tions. of his vision, there was great re- Miami River. almost hypnotic effect on everyone "Much misunderstanding, much joicing and elaborate preparations The defeat enraged the people of who saw him. General Sam Dale, frustration and discontent, much were then made for the final part of the new republic and in 1794 an U. S. Army, said this of him: "His . time and effort has been spent by- his initiation. Before all the mem- army under General (Mad An- eyes burned with a supernatural both sides, the Government of Can- bers of his tribe, he was to face a thony) Wayne defeated the Indians lustre - His voice resounded over ada and the Indian people in trying painful ordeal. Sharp prongs were in a battle to be known as "Fallen the multitude. Now speaking in to establish a basis of dialogue and driven into the muscles of his back, Timbers". Tecumseh's loss now be- whispers, now rising to the highest a basis of new understanding. Dur- suspended by cords attached to a came more personal - his brother key, hurtling out words like a suc- ing this period the man we have long pole. The cords were tightened. had fallen. cession of thunderbolts. I have honoured today, the Honourable Tecumseh's face showed no sign of The chiefs of the Ohio basin, heard many orators, but I never saw Jean Chretien, has been as sensitive emotion. He had passed the test of tired of war, signed a treaty at one with the vocal powers of to our plea for restraint and under- a warrior! Greenville which surrendered to the Tecumseh." standing as he has been to the harsh In 1780, when Tecumseh was 12 , two-thirds of the For a short time Tecumseh's bro- words that have been directed at years old, great pressures continued Ohio country - including Old Piqua ther, Laulewasika, emerged as a him frorri timeto time. against the Shawnees. An army led - and a large portion of the In- leader. For years he had been a "We feel that it would be fitting by George Rogers Clark attacked diana territory. For this they were lazy, loud-mouthed drunkard, but to demonstrate the new spirit of and destroyed Old Piqua and the to divide among them $20,000 in due to the influence of a travelling trust and understanding that we all Indian survivors were forced to goods and a promise of a further Christian sect known as "The Shak- hope will prevail in future negotia- move to a new location on the $9,500! ers", whose adherents expressed Miami River, to be called New tions and through this demonstra- Tecumseh declined to attend the their feelings by shaking and twitch- tion, close the book on the mis- Piqua (Arising from the Ashes). Council, claiming that those present Later, however, Tecumseh, although had no right to sell or barter the ing whenever "the spirit moved understandings of this past year and them", the young Indian changed dedicate ourselves to a positive pro- taking no part in the fighting, had lands rightfully belonging to all the completely. (He stopped drinking, gram- of mutual action based on the satisfaction of watching his Indian people. He refused to even mutual concern and our community Indians administer to the American acknowledge the treaty's existence an act which pleased greatly his of interest in the advancement of Army a bad beating at Licking and split with his old ally, Chief non-drinking brother.) Claiming su- mankind." River. Blue Jacket on this issue. pernatural powers, he felt that he With the ending of the American Tecumseh now realized more than had been visited by the Master of Revolution, the stream of settlers ever before that only a United In- Life. He was to be known as "The When dipping water from now became a flood. The new re- dian Federation could stop the flood. Prophet". His doctrine was hatted the stream to drink public - The United States of Arne- He travelled far and wide enlisting against anything non-Indian. always dip with the current . rica - sent General Josiah Harmar support. Many of the older chiefs for one does not to give the settlers protection. In were now content to receive presents go against the battles that followed, Tecumseh and pensions from the government, Tecumseh will be the nature of things distinguished himself in the defeats but the younger warriors came over continued next month (from old Iroquois philosophy) of Generals Harmar and St. Clair at to his cause by the hundreds. His