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The Use of Palms by the Pume Indians of Southwestern Venezuela

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The Use of Palms by the Pume Indians of Southwestern Venezuela ree2) GRAGSON:USE OF PALMS BY THE PUME Principes, 36(3), 1992, pp. I33-I42 The Use of Palms by the Pume Indians of SouthwesternVenezuela TBo L. GRecsolr Department of Anthropology, Unit:ersity of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Asstnecr Background This paper presents information on the patterns The Pum6 inhabit the Llanos de Apure of use of Astrocdryum jauari, Euterpe precatoria, located in southwesternVenezuela west of Mauritia flexuosa, and Mauritiella aculeata among the Orinoco river and south of the Apure the Pum6, a native American group living in the seasonallyinundated savannaregion of southwestern river (Fig. l). The Llanos de Apure have Venezuela. Palm products form an integral part of an average elevation of less than 200 m everyday Pum6 life providing fiber, food, and shelter. above m.s.l. and lie at the center of the The use of these four genera of palms by the Pum,1 tropical savannaextending from the Delta to their use among other South American is compared northeastern Venezuela peoples. of the Orinoco in to the Guaviare river in southern Colom- bia. The mostcharacteristic landscape fea- In this paper are describedthe uses of tures of the area occupied by the Pum6 A sLroe a ryum j auari, Eute r pe p recatoria, are longitudinal sand dunes less than I0 Mauritia f.exuosa, and Mauritiella acu- m high, 20-50 m wide, and up to 500 m leata amongthe Pum6, a native American long (Morales 1979). Average annual rain- group living in the seasonallyinundated fall in the area occupied by the Pum6 is savannaregion of southwesternVenezuela. nearly 2,000 mm, but mostprecipitation The close relation between humans and is concentrated in a six month rainy sea- palms in lowland South America has been son. This climatic characteristic combined long remarked upon by botanistsand eth- with the slight gradient of the Llanos de nographers(Wallace 1853, Levi-Strauss Apure resultsin extensiveflooding that can 1950, Beckerman1977, Anderson1978, last from one to I0 months of the year Balick and Beck 1990). Despitethe fact and be as deepas I m (Zink 1986, Andel that only a few palm species have ever and Postma 1954, FAO 1965, Goosen been domesticatedworldwide, palms prob- r964). ably provide more economic benefits to The 1983 Indian Censusof Venezuela humans in the form of food, fiber, building recordeda total Pum6 populationof 3,873 materials.fuelwood. and folk medicinethan (OCEI 1985). Of this total, about 837o any other family of plants, including grasses refer to themselvesas bea lthonomePum6 and legumes(Uhl and Dransfield 1988, and are calfedYaruroby Spanishspeakers Johnson 1988, Beckerman 1979, Levi- (a name also commonly used in historic Strauss 1950, Balick 1986, Clement and older ethnographicaccounts). The bea l9BB). This is also true among the Pum6 khonome Pum6 live in permanent villages for whom palms provide fiber to manufac- along the major rivers running through the ture artifacts and clothing, food in the form Llanos de Apure: the Arauca, the Cunavi- offruits, palm heart, and grubs, and leaves che, the Capanaparo,the Riecito, and to used to thatch housesand make additional a lesser extent the Cinaruco. Their sub- artifacts. sistenceis basedpredominately on manioc PRINCIPES [Vor. 36 Capanaparo,the Cinaruco, and the Riecito CARIDBEAN8EA rivers and processedby Stephen Tillett, UniversidadCentral de Venezuela.Voucher specimens and duplicates are currently depositedin the Dr. Victor Manuel Ovalles Herbarium (MYF), but matching sets will eventually be placed at the Venezuelan National Herbarium (VEN) and the New I / f BRAZTL York Botanical Garden (NY). The palm speciesreported in this paper are part of this collectionand their determinationswere made or confirmed by Andrew Henderson I. Location of the Pum6 within Venezuela (NY). The descriptionsof palm biology and ecology in the next section derive from horticulture supplemented with fish and personalobservations (Gragson 1987), the other vertebrates obtained from the river generalworks of Uhl and Dransfreld( I 987), coursesand many of these Pum6 work on and Braun and Chitty (I987). a seasonalbasis as migrant laborers, The remaining 17% of the Pum6 population PalmUse are referred to as ciri lthonom.ePum6 by other Pum6 and,as Capuruchano by Span- Astroca.ryumcf . jauari Mart. Pum6: bai ish speakers.This subpopulationoccupies to. Spanish:macanilla. Voucher speci- the interfluvial savanna between the men: TLG 46. Capanaparoand Cinaruco rivers and rep- The oomacanilla" is a monocaulous, resents the least acculturated segment of arborescent,pinnate leaved palm growing Pum6 society. The ciri khonome Pum6 to an approximateheight of 5 m. The stem Iive in semi-nomadic villages following a has well-definedleaf scars and is thickly subsistencepattern basedon fishing, hunt- armoredwith flat spinesup to 12 cm long; ing, gathering of wild foods, and some gar- the petiole and rachis combined reach a deningof maniocand corn (Gragsonl989, Iength of 3 m, and the underside of indi- in press). vidual leaflets are covered with shorter to grow along the Methodsand Results spines.This palm tends margins and in the more open areas of Ethnobotanical information on the Pum6 seasonally flooded gallery forests associ- is presentedby Ramia (1962), Mitrani ated with major rivers throughout the LIa- (1976), and Gragson and Tillett (n.d.). nos de Apure (e.g., Riecito);it is sparsely Ramia collected a limited amount of eth- distributed in the interfluvial areas with nobotanical information among the Pum6 single specimensoccasionally being found while conducting a botanical survey of the along seasonalstreams. Llanos de Apure. Mitrani conducted eth- The bea lthonomePum6 use A. jauari nographic research on the medicinal use extensively as a source for fiber to weave 'plants of by bea khonome Pum6 living small bags and baskets used to hold per- near the Cunaviche river. I have con- sonalitems and to twine into cord for mak- ducted ethnographicresearch since 1986 ing hammocks.Fiber is extracted from leaf on ciri khonomePum6 subsistenceecology pinnae by beating and stripping, and the and settlement practices that is comple- extracted fiber is whitenedin boiling water mented with botanical collections.To date before use. The ciri khonome Pum6 sel- in this research, 103 plant specimenshave dom use A. jauari as a fiber source sub- been collected in the area bounded by the stituting instead Mauritia f.exuosa. This r9921 GRAGSON:USE OF PALMS BY THE PUME I35 is a reflection of the lower availability of exclusive place in the economy of the A. jauari in the interfluvial area since a Pum6. Its principal use is in the prepa- large number of palms are neededto obtain ration of peram6.n (Spanish), a resinous the quantities of fiber required to manu- substance used to seal, bind, and water- facture most items. Nevertheless,items proof a multitude of manufactured items, made from A. jauari fiber are preferred and especially important in the manufac- by both Pum6 and Criollos over the same ture of arrows. Droplets of resin collected items made from M. f.exuosa fiber, and from Symphonia globulifera are worked are widely traded and sold throughout the by hand into a single mass and then mixed Llanos de Apure. With particular refer- with leaves ol E. precatorialhat have been ence to hammocks, the Pum6 say those burned into ash. Ash from M. f.exuosa made from A. jauari fiber are smoother petioles may be substituted, however (Fig. and more comfortable to sleep on, while 3). The fruits and heart of E. precatoria both Pum6 and Criollo say they wear better are occasionally eaten raw, but are not and last much longer than the same items actively sought. made from M. f.exuosa fiber. Almost without exception, bows for Mauritia L.f. Pum6: tho to hunting among both the bea khonome and f.exuosa (mature), bObui to (woody-stemme-d the ciri khonornePum6 are manufactured juvenile), chee to (acaulescent juvenile). from the stemwoodo{ A. jauari. To man- Spanish: moriche. Voucher specimens: ufacture a bow, a palm is felled and the TLG 2 and TLG 3. trunl<is split lengthwiseto removea wedge- "moriche" shaped blank, which is then scraped into The is a monocaulous, arbo- shapewith a knife over a period of weeks. rescent palm growing to a height of 30 m, The woody, immature seedsof A. jauari that has reduplicate and briefly costapal- are drilled length-wise to make the nose mate leaves. The stem is unarmed, gray- pieceson yopo (Spanish)inhalers. Yopo ish-brown in color, and bears distinctive (an hallucinogen manufactured from the leaf scars. The petiole on mature speci- seedsof Anadenanthera peregrina) is used mens is up to I m long, but on acaulescent extensively by nearly all Pum6 men on juveniles it can reach a length of 5 m. M. ceremonialand secularoccasions (Fig. 2). f,exuosa can grow as a solitary individual in the interior of seasonally flooded gallery forests, but is often found in relatively dense, Euterpe cf. precatoria Mart. Pum6: h 6nan monospecific concentrations in seasonally to. Spanish: manaca. Voucher speci- flooded savanna (locally referred to in mens:TLG 45 and TLG 96. Spanish as a morichal). "manaca" The is a monocaulous,arbo- M. f.exuosa is the most widely used of rescent, pinnate leaved, palm growing to all palms among the Pum6. Fiber is obtained an approximateheight of 20 m. The stem from the young, unrolled leaf (sword leaf) is gray-black in color and has well-defined and is used in a manner similar to the fiber leaf scars, while the stemwoodis soft and extracted from the leaves of A. jauari. stringy. The leaf sheath is up to 1.5 m Fiber is extracted by placing the sword long, and the petiole and rachis combined leaf in the sun for a few hours to dry and reach a length of 3 m. This palm is found then separating the cuticle from the leaf growing in the Llanos de Apure in the segment by rolling them between the fin- deeplyshaded interior ofseasonallyflooded gers and stripping; the cuticle is allowed gallery forests associatedwith permanent to dry completely in the sun for several and temporary waters.
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