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Dissertation / Doctoral Thesis DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis Die Entstehung der Apostolischen Administration Burgenland. Die kirchenrechtliche Regelung des Burgenlandes durch den Heiligen Stuhl 1918-1922 verfasst von / submitted by Mag. Péter Schmidt angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 092 312 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Geschichte field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: a.o. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Marija Wakounig, MAS Inhaltsverzeichnis 0. Vorwort ................................................................................................................................ 3 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 5 2. Überblick über Quellenlage und Forschungsgeschichte ...................................................... 7 2.1 Kurze Vorstellung der untersuchten Archivbestände und Sekundärquellen beiderseits der österreichisch-ungarischen Grenze ....................................................... 7 2.2 Quellenlage in den österreichischen Archiven ............................................................. 7 2.3 Die ungarischen Archivbestände .................................................................................. 9 2.4 Die österreichische Fachliteratur ................................................................................ 12 2.5 Ungarische Sekundärquellen ...................................................................................... 26 3. Die politische und kirchenrechtliche Situation Westungarns vor 1918 ............................. 40 4. Politischer Hintergrund: Westungarn wird Österreich zugesprochen (1919) .................... 41 5. Österreichische und ungarische Vorstellungen über die kirchenrechtliche Neuregelung des westungarischen Gebietes: Von der Errichtung von Vikariaten bis zur „Diözese Ödenburg“ .................................................................................................... 42 6. Diplomatische Aktivität der beiden betroffenen Staaten beim Heiligen Stuhl .................. 50 6.1 Österreichische Schritte beim Vatikan bis zur Ödenburger Volksabstimmung ......... 50 6.2 Diplomatische Bemühungen Ungarns bis zum Jahresende 1921 ............................... 62 6.3 Vom Ödenburger Plebiszit bis zur Regelung der kirchenrechtlichen Stellung des Burgenlandes. Die Durchsetzung des österreichischen Standpunktes........................ 73 6.4 Die Rolle Ludwig von Pastors in der Burgenlandfrage im Spiegel der vatikanischen Kirchenpolitik ...................................................................................... 84 6.5 Ungarischer Widerstand gegen die Errichtung der Apostolischen Administration des Burgenlandes nach der Volksabstimmung von Ödenburg ................................... 87 6.6 Die Reaktion Ungarns auf die kirchenrechtliche Loslösung des Burgenlandes ......... 91 7. Die Position des Vatikans in der Burgenlandfrage in den ersten Nachkriegsjahren ......... 93 7.1 Die Politik von Benedikt XV. und Pius XI. ................................................................ 93 7.2 Die Rolle des Kardinalsstaatssekretärs Gasparri ...................................................... 102 7.3 Nuntiaturen in Wien und Budapest ........................................................................... 106 8. Kirchenfürsten beiderseits der veränderten Grenze: Die Oberhirten von Westungarn/Burgenland .................................................................. 115 8.1 Anton Fetser, Bischof von Raab ............................................................................... 116 8.2 Johannes Mikes, Bischof von Steinamanger ............................................................ 118 8.3 Friedrich Gustav Piffl, erster Apostolischer Administrator des Burgenlandes ........ 120 1 9. Die Westungarn-Politik der Bischöfe von Raab und Steinamanger ................................ 123 9.1 Innerkirchliche Korrespondenz auf höchster Ebene in der westungarischen Frage . 128 9.2 Zusammenarbeit mit der Budapester Regierung und mit der Nationalarmee .......... 137 9.3 Das Verhältnis der westungarischen Oberhirten zu den revisionistischen Vereinen .................................................................................................................... 148 9.4 Firmungsreisen von Bischof Mikes in Westungarn .................................................. 150 10. Geistlichkeit, Lehrerschaft und Gläubige – die Diözesanpolitik von Bischof Fester und Mikes ....................................................... 152 10.1.1 Geistliche als Abgeordnete in der Westungarnfrage. Ihre Rolle in den christlichsozialen Bewegungen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg .......................... 152 10.1.2 Proösterreichische Priester .............................................................................. 163 10.1.3 Ungarisch gesinnte Seelsorger ........................................................................ 168 10.1.4 Die Medienpräsenz von Klerikern in der Westungarnfrage ............................ 180 10.2 Schulpolitik in Westungarn und die Situation der Lehrerschaft ............................ 186 10.3 Die Einstellung der Gläubigen in Westungarn zum Anschluss an Österreich ....... 193 11. Diözesanpolitische Wende in Steinamanger in der Frage Westungarns 1921 .............. 200 12. Die Errichtung der Apostolischen Administration Burgenland 1922 ........................... 203 13. Nachwort ....................................................................................................................... 205 14. Bibliographie ................................................................................................................. 207 15. Abbildungen .................................................................................................................. 217 Abstract (deutsch) ................................................................................................................. 223 Abstract (English) ................................................................................................................. 224 2 0. Vorwort Einleitend zu der hier vorliegenden Arbeit möchte ich mich bei all denen herzlich bedanken, die während der langen, über ein Jahrzehnt sich hinziehenden Forschungs- und Schaffungsperiode zu ihrem Gelingen beigetragen haben. Zu allererst möchte ich a.o. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Marija Wakounig, MAS, für ihre Bereitschaft danken, das Dissertationsvorhaben in letzter Minute, trotz knapper zeitlicher Termine als Betreuerin übernommen zu haben. Nicht zuletzt aber auch für ihre jahrelange Unterstützung und Ermutigung, ohne die die Arbeit wohl nicht zum Abschluss gebracht worden wäre. Für die Übernahme der Zweitprüferrolle möchte ich Univ.-Prof. i.R. Dr. Arnold Suppan meinen Dank ausdrücken. Meine besondere Dankbarkeit gilt meinem langjährigen Betreuer, em. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Horst Haselsteiner, nicht nur für die Empfehlung des Dissertationsthemas, sondern auch für all die Hilfe und Ratschläge, die ich in den letzten Jahren von ihm erhalten hatte – sei es die Erlangung von Stipendien oder die Knüpfung wertvoller wissenschaftlichen Kontakte gewesen. Aber am meisten für sein väterliches Wohlwollen, mit dem er die Entwicklung der Doktorarbeit, wie auch mein gesamtes Geschichtsstudium begleitet hatte. Meine dankbare Erinnerung gilt dem ungarischen Kirchenhistoriker Prof. Dr. Jenő Gergely (1944–2009), dem Leiter des Doktorandenkollegs für Geschichtswissenschaften an der Loránd-Eötvös-Universität Budapest, der mir während meines Stipendiums von der Stiftung Aktion Österreich-Ungarn als Betreuer mit vielen nützlichen Ratschlägen geholfen hat. Ihm verdanke ich auch die Bekanntschaft zu Prof. Dr. theol. Dr. theol. h.c. Gabriel Adriányi, dem langjährigen Professor für die Kirchengeschichte Osteuropas an der Universität Bonn, dessen Vorschläge die Dissertation auch gefördert haben. An dieser Stelle möchte ich auch dem Europa Institut Budapest danken, dessen Stipendiat ich von März 2005 bis Februar 2006 sein durfte, sowie der oben erwähnten Stiftung Aktion Österreich-Ungarn, welche mir von Oktober 2007 bis Jänner 2008 ebenfalls ein Stipendium gewährte. Am Anfang meiner Forschungsarbeit hatte ich vom damaligen ehemaligen Leiter des Archivs der Diözese Eisenstadt, Dr. Hans Peter Zelfel, nicht nur Material aus den dortigen Archivbeständen erhalten, sondern auf selbstloser Weise stellte er mir auch seine eigenen Forschungsunterlagen zur Verfügung. Diese Großzügigkeit wurde mir auch vom Doyen der burgenländischen Kirchengeschichtsschreibung, Prälat Josef Rittsteuer (1914–2015) zuteil, dem ich eine komplette Sammlung an ausgewählten Dokumenten aus dem Österreichischen Staatsarchiv verdanke. Ich bin für ihre Hilfsbereitschaft und Vertrauen sehr dankbar! 3 Während meiner jeweils einjährigen Recherchetätigkeit in den Diözesanarchiven Raab/Győr und Steinamanger/Szombathely erhielt ich vom dortigen Archivpersonal Unterstützung, die vielfach über die Dienstleistung eines Archivs hinausging. Aus diesem Grunde möchte ich dem Direktor des Diözesanarchivs Raab, Ádám Vajk und seinem Mitarbeiter Gábor Nemes meinen Dank ausdrücken, sowie der ehemaligen Leiterin des Diözesanarchivs Steinamanger, Borbála Kisfalviné Cselenkó, und den späteren Leitern des
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