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An Inquiry Into How Members of the Greek Cypriot Diaspora of Australia Have Coped with the Issue of the Missing Persons of Cyprus

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An Inquiry Into How Members of the Greek Cypriot Diaspora of Australia Have Coped with the Issue of the Missing Persons of Cyprus An inquiry into how members of the Greek Cypriot Diaspora of Australia have coped with the issue of the Missing Persons of Cyprus. An auto-ethnographical case study of relatives of Missing Persons from the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Submitted by ANDREA STYLIANOU M.A. (Research-based) Flinders University, South Australia, Australia _________ B.A. (Journalism/Communications) Deakin University, Victoria, Australia _________ B.Sc. (Pharmacology and Microbiology/Immunology) The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia A thesis dissertation submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Department of International Studies, Faculty of Arts Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia December 2015 i © Andrea Stylianou December 2015 This PhD thesis dissertation is copyright ©. The Copyright Act 1968 permits fair dealing for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages or ideas (except for brief review, may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) may not be reproduced without the written permission from author Andrea Stylianou. Email notification at: [email protected] This thesis project was awarded a Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship (MQRES), and is a recipient of the Innovative Universities European Union (IUEU) Centre scholarship. The project also received a small amount of funding from the Republic of Cyprus. Disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the author does not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. ii Table of Contents DEDICATION ........................................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... VIII STATEMENT OF CANDIDATURE ............................................................... IX PUBLICATIONS/CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS RELATED TO RESEARCH FROM THIS PROJECT ............................................................................... X ABSTRACT (SUMMARY) ............................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 1 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 4 1.1 PRIMARY RESEARCH SOURCES ................................................................................................. 6 1.2 INTERVIEW PROCESS : OPEN -ENDED VS CLOSED -ENDED QUESTIONS .................................... 9 1.3 SAMPLE SIZE ........................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 ETHICS COMMITTEE CONSENT ............................................................................................... 11 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 16 1.6 INTERNET RESEARCH .............................................................................................................. 16 1.7 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 - AUTO-ETHNOGRAPHY IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH AND IN RECALLING POLITICAL AND HUMANITARIAN EVENTS ............................ 19 DEFINING ETHNOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 19 DEFINING AUTO-ETHNOGRAPHY - WHY SELF -REFLECTION IS APPROPRIATE FOR THIS DISSERTATION ............................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHNOGRAPHY AND AUTO -ETHNOGRAPHY ................................. 21 2.2 CYPRIOTS AND ETHNOGRAPHY , AUTO -ETHNOGRAPHY ........................................................ 21 2.3 ETHNOGRAPHY AND AUTO -ETHNOGRAPHY AS A VALUABLE QUALITATIVE SOCIAL SCIENCE ......................................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3 - LITERATURE ON MISSING PERSONS FROM CYPRUS AND FROM OTHER INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS ........................................... 26 3.1 ETHNOGRAPHY AND THE STUDY OF GREEKS AND CYPRIOTS .............................................. 27 3.2 MISSING PERSONS OF CYPRUS ............................................................................................... 40 3.3 BIOGRAPHIES OF GREEK CYPRIOTS WITH MISSING PERSON ’S RELATIVES ....................... 46 3.4 BLOGS AND WEBSITES ABOUT MISSING PERSONS OF CYPRUS ............................................. 57 3.5 MISSING PERSONS IN WARFARE FROM INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT ................................... 57 CHAPTER 4 - BACKGROUND TO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN CONFLICT AND WARFARE ............ 65 THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS .......................................................................................................... 66 NUREMBERG TRIALS (FROM 1945 TO 1949) ................................................................................ 66 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ............................................................................................ 69 iii 4.1 HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW OF MISSING PERSONS .................................... 82 CHAPTER 5 - BRIEF SUMMARY ON CYPRUS GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 94 5.1 GEOPOLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CYPRUS ........................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 6 - MODERN HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS ......... 103 6.1 CYPRUS UNDER THE BRITISH (1878 TO 1960) ..................................................................... 103 6.2 CYPRUS ’ STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE ........................................................................... 106 6.3 SUMMARY OF THE CONSTITUTION ....................................................................................... 111 6.4 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR PEACE ..................... 117 6.5 PEACE TALKS AND REFERENCE TO MISSING PERSONS ...................................................... 128 CHAPTER 7 - UPDATE ON THE MISSING PERSONS OF CYPRUS FROM THE 1974 TURKISH INVASION ...................................................................... 131 7.1 VARIATION IN NUMBER OF MISSING PERSONS ................................................................... 132 7.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. 135 7.3 MISSING PERSONS IDENTIFICATION PROCESS .................................................................... 139 7.4 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ..................................................................................................... 142 7.5 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 149 CHAPTER 8 - UNTOLD STORIES: INSIGHT INTO MISSING PERSONS ..... 150 8.1 CYPRIOT DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA ..................................................................................... 150 8.2 GENERAL PROFILE OF THE AVERAGE CYPRUS -BORN MIGRANT IN AUSTRALIA .............. 152 8.3 HISTORY OF CYPRIOT COMMUNITIES THROUGHOUT AUSTRALIA ................................... 153 8.4 CYPRIOT LOBBY GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA ............................................................................ 155 8.5 PUBLIC PERCEPTION ON ISSUE OF MISSING PERSONS ....................................................... 158 8.6 AN OPEN WOUND – HOW THE MISSING PERSONS OF CYPRUS HAS IMPACTED ON THE GREEK DIASPORA IN AUSTRALIA – PERSONAL ACCOUNTS OF RELATIVES LEFT BEHIND ..... 162 CLOSURE AND NEED FOR BURIAL OF REMAINS ......................................................................... 165 LACK OF COMMUNICATION FROM AUTHORITIES ..................................................................... 174 MENTAL ANXIETY ....................................................................................................................... 180 PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING ............................................................................................... 194 8.7 THE FATE OF INTERVIEWEES : A DISCUSSION .................................................................... 198 8.8 MY STORY — AUTHOR’S PERSONAL CONFRONTATION WITH HER PAST ..................................................................................................... 206 CHAPTER 9 - PROBLEM SOLVING MODELS: THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY’S RESPONSIBILITY FOR MISSING PERSONS IN WARFARE AND CONFLICT ..................................................................................... 222 9.1 ESTABLISHING AN INDEPENDENT BODY TO INVESTIGATE MISSING PERSONS IN WARFARE ..................................................................................................................................................... 222 9.2 STRATEGY AND MODEL ON SETTING UP A GLOBAL MISSING PERSONS ORGANISATION . 224 MISSING PERSON ACTION PLAN (M PAP) ................................................................................. 237 9.3 USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA – ITS IMPORTANCE IS NOT TO BE IGNORED
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