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HISTORIA GEOLÓGICA DEL CLIMA EN CANARIAS Por J HISTORIA GEOLÓGICA DEL CLIMA EN CANARIAS Por J. Meco y colaboradores Editado por Joaquín Meco Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2008 HISTORIA GEOLÓGICA 2008 DEL CLIMA EN CANARIAS por Joaquín Meco editor Laboratorio de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, ULPGC. 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España [email protected] COLABORADORES © Joaquín Meco Geología y Paleontología Juan Francisco Betancort Javier Ballester Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, ULPGC. 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España [email protected] [email protected] Radiocronometría Michel Fontugne Hervé Guillou Stéphane Scaillet Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-CNRS 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Estratigrafía Alejandro Lomoschitz Antonio Cilleros Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, ULPGC 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España [email protected] [email protected] Volcanología Juan Carlos Carracedo Estación Volcanológica de Canarias, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA-CSIC 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, España [email protected] Diseño Editorial: Gustavo Martín Paleoclimatología en zonas áridos © Joaquín Meco (editor) Nicole Petit-Maire Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de Depósito legal: G.C. 722-2008 l'Homme - Economies, Sociétés et ISBN: 978-84-691-5551-6 Environnements Préhistoriques MMSH- ESEP 13094 Aix en Provence, France Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2008 [email protected] 2 Teledetección 2008 Antonio Juan González Ramos Estación Espacial SEAS Canarias Ecologia, Departamento de Biología, editor ULPGC, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria [email protected] Arqueología María Antonia Perera Betancort © Joaquín Meco Servicio de Patrimonio Histórico del Cabildo de Lanzarote. 35500 Arrecife de Lanzarote [email protected] Paleobotánica Emilio Soler-Onís Banco Nacional de Algas, Centro de Biotecnología Marina, ULPG Muelle de taliarte 35214 Telde, Gran Canaria, España [email protected] Topografía Pino Medina Isidro Díaz L.1. 35628 Tarajalejo,Tuineje, España [email protected] Cambio climático Mercedes Montesinos Gabinete Técnico, Secretaria General para la Prevención de la Contaminación y del Cambio Climático, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid [email protected] Documentación y Traducción científica Joaquín Miguel Meco Biblioteca Universitaria, ULPGC [email protected] CARTOGRÁFICA DE CANARIAS, S.A. (GRAFCAN) http//www.grafcan.com ha cedido y autorizado el uso del Mapa Topográfico de GRAFCAN y FOTO AÉREA utilizados como base en las figuras 2.14, 2.21, 3.1, 3.20, 3.29, 3.41,3.48, 3.51, 6.1, 6.10, 6.27, 6.33 y 6.43. La documentación bibliográfica utilizada en taxonomía procede de la Abteilung Bibliotheken Naturhistorisches Museum Wien gracias a su Directora Andrea Kourgly y al Dr. Schultz. 3 PREÁMBULO . 7 2008 01 ESTUDIOS PRECEDENTES editor Y CONSIDERACIONES PREVIAS . 14 INDICE Restos marinos pre-tortonienses • Trabajos publicados Depósitos marinos mio-pliocenos • Trabajos publicados © Joaquín Meco Lanzarote Salinas de Janubio Los Ajaches - Playa Quemada Rasas marinas Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Tenerife La Palma • Comentario crítico Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Depósitos terrestres • Las calcretas • Los paleosuelos El Holoceno de Guatiza El Tardiglacial de las islas orientales Depósitos marinos cuaternarios • El Geliense La sunami de Agaete • El Pleistoceno medio tardío Costa de Arucas Piedra Alta • El Pleistoceno superior Las Palmas Dataciones El falso MIS 5.1 • El Holoceno PARTE PRIMERA: MIOCENO Y PLIOCENO 02 LAS VÍAS DEL MÉTODO . 52 Criterio paleontológico • Terno de especies guía • Terno de confirmación crono-estratigráfica • El entramado paleontológico Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria • Un Argonauta en el Plioceno inferior de Las Palmas 4 Criterio topográfico • Medición 2008 • Contraste en la altimetría editor Criterio cronométrico • Puntos singulares INDICE Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Conclusión general inmediata © Joaquín Meco Interacción de los criterios utilizados: el caso de los fósiles del género Nerita • Datos bibliográficos (Canarias) • Localidades • Edades atribuídas • Datos bibliográficos (islas Salvajes y Azores) • Historia taxonómica • Las diagnosis • Consideraciones sobre el material canario • El nombre de la especie canaria • Estadística Procedencia e interés geológico Biometría Metodología • Resultados Ecología y paleoclima • Localidades geográficas Costa de África e islotes Islas • Biotopo Conclusión bioestratigráfica 03 DISCURSO GEOLÓGICO . 90 Los depósitos miocenos y pliocenos • Lanzarote • Fuerteventura: costa occidental Depósitos marinos Depósitos terrestres Jandía y sur de Fuerteventura • Gran Canaria • La Palma 04 CLIMA FRENTE A TECTÓNICA . 141 Neotectónica en el Mioceno y en el Plioceno canarios Paleoclimatología • El paleoclima ecuatorial canario • El nivel del mar mio-plioceno • El primer cambio climático neógeno en Canarias La naturaleza de los barrilitos Las más antiguas ootecas en Canarias 5 PARTE SEGUNDA: EL CUATERNARIO 2008 05 EVOLUCIÓN EÓLICA . 153 editor El Geliense (entre 2.59 millones de años y 1.81 ma) INDICE Agua Tres Piedras El Pleistoceno inferior (entre 1.81 ma y 0.78 ma) La gran calcreta © Joaquín Meco El Pleistoceno medio Los paleosuelos El Pleistoceno superior (entre 1.126 ma y 0.0115 ma) El Holoceno (desde 0.0115 ma hasta nuestros días) 06 EVOLUCIÓN MARINA . 186 El Geliense en Agaete (entre 2.59 ma - 1.65 ma*) El Pleistoceno medio tardío (entre 0.42 ma y 0.126 ma) Costa de Arucas (interglacial estadio marino isotópico 11.3) Piedra Alta (interglacial estadio marino isotópico 9) El Pleistoceno superior temprano (estadio marino isotópico 5) El último interglacial o estadio marino isotópico 5.5 Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) Matas Blancas (Fuerteventura) El Holoceno (los últimos 11.500 años) 07 PALEOCLIMATOLOGÍA . 230 Hitos paleoclimáticos en Canarias El paradigma paleoclimático. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS . 244 TABLAS . 272 6 2008 editor © Joaquín Meco Medice, cura te ipsum (Vulgata, Secundum Lucam, 4.23) PREÁMBULO J. Meco Palinodia Esta historia geológica del clima en Canarias surge por la necesidad moral de rectificar la información errónea aparecida en Paleoclimatología del Neógeno en las Islas Canarias: Geliense. Pleistoceno y Holoceno (Meco et alii 2006) sobre el estadio isotópico marino 5.1 montado sobre una datación radiométrica (83 ka) de unos basaltos con lavas almohadilladas asociados a un depósito marino fosilífero aparecido en La Isleta en la isla de Gran Canaria. Estos depósitos, cuya fauna se ha estudiado con más detalle, son de época mio-pliocena. De hecho, esto lo supi- mos desde el primer momento y su descripción formaba parte de los contenidos en Paleoclimatología del Neógeno en las Islas Canarias: Mioceno y Plioceno (Meco et alii 2005) pero, al tener conocimiento de la datación cuando ya estaba el volu- men (2005) en la imprenta y con las prisas siempre malas que ello producía se eli- minó de ese volumen y su nueva interpretación ya errónea, basada sólo en la edad radiométrica y en una escasa fauna con aparente variabilidad, se incluyó en el otro volumen (2006). Ahora, aprovechando la tecnología futura ya a nuestro alcance aportamos esta versión digital, unificada, corregida y aumentada. Introducción a la Parte Primera La superficie de la Tierra está entre dos fuegos. Uno proviene de su interior y es visible en los volcanes activos, pero también es alma de un planeta vivo. Cuando el interior de la Tierra acabe su proceso de enfriamiento será un planeta muerto como tantos. Mientras está vivo se escinden y desplazan continentes y sur- gen montañas. El otro fuego es el sol, y entre ambos fabrican el clima. Todo lo demás que ocurre en la superficie de la Tierra es producto del clima. El clima cam- bia con la variación de la temperatura, la temperatura varía con la radiación solar recibida. La radiación solar recibida depende de la trayectoria astronómica de la Tierra. Todo ello ocurrido en unos fugaces pocos miles de millones de años. 7 Del clima depende lo sospechado y lo insospechado. Tanto rocas formadas a 2008 partir de sedimentos glaciares, eólicos, lacustres, marinos, aluviales como la vida sésil y la animada. Está bien documentada en paleontología la transformación de los équidos a raíz del cambio climático ocurrido en Norteamérica durante el editor Cenozoico que convirtió los bosques en praderas. Se hicieron herbívoros y apren- dieron a correr muy bien hasta adquirir su forma actual y lucirse en los hipódro- mos. El hombre es también un producto climático, al menos su aspecto. Aunque frágil como individuo es poderoso como especie, máxime en estos momentos en que, en menos de un siglo, ha proliferado pasando de mil millones a seis mil © Joaquín Meco millones de personas y en menos de tres siglos ha montado una increible civiliza- ción industrial a costa de un desorbitado gasto energético. Gasto energético empleado en su propia subsistencia y en el alto nivel de vida de algunos países. Su dispersión y estilo de vida le hace vulnerable ante variaciones en el clima. De ahí el interés en desentrañar los mecanismos del clima y para ello es esen- cial conocer su pasado. El ingenio del hombre se está empleando en ello a fondo. Se busca en antiguos registros meteorológicos y apenas se llega a un siglo. También en los archivos históricos y parroquiales hay datos sobre inundaciones, hambrunas, rogativas y se llega a conocer algo más. Para tiempos más antiguos, mucho más
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