ree2) GRAGSON:USE OF PALMS BY THE PUME

Principes, 36(3), 1992, pp. I33-I42

The Use of Palms by the Pume Indians of SouthwesternVenezuela

TBo L. GRecsolr Department of Anthropology, Unit:ersity of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602

Asstnecr Background

This paper presents information on the patterns The Pum6 inhabit the Llanos de Apure of use of Astrocdryum jauari, Euterpe precatoria, located in southwesternVenezuela west of flexuosa, and among the Orinoco river and south of the Apure the Pum6, a native American group living in the seasonallyinundated savannaregion of southwestern river (Fig. l). The Llanos de Apure have . Palm products form an integral part of an average elevation of less than 200 m everyday Pum6 life providing fiber, food, and shelter. above m.s.l. and lie at the center of the The use of these four genera of palms by the Pum,1 tropical savannaextending from the Delta to their use among other South American is compared northeastern Venezuela peoples. of the Orinoco in to the Guaviare river in southern Colom- bia. The mostcharacteristic landscape fea- In this paper are describedthe uses of tures of the area occupied by the Pum6 A sLroe a ryum j auari, Eute r pe p recatoria, are longitudinal sand dunes less than I0 Mauritia f.exuosa, and Mauritiella acu- m high, 20-50 m wide, and up to 500 m leata amongthe Pum6, a native American long (Morales 1979). Average annual rain- group living in the seasonallyinundated fall in the area occupied by the Pum6 is savannaregion of southwesternVenezuela. nearly 2,000 mm, but mostprecipitation The close relation between humans and is concentrated in a six month rainy sea- palms in lowland has been son. This climatic characteristic combined long remarked upon by botanistsand eth- with the slight gradient of the Llanos de nographers(Wallace 1853, Levi-Strauss Apure resultsin extensiveflooding that can 1950, Beckerman1977, Anderson1978, last from one to I0 months of the year Balick and Beck 1990). Despitethe fact and be as deepas I m (Zink 1986, Andel that only a few palm species have ever and Postma 1954, FAO 1965, Goosen been domesticatedworldwide, palms prob- r964). ably provide more economic benefits to The 1983 Indian Censusof Venezuela humans in the form of food, fiber, building recordeda total Pum6 populationof 3,873 materials.fuelwood. and folk medicinethan (OCEI 1985). Of this total, about 837o any other family of , including grasses refer to themselvesas bea lthonomePum6 and legumes(Uhl and Dransfield 1988, and are calfedYaruroby Spanishspeakers Johnson 1988, Beckerman 1979, Levi- (a name also commonly used in historic Strauss 1950, Balick 1986, Clement and older ethnographicaccounts). The bea l9BB). This is also true among the Pum6 khonome Pum6 live in permanent villages for whom palms provide fiber to manufac- along the major rivers running through the ture artifacts and clothing, food in the form Llanos de Apure: the Arauca, the Cunavi- offruits, palm heart, and grubs, and che, the Capanaparo,the Riecito, and to used to thatch housesand make additional a lesser extent the Cinaruco. Their sub- artifacts. sistenceis basedpredominately on manioc PRINCIPES [Vor. 36

Capanaparo,the Cinaruco, and the Riecito CARIDBEAN8EA rivers and processedby Stephen Tillett, UniversidadCentral de Venezuela.Voucher specimens and duplicates are currently depositedin the Dr. Victor Manuel Ovalles Herbarium (MYF), but matching sets will eventually be placed at the Venezuelan National Herbarium (VEN) and the New I / f BRAZTL York Botanical Garden (NY). The palm speciesreported in this paper are part of this collectionand their determinationswere made or confirmed by Andrew Henderson I. Location of the Pum6 within Venezuela (NY). The descriptionsof palm biology and ecology in the next section derive from horticulture supplemented with fish and personalobservations (Gragson 1987), the other vertebrates obtained from the river generalworks of Uhl and Dransfreld( I 987), coursesand many of these Pum6 work on and Braun and Chitty (I987). a seasonalbasis as migrant laborers, The remaining 17% of the Pum6 population PalmUse are referred to as ciri lthonom.ePum6 by other Pum6 and,as Capuruchano by Span- Astroca.ryumcf . jauari Mart. Pum6: bai ish speakers.This subpopulationoccupies to. Spanish:macanilla. Voucher speci- the interfluvial savanna between the men: TLG 46. Capanaparoand Cinaruco rivers and rep- The oomacanilla" is a monocaulous, resents the least acculturated segment of arborescent,pinnate leaved palm growing Pum6 society. The ciri khonome Pum6 to an approximateheight of 5 m. The stem Iive in semi-nomadic villages following a has well-definedleaf scars and is thickly subsistencepattern basedon fishing, hunt- armoredwith flat spinesup to 12 cm long; ing, gathering of wild foods, and some gar- the petiole and rachis combined reach a deningof maniocand corn (Gragsonl989, Iength of 3 m, and the underside of indi- in press). vidual leaflets are covered with shorter to grow along the Methodsand Results spines.This palm tends margins and in the more open areas of Ethnobotanical information on the Pum6 seasonally flooded gallery forests associ- is presentedby Ramia (1962), Mitrani ated with major rivers throughout the LIa- (1976), and Gragson and Tillett (n.d.). nos de Apure (e.g., Riecito);it is sparsely Ramia collected a limited amount of eth- distributed in the interfluvial areas with nobotanical information among the Pum6 single specimensoccasionally being found while conducting a botanical survey of the along seasonalstreams. Llanos de Apure. Mitrani conducted eth- The bea lthonomePum6 use A. jauari nographic research on the medicinal use extensively as a source for fiber to weave 'plants of by bea khonome Pum6 living small bags and baskets used to hold per- near the Cunaviche river. I have con- sonalitems and to twine into cord for mak- ducted ethnographicresearch since 1986 ing hammocks.Fiber is extracted from on ciri khonomePum6 subsistenceecology pinnae by beating and stripping, and the and settlement practices that is comple- extracted fiber is whitenedin boiling water mented with botanical collections.To date before use. The ciri khonome Pum6 sel- in this research, 103 specimenshave dom use A. jauari as a fiber source sub- been collected in the area bounded by the stituting instead Mauritia f.exuosa. This r9921 GRAGSON:USE OF PALMS BY THE PUME I35

is a reflection of the lower availability of exclusive place in the economy of the A. jauari in the interfluvial area since a Pum6. Its principal use is in the prepa- large number of palmsare neededto obtain ration of peram6.n (Spanish), a resinous the quantities of fiber required to manu- substance used to seal, bind, and water- facture most items. Nevertheless,items proof a multitude of manufactured items, made from A. jauari fiber are preferred and especially important in the manufac- by both Pum6 and Criollos over the same ture of arrows. Droplets of resin collected items made from M. f.exuosa fiber, and from Symphonia globulifera are worked are widely traded and sold throughout the by hand into a single mass and then mixed Llanos de Apure. With particular refer- with leaves ol E. precatorialhat have been ence to hammocks, the Pum6 say those burned into ash. Ash from M. f.exuosa made from A. jauari fiber are smoother petioles may be substituted, however (Fig. and more comfortable to sleep on, while 3). The and heart of E. precatoria both Pum6 and Criollo say they wear better are occasionally eaten raw, but are not and last much longer than the same items actively sought. made from M. f.exuosa fiber. Almost without exception, bows for Mauritia L.f. Pum6: tho to hunting among both the bea khonome and f.exuosa (mature), bObui to (woody-stemme-d the ciri khonornePum6 are manufactured juvenile), chee to (acaulescent juvenile). from the stemwoodo{ A. jauari. To man- Spanish: moriche. Voucher specimens: ufacture a bow, a palm is felled and the TLG 2 and TLG 3. trunl

2. Pum6 man taking yopo through an inhalator. The nasal pieces are made from of lstrocaryum jauari while the tubes (made of bird bone) are bound with peram6n manufactured with ash *om Euterpe precatoria leaves. The yopo pallet is being supported on a mat woven from Mauritia fexuosa leaf segments. 3. Pum6 man making peram6n. He is at the stage of incorporating ash (in this instance from Mauritia feruosa) into the reg2) GRAGSON:USE OF PALMS BY THE PUME tJ / leavesis dyed red by boiling in a decoction into the ground. The petioles may also be of Arrabidaea chica leavesand usedwith- charred and the ash used to manufacture ooloincloth" out further modification as a peram6n in the manner already described by woman. The fiber is also used to weave for E. precatoria. Rafts are madeby lash- small bags to hold personal possessions, ing together with vines (severalgenera are slingsfor carrying babies,and most impor- used) three to four platforms composedof tantly to weave mats. Soilsthroughout the I0 to 12 petioleseach. (The number of Llanos de Apure are loose and sandy, and platforms used depends on the weight of mats are used for sitting on, Iaying the person using the raft.) These rafts are uncooked and prepared food on, and as used to cross rain-swollen streams in the wind (or rain) shields.Twined fiber is used wet seasonand to fish from in lakes and to manufacture the hammocksused by ciri deepponds poisoned with barbasco(Span- khonome Pum6. A byproduct of fiber ish, Tephrosia sinapou) during the dry extraction which is occasionally used are season(Fig. ). the prominent midribs found on each leaf The ripe of M. f.exuosa is actively segment. These are loosely woven into sought during the wet seasonand favored manioc flour sifters. for consumption over that of any other Whole, mature leaves of M. f.exuosa palm. The mesocarpis suckedand scraped are usedto weavefloor mats, upright wind- directly off the endocarp without prepa- shields,and the large basketsused as stor- ration. The palm heart is also eaten, age units for personal belongings inside although a palm will seldom be felled for houses, and by women to carry manioc, the sole purpose of extracting the heart. wild , and firewood. The major use of If the swordleaf is taken for fiber or leaves mature leaves, however, is for thatching are collected for thatch, then the heart is houses.The attachmentof the bladeto the nearly always extracted as well. Large petiole of leaves is broken and the leaf is Rhynchophorus palmarun grubs, which left to sun-dry for several days. In thatch- are roasted and eatenoare collected from ing a house,leaves are split in half length- the rotten trunks of M. f.exuosa felled in wise and hung over roof slats most fre- previousyears to obtain thatch. quently made of Mauritiella aculeata. (Betweenfour and 1,200 leaves of M. Mauritiella aculeata (Kunth) Burret. are used to thatch a single house f.exuosa Pum6: kuecha to (mature), thon6nga to depending on style, size, and season of (juvenile). Spanish: moriche negro. use.) Voucher specimens:TLG 6, TLG 7, TLG Dry petiolesof acaulescentjuveniles of 42, andTLG 47. M. f.exuosa are fairly straight, quite rigid, "moriche and extremely light. In this condition, indi- The negro" is a multi- vidual petioles are used to make fences stemmed,arborescent palm growing to an around small patchesof squashor tobacco approximateheight of l0 m, that hasredu- within the village. Several petioles can be plicate and briefly costapalmateleaves. The pierced onto a stick to form a platform stem is silvery-gray in color, has distinct that is used as a shelf when suspended leaf scars,and is armed with stout, upward from the rafters of Pum6 houses, or a curving spines I to 2 cm long. This palm windbreak,/rainshieldwhen stuck upright growsin deeply shadedareas of seasonally

€- softened resin of Symphonia globulifera. The man's left knee is touching a basket made from a mature leaf of Mauritia flexuosa and in the background is a hammock made of fiber extracted from the sword leaf of the same specles. 138 PRINCIPES [Vor. 36

are also used to build shelvesinside Pum6 houses. The petiole of acaulescentjuveniles of M. aculeata are some 3 m in length and about I cm in diameter. After sun-drying for several days, the petioles are used to manufacture arrow shafts although the practice is now largely restricted to older members:amongthe ciri khonome Pum6. This use of petioles appears to have been more widespreadin the past before Gyne' riurn sp. cane was widely planted in gar- dens;Gyneriunx sp. canehas greater rigid- ity and durabilitythan M. aculeataperioles, and the sturdier arrows that can be pro- duced are favored by the Pum6. Leaves of acaulescentjuveniles of M. aculeata are the most cornmonly used material for weaving fire-fans, while the fibrous outer layer of the petiole is used for ties and binding material once it is stripped away from the pithy interior. These bindings are obtained on a spontaneous, as-neededbasis, and are readily discarded after use.The fruits of mature M. aculeata are reportedly edible, but are not actively sought by the Pum6. Table I summarizes the use of different palm species amorig the Pum6.

4.' Pum6 man spreading barbasco in a river pond Discussion from a raft made with petioles of juventre Mauritia f.exuosa. He is poling himself with a petiole from the In general terms, the Pum6 appear to same species. rely on a smaller number of palm genera flooded gallery forests and is typically found than most native and non-native peoples growing in shallow basins retaining water throughout the lowlandsof South America; year-roundand locatedadjacent to streams more than a difference in native knowl- or rivers. edge, however, this may simply reflect The most important use of M. a'culeata environmentaldifferences between tropical among the Pum6 is in house construction. savannawhere the Pum6 live and tropical A mature palm is felled, the spines are forest where most of the work on palm removed, and the stem is split lengthwise ethnobotany has been carried out. There into 6 to I0 slats. The spongy interior of appear to be fewer genera of palms rep- the stem is scraped from each slat with a resented in tropical savannasthan there machete and discarded. Slats are tied to are in tropical forests (Balick 1985, Boom the roof beamson Pum6 housesusing vines I9BB, Anderson l97B), even though the (Cynachum ?) and serve to support the observations are largely unsystematic in split leaves of Mauritia f,exuosa used as nature. The intensity and variety of uses thatch (Fig. 5). Mauritiella aculeata slats of the palm genera by the Pum6 is nev- r9921 GRAGSON:USE OF PALMS BY THE PUME

Table I. The names and uses of palms (nnong the Pum6.

Build- Arti ing facts/ Pum6 Spanish Edible Edible Mate- Handi- Name Name Scientific Name Fruit Heart Thatch rial crafts Other

bai to macanilla Astrocaryum cf. jauari .O Mart. h6nan to manaca Euterpe cf, precatoria a Mart. tho to moriche Mauritia flexuosa L,I. XX X kuecha to moriche Mauritiella aculeata O. X negro (Kunth) Burret

x : important or major use O : uimportant o, -iro. t.r"". o : no known use.

ertheless comparable to that of groups 19881). The Bari, the Ch6cobo,and the relying on a larger number of genera. Yanomamaof southeasternVenezuela also Like the Pum6, the Bari of the Mara- .useAstrocaryallrr stemwood to manufac- caibo Basin and the Ch6cobo of north- ture arrow points (1. aculeatum in the easternBolivia manufacture bowsfrom the case of the Ch6coboand the Yanomama); hard stemwoodo{ Astrocarywn (species the Pum6 now use metal arrow tips exclu- unknown for the Bari, and A. aculeatum sively, but may have made arrow tips from for the Ch6cobofBeckerman I977,Boom stemwoodin the past before metal was so

5. Pum6 dry seasonhouse in an early stage of construction showing the roof slats made from Mauritiella aculeata- In the background are two occupied housesthatched with Mauritia flexrzosa leaves. I40 PRINCIPES [Vor.36 easily obtained. The Guahibo living in the Throughout the seasonallyflooded areas Llanos del Meta just south of the Pum6 of lowland South America, Mauritia f'ex- in ,use seedsol A. acaule to uosais undoubtedly the most widely used manufacture the nasal pieces of yopo of alJ palms. The Warao, a native group inhalers similar in shape to those manu' living in the Orinoco Delta region of Ven- factured by the Pum6 (Balick 1979). ezuela,make the most extensiveuse of this The Bari and Guajajaraofnortheastern palm. They use the stems as piles to sup- are specifically known to extract port their housesand to extract starch for fiber from the leaves of several speciesof consumption; they draw fiber from the Astrocaryum (Beckerman 1977, Balick leaves to manufacture clothing and ham- igBB), but the practice is widespread mocks; and they consume the fruits and amonglowland peoples (Levi-Strauss 1950, the palm heart (Heinenand RuddleI974). Uhl and Dransfield l9BB, Kahn 1988' The Yanomama, Apinay6, and Guajajara Balick and Beck 1990). Although the Pum6 eat the mesocarp of M. f.exuosa fruits are not known to eat the fruit or the heart without preparation like the Pum6, while of A. jauari, thesetwo items are obtained the Guahibomake a fermented drink from for consumption from various species of the mesocarp(Balick L979, L988, Ander' Astrocaryum by the Bari, the Ch6cobo, son 1978). Trade and saleof M. f'exuosa the Yanomama, the Guajajara, and mes- fruit is a major source of income for res- tizos throughout lowland South America idents of Iquitos, Peru (Padoch l9B8). (Beckerman1977, Boom I9BB, Anderson Like the Pum6, the Guahiboand several 1978, Balick l9BB, Mejia I9BB, Balick Indian groups of the Guiana region favor and Beck 1990). Mauritia spp. for thatching their houses The Pum6 make limited use of.E. pre' (Balick i979, Levi-Strauss1950, Thurn co,toria compared to its use among other t883, Balickand Beck 1990). Palm grubs lowland South Americans.The fruit of var- (Rhynchophorus paltnarurn) are con' ious speciesof Euterpe, but most com- sumed by numerous native and mestizo monly E. oleracea (the assai palm), are groups throughout the tropical lowlands, widely used to manufacture beveragesand and in the market at Iquitos grubs are sold mushes of various kinds by caboclos in both live and fried in their own fat (Padoch Brazil as well as many native groups 19B8, Kahn 1988, Mejia 1988, Balick including the Bari, the Ch6cobo,the Gua- 1986). The Guahiboand mestizosof the hibo, the Yanomama, the Apinay6 (living Peruvian Amazon extract grubs specifi- in northeastern Brazil), and the Guajajara cally from the rotten stemsof M. f'exuosa (Levi-Strauss 1950; Beckerman 1977; (Balick I979, Padochl9B8). The Guahibo Boom l98B; Balick 1979, I9B8; Ander- and the Pum6 are the only two South son 1978; Strudwick and Sobel l98B). American groups I am aware of who use The palm heart of E. precatoria and E. the petiole from acaulescentM. f'exuosa oleracea are also eaten by many groups' to build rafts (Balick 1979). and that of. E. oleracea is the source of The Apinay6 use the leaves of Mauri- canned palmito sold in the United States tiella arrnata for manufacturing baskets, and Europe (Balick 1985, Kahn l9BB, and the stemwoodfor manufacturing bows Strudwick and Sobel t98B). Fronds of (Balick 1988). The stemwoodof M. armata Euterpeprecatoricl are usedfor thatching must have very different physical prop- housesby the Ch6cobo and the Guahibo, erties than M. aculeata usedby the Pum6 while the stemwoodof this speciesis used to manufacture house slats since the soft, by the Yanomama to build shelves and spongy stemwood of this last species is tables(Boom 1988, Balick.1979, Ander- inappropriate for making bows. Although son I978). the fruit of M. aculealo is not widely used r9921 GRAGSON:USE OF PALMS BY THE PUME I4I

by the Pum6, the Apinay6, the Yano- ANDERSoN,A. B. 1978. The names and uses of mama, and several mestizo groups in the palms among a tribe of Yanomama Indians. Prin- Peruvian Amazonconsume the fruit of sev- cipes22: 30-4I. BALIcK, eral different speciesol Mauritiella (Ba- M. l. 1979. Economicbotany ofthe Gua- hibo. I. Palmae. Economic Botany 33: 361- lick 1988, Anderson1978, Mejia l98B). 5 to. In all, there are few referencesto the use 1985. The indigenouspalm flora of "Las of Mauritiella among lowland South Gaviotas," Colombia, including observationson Americans to compare with its use among local namesand uses.Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University the Pum6 (Balick and Beck 1990). 30: 1-34. 1986. Systematicsand economic botany of rhe Oenocarpus-lessenia (Palmae) complex. Conclusion The New York Botanical Garden. Bronx. 1988. The use of palms by the Apinay6 Palms form an integral part of Pum6 and the Guajajara indians of northeastern Brazil. culture, as they do for many other native In: M. I. Balick (ed.). The palm tree of life: and non-native peoples of lowland South biology, utilization and conservation. The New America. Some of the future investieations York Botanical Garden, Bronx, pp. 65-90. BALIcK.M. J. nrrroH. T. BECK. I990. Usefulpalms planned among the Pum6 are aimed at of the world: a synoptic bibliography. Columbia formally assessing the economic value of University Press, New York. palms partictularly Mauritia f,exuosa. Bocrnnrr,ten, S. 1977. The use of palms by the Given the importance of this palm to the Bari Indians of the Maracaibo Basin. Princioes Pum6 for thatching and fiber, the levels 2I: I43 I54. 1979. The abundanceofprotein in Ama- of extraction could have a significant effect zonia:a reply to Gross.American Anrhropologist upon nutrient cycling and ecosystem BI:533-560. regeneration. The cumulative effects of BooM, B. M. 1988. The Chacoboindians and their human exploitation patterns on tropical palms. In; M. J. Balick (ed.). The palm-tree ecosystems are an issue of both theoretical of life: biology, utilization and conservation.The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, pp. 9I and practical importance. 97. BReun,A. ANDF. D. Csrrry. 1987. Palmasaut6c- Acknowledgments tonas de Venezuela y de los paisesadyacentes. LITOPAR. C. A.. Caracas. The fieldwork during which the plant Crnunnr, C. R. 1988. Domesticationof the peji vouchersand observationspresented in this baye palm (Bactris gasipaes): past and present. paper were collectedwas funded in part In: M. I. Balick (ed.). The palm-tree of life: by grants from the Hill Foundation Fel- biology, utilization and conservation. The New York BotanicalGarden, Bronx, lowship (The Pennsylvania pp. 155-174. State Univer- FAO. 1965. Soil survey of the llanos orientales, sity), the UCLA Latin American Center, Colombia. United Nations Special Fund. Rome. and the Wenner-Gren Foundation (grant CoosEN. D. 1964. Geomorfoiogiade los llanos #5058). The manuscriptwas commented orientales. Revista de la Academia Colombiana on by Barry Hewlett, Steve Beckerman, de Ciencias12: 129-140. GRAGSoN,T. L. 1987. [Coleccionesetnobot6nicas Stephen Tillett, and an anonymous entre los Yaruro, Edo. Apure, Dtto. Achaguas] reviewer. I would like to thank each of the Unpublished field notes. organizationsand individuals mentioned for 1989. Allocation of time to subsistence their financial or editorial assistance. and settlement in a Ciri Khonome Pum6 villaee of the Llanos of Apure, Venezuela.Universiiy Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. LrrnRerunn Crrpo In press. Pume. 12.' D. Levinson (ed.). The encyclopedia of world cultures. Sage Pub. ANDEL,T. vAN AND H. PosrMA. 1954. Recent lications, Newbury Park, California. sediments of the Gulf of Paria: reoorts of the GRAGSoN,T. eNo S, TInrrr. n.d. Aportes a la Orinoco Shelf Expedition. Verhandelingen der etnobot6nica de Venezuela: 2. Etnobot6nica de Koninklijke NederlandseAkademie van Weten- los Pum6. Ernstia (In review-submitted July schappen Afd. Natuurkunde deel 20 no. 5. l99t). 142 PRINCIPES [Vor. 36

Taller HEINEN,H. D. exl K. RUDDLE. 1974. Ecology' OCEI. 1985. CensoIndigena de Venezuela. ritual, and economic organization in the distri Gr6fico de la OCEI, Caracas. L. bution of palm starch among the Warao of the Peoocs, C. l9BB. lrgraje (Mauritia f'exuosa Orinoco delta. Journal of Anthropological f.) in the economy of Iquitos, Peru. In; M. J. Research30: l16-I38. Balick (ed.). The palm-tree of life: biology, New York JoutlsoN, D. V. 1988. Worldwide endangerment utilization and conservation. The of useful plants. 12.' M. J. Balick (ed.)' The Botanical Garden, Bronx, pp. 214-224. los palm-tree of life: biology, utilization and con- Rarr.ul, M. 1962. Datos etnobot5nicos sobre servation. The New York Botanical Garden' indios Yaruros. Acta Biol6gica Venezu6lica 3: Bronx, pp. 268-273. 142-147. KAHN, F. 1988. Ecology of economicallyimportant Srnuowtcr, J. ar.ro G. L. Sostr. 1988. Uses of oalms in Peruvian Amazonia. /n: M. J. Balick Euterpe oleracea Mart. in the Amazon estuary, (ed.). The palm-tree of life: biology, utilization Btazil. In, M. J. Balick (ed.). The palm-tree and conservation.The New York Botanical Gar- of life: biology, utilization and conservation.The den, Bronx, pp.42-49. New York Botanical Garden' Brorx, pp.225- Lrvr-Srnauss, C. 1950. The use of wild plants in 253. Indians of Guiana, tropical South America, Handbook of South Tnunx, E. F. 1883. Among the from the American Indians 6: 465-486. U.S. Govern- being sketches chiefly anthropologic Publications, ment Printing Office. Washington D.C. interior of British Guiana. Dover Mnrle C., K. 1988. Utilization of palms in eleven New York. mestizo villages of the Peruvian Amazon (Uca- UHL, N. W. ano J. DRANSFIELD.1987. Genera yali River, Department of Loreto). In: M. J' Palmarum: a classification of palms based on Balick (ed.). The palm-tree of life: biology' the work of Harold E. Moore' Jr. Allen Press, utilization and conservation. The New York Lawrence, Kansas. Botanical Garden, Brom, pp. I30-f 36. !988. Genera Palrnarun, a new classi- Mtrnenr, P. 1976. Sant6et maladiechez un groupe fication of palms and its imPlications: In: M. l- d'Indiens du basin de I'Or6noque les Yaruro de Balick (ed.). The palm-tree of life: biology, I'Apure: essaid'anthropologie medicale. Unpub' utilization and conservation. The New York lished doctoral dissertation, 3e. cycle Paris 5. BotanicalGarden, Bronx, PP' 1-19. MoRALEs,P. R. 1979. Estudio de los m6danos de WerL.lcr, A. R. 1853. Palm trees of the Amazon los llanos centrales de Venezuela:evidencias de and their uses. John Van Voorst, London. un clima des6rtico. Acta Biol6gica Venezu6lica ZINcr. A, 1986. Venezuelan rivers. Lagoven, S. l0: I9-49. A., Caracas,

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