Zooplankton and Its Role in North Sea Food Webs

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Zooplankton and Its Role in North Sea Food Webs Zooplankton and its role in North Sea food webs: Community structure and selective feeding by pelagic fish in Belgian marine waters Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research ILVO Ankerstraat 1 8400 Oostende Belgium Faculty of Sciences Academic year 2012-2013 Publically defended on 31/5/2013 For citation to published work reprinted in this thesis, please refer to the original publications (as mentioned at the beginning of each chapter). Van Ginderdeuren K (2013) Zooplankton and its role in North Sea food webs: community structure and selective feeding by Pelagic fish in Belgian marine waters. Ghent university (Ugent), 226pp. Zooplankton and its role in North Sea food webs: Community structure and selective feeding by pelagic fish in Belgian marine waters Zooplankton en diens rol in Noordzee voedselwebben: Gemeenschapsstructuur en selectief foerageergedrag door pelagische vissen in Belgische mariene wateren Karl Van Ginderdeuren Promotor Prof. Dr. Magda Vincx ILVO Promotor Dr. Kris Hostens Academic year 2012-2013 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Marine Sciences Members of the examination committee Members of the reading committee* Prof. Dr. Micky Tackx* Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France Dr. Elvire Antajan* IFREMER, Boulogne, France Dr. André Cattrijsse* VLIZ, Oostende, Belgium Prof. Dr. Ann Vanreusel* Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Prof. Dr. Magda Vincx, Promotor Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Dr. Kris Hostens, Copromotor ILVO, Oostende, Belgium Dr. Sofie Vandendriessche ILVO, Oostende, Belgium Prof. Dr. Jan Mees VLIZ, Oostende, Belgium Dr. Jan Vanaverbeke Ghent University, Gent, Belgium Prof. Dr. Steven Degraer MUMM, Brussel, Belgium Prof. Dr. Koen Sabbe, Chairman Ghent University, Gent, Belgium TABLE OF CONTENTS DANKWOORD i SUMMARY v SAMENVATTING xiii CHAPTER 1. General introduction 1 CHAPTER 2. Updating the zooplankton species list for the Belgian part 21 of the North Sea Annex 1. Distribution of the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi 37 in the Belgian part of the North Sea CHAPTER 3. The mesozooplankton species association in the Belgian part 49 of the North Sea CHAPTER 4. Selective feeding by pelagic fish in the Belgian part of the North Sea 71 Annex 1. First record of the pelagic fish species blue whiting 103 Micromesistius poutassou in the Belgian part of the North Sea CHAPTER 5. General discussion, conclusions and future challenges 109 ADDENDUM 1. Appendix to Chapter 2 135 ADDENDUM 2. Appendix to Chapter 2 Annex 1 143 ADDENDUM 3. Appendix to Chapter 3 147 ADDENDUM 4. Appendix to Chapter 4 151 CITED LITERATURE 157 PUBLICATION LIST Karl Van Ginderdeuren (as on 11/5/2013) 193 In my quest for pelagic enlightenment I remain confused, but on a higher level DANKWOORD Na menig jaren van hard labeur is eindelijk het moment gekomen waarop ik iedereen mag bedanken die hielp bij het tot stand komen van dit proefschrift. In een doctoraat doe je veel dingen alleen, maar toch kan je het op je eentje niet allemaal bolwerken. Daarom zijn een paar oprechte woorden van dank niet misplaatst. Aan het hoofd van mijn onderzoek stond Professor Magda Vincx, de leading lady van Marbiol. Magda, bedankt voor je steeds heldere uitleg en voor de concrete antwoorden op e-mails die er haast sneller kwamen dan dat ik ze gestuurd had. Maar vooral, omdat je steevast geloofde in het pelagische project en voor het zelfvertrouwen dat je mij gaf. Toen ik twijfelde aan mezelf, deed jij dat niet en gaf je steun. Zal ik nooit vergeten. In praktijk voerde ik mijn doctoraat uit aan ILVO - Groep Biologisch Milieuonderzoek, in Oostende. Een instituut dat blijft groeien, met veel leuke mensen alsook naaste collega’s die mij bijstonden. In eerste instantie mijn copromotor Kris Hostens. Kris, je bent een zeer druk bezet man maar maakte op kritische momenten van mijn doctoraat toch tijd vrij om mij te begeleiden. Toen het kind gekocht moest worden, las je alle teksten na, en je inbreng verhoogde telkens de kwaliteit van mijn werk. Gert, Sofie en Annelies, beter gekend als de drie wijzen van Biomon. Ik heb veel aan jullie gehad. Geen enkele statistische vraag bleef onbeantwoord en ook al hadden jullie weinig ervaring met zoöplankton werk, de manier van onderzoeken kenden jullie wel. Zonder jullie was het niet gelukt. Slidemaster Hans, we hebben veel gelachen en menig zeegespuis beeldvullend op de plaat gezet. Je computer hulp kwam altijd op het juiste moment. Bedankt ook aan Bart Sonck en Kris Cooreman als bestuurders van ILVO Aquatisch Milieu en Kwaliteit om mij de kans te geven op het ILVO te doctoreren. Wie wel veel wist over zoöplankton onderzoek, waren de buitenlandse onderzoekers van de ICES WGZE en WGLESP werkgroepen waarvan ik deel uitmaakte. Zij beantwoordden veel praktische vragen in het begin van mijn doctoraat. Dank met name aan Peter Wiebe, Roger Harris, Mark Benfield, Cecilia Broms en Steve Hay. Hierbij aansluitend wil ik ook graag mijn i DANKWOORD buddy in het ILVO pelagics team, Lies Vansteenbrugge, bedanken. Lies, uw enthousiasme werkt aanstekelijk en net als ik ben je met de kwallen aan een minder evidente soortengroep begonnen. Toch ga je vlot vooruit. Ik vind je een voorbeeld voor doctorandi. De juryleden verdienen eveneens een woord van dank om deze thesis grondig te evalueren: Professoren Micky Tackx, Ann Vanreusel, Steven Degraer en Jan Mees, alsook postdocs Elvire Antajan, Sofie Vandendriessche, André Cattrijsse, Jan Vanaverbeke en bovengenoemde promotoren. Micky, jij kende mij niet toen ik nog een groentje was dat net een doctoraatsbeurs binnengehaald had. Toch beantwoordde je al mijn (soms irrelevante) vragen en zette je me op weg. André, bedankt voor je hulp bij het vissen en de vele staalnames. Zonder jou en de praktische hulp van het VLIZ waren de staalnames niet gelukt. Jan V., heel erg bedankt voor je vele hulp bij de revisie van mijn statistiek. Elvire, c’était toi qui m’encadrais sur la Thalassa quand je faisais mes premiers pas dans la recherche du zooplancton. Tu vérifiais les identifications et tu trouvais toujours le temps de répondre à mes questions. Je te remercie également pour le temps agréable que j’ai pu passer sur la Thalassa. Een hechte groep vrienden zorgde voor afleiding en enige nuance in een anders door copepoden gedomineerd bestaan. Iwan, Pieter-Jan, René en Jan: de zoogdier queesten gingen soms hard en waren niet altijd ontspannend te noemen (negen nachten vruchteloos op een brug in de bergen staan “shinen” voor Pyrenese desman valt niet echt te typeren als normaal vakantiegedrag), maar waren pure fun. Ik wil dit nog lang blijven doen met jullie. Pieter-Jan, de menige foto uitstappen zijn een echte uitlaat klep. Meer van dat copain! Tine, de zalige dagen dat jij piano speelde en ik aan uw bureau zat te typen zijn lang niet meer op één hand te tellen. Good times. Brecht, Thijs en Martijn: de Tomato Boyz komen door buitenlandse avonturen allerlei minder samen dan vroeger. Ik mis de ontspanning die we samen hadden en kijk uit naar toekomstige activiteiten. An-Sofie, onze wegen zijn gescheiden tijdens dit doctoraat. Je toekomst ligt nu open, ik wens je het beste. ii DANKWOORD Anne-laure, je bent diegene die vaak belt en al lachend binnenvalt. Super spontaan en aanstekelijk. Jij was er altijd voor me in tijden dat het minder ging. Bedankt voor zoveel, maar vooral voor je vriendschap. Elisabeth, als ik weer eens zat te stressen of erdoor zat door slapeloosheid, nuanceerde jij alles. Je bent er altijd voor me en dat zal ik nooit vergeten. Je hebt een hart van goud en ik vind je fantastisch. Tenslotte wil ik ook mijn familie bedanken. Vader, jij nam me van kinds af aan mee in de bossen, leende me uw fototoestel uit en leerde me dat wat je ook doet, je het goed moet doen. Een belangrijke les. Lieve moeder, Je hebt me altijd mijn ding laten doen, zelfs toen ik mijn eerste lonen integraal spendeerde aan natuurreizen en grote lenzen. Jan, bedankt voor je onophoudelijke inzet voor ons allen alsook voor je vele schrijftips. Sofie en Bastien, ik kan me geen betere zus en schoonbroer wensen. Graag had ik ten slotte twee grootouders Willy en Alida nog willen bedanken, die in belangrijke mate bijgedragen hebben aan mijn opgroeien en opvoeding. Twee sterke karakters die respect verdienen. Karl Mei 2013 iii SUMMARY The pelagic zone, i.e. the water column from the surface to the bottom of a water body, constitutes the biggest habitat in the world. This water body is not only big, it is also of very high ecological importance, since a vast majority of aquatic species, and more specific fish species, spend at least part of their life in this zone, either as larvae or as adults. The zooplankton -i.e. animals that passively drift in the water column- is typically found in the pelagic zone worldwide. Zooplankton communities are crucial in marine food webs, not only because of their sheer abundance and their high diversity, but also for the vital trophic ecosystem functions they fulfill - especially in the pelagic food web - be it as main grazers of phytoplankton or as main prey for many fish and other higher trophic levels. Zooplanktonic organisms help to shape the extent of climate change through carbon fixation via the biological pump, but are paradoxically themselves very susceptible to a changing climate. Different ecosystem components (trophic groups) are phenologically responding in different ways to changing environmental conditions (eutrophication, temperature increase…) in the North Sea. This can lead to mismatches between successive trophic levels, and disturb the synchrony between primary, secondary and tertiary producers. Pelagic fish are influenced directly and indirectly by climatic variation, as increasing water temperatures in the eastern Atlantic climate provoke a northward fish migration and lead to changes in the presence and development of their zooplanktonic prey.
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