Managing Anger for Better Health and Relationships
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The Influence of Emotional States on Short-Term Memory Retention by Using Electroencephalography (EEG) Measurements: a Case Study
The Influence of Emotional States on Short-term Memory Retention by using Electroencephalography (EEG) Measurements: A Case Study Ioana A. Badara1, Shobhitha Sarab2, Abhilash Medisetty2, Allen P. Cook1, Joyce Cook1 and Buket D. Barkana2 1School of Education, University of Bridgeport, 221 University Ave., Bridgeport, Connecticut, 06604, U.S.A. 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bridgeport, 221 University Ave., Bridgeport, Connecticut, 06604, U.S.A. Keywords: Memory, Learning, Emotions, EEG, ERP, Neuroscience, Education. Abstract: This study explored how emotions can impact short-term memory retention, and thus the process of learning, by analyzing five mental tasks. EEG measurements were used to explore the effects of three emotional states (e.g., neutral, positive, and negative states) on memory retention. The ANT Neuro system with 625Hz sampling frequency was used for EEG recordings. A public-domain library with emotion-annotated images was used to evoke the three emotional states in study participants. EEG recordings were performed while each participant was asked to memorize a list of words and numbers, followed by exposure to images from the library corresponding to each of the three emotional states, and recall of the words and numbers from the list. The ASA software and EEGLab were utilized for the analysis of the data in five EEG bands, which were Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Theta. The frequency of recalled event-related words and numbers after emotion arousal were found to be significantly different when compared to those following exposure to neutral emotions. The highest average energy for all tasks was observed in the Delta activity. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma activities were found to be slightly higher during the recall after positive emotion arousal. -
Anger in Negotiations: a Review of Causes, Effects, and Unanswered Questions David A
Negotiation and Conflict Management Research Anger in Negotiations: A Review of Causes, Effects, and Unanswered Questions David A. Hunsaker Department of Management, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. Keywords Abstract anger, negotiation, emotion, attribution. This article reviews the literature on the emotion of anger in the negotia- tion context. I discuss the known antecedents of anger in negotiation, as Correspondence well as its positive and negative inter- and intrapersonal effects. I pay par- David Hunsaker, David Eccles ticular attention to the apparent disagreements within the literature con- School of Business, Spencer Fox cerning the benefits and drawbacks of using anger to gain advantage in Eccles Business Building, negotiations and employ Attribution Theory as a unifying mechanism to University of Utah, 1655 East Campus Center Drive, Salt Lake help explain these diverse findings. I call attention to the weaknesses evi- City, UT 84112, U.S.A.; e-mail: dent in current research questions and methodologies and end with sug- david.hunsaker@eccles. gestions for future research in this important area. utah.edu. What role does anger play in the negotiation context? Can this emotion be harnessed and manipulated to increase negotiating power and improve negotiation outcomes, or does it have inevitable downsides? The purpose of this article is to review the work of scholars that have focused on the emotion of anger within the negotiation context. I begin by offering some background on the field of research to be reviewed. I then explain why Attri- bution Theory is particularly helpful in making sense of diverse findings in the field. -
Chronic Stress Makes People Sick. but How? and How Might We Prevent Those Ill Effects?
Sussing Out TRESS SChronic stress makes people sick. But how? And how might we prevent those ill effects? By Hermann Englert oad rage, heart attacks, migraine headaches, stom- ach ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, hair loss among women—stress is blamed for all those and many other ills. Nature provided our prehistoric ancestors with a tool to help them meet threats: a Rquick activation system that focused attention, quickened the heartbeat, dilated blood vessels and prepared muscles to fight or flee the bear stalking into their cave. But we, as modern people, are sub- jected to stress constantly from commuter traffic, deadlines, bills, angry bosses, irritable spouses, noise, as well as social pressure, physical sickness and mental challenges. Many organs in our bodies are consequently hit with a relentless barrage of alarm signals that can damage them and ruin our health. 56 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Daily pressures raise our stress level, but our ancient stress reactions—fight or flight—do not help us survive this kind of tension. www.sciam.com 57 COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. What exactly happens in our brains and bod- mone (CRH), a messenger compound that un- ies when we are under stress? Which organs are leashes the stress reaction. activated? When do the alarms begin to cause crit- CRH was discovered in 1981 by Wylie Vale ical problems? We are only now formulating a co- and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biolog- herent model of how ongoing stress hurts us, yet ical Studies in San Diego and since then has been in it we are finding possible clues to counteract- widely investigated. -
1 the Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. Mcdonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department Of
1 The Development of Empathy: How, When, and Why Nicole M. McDonald & Daniel S. Messinger University of Miami Department of Psychology 5665 Ponce de Leon Dr. Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA 2 Empathy is a potential psychological motivator for helping others in distress. Empathy can be defined as the ability to feel or imagine another person’s emotional experience. The ability to empathize is an important part of social and emotional development, affecting an individual’s behavior toward others and the quality of social relationships. In this chapter, we begin by describing the development of empathy in children as they move toward becoming empathic adults. We then discuss biological and environmental processes that facilitate the development of empathy. Next, we discuss important social outcomes associated with empathic ability. Finally, we describe atypical empathy development, exploring the disorders of autism and psychopathy in an attempt to learn about the consequences of not having an intact ability to empathize. Development of Empathy in Children Early theorists suggested that young children were too egocentric or otherwise not cognitively able to experience empathy (Freud 1958; Piaget 1965). However, a multitude of studies have provided evidence that very young children are, in fact, capable of displaying a variety of rather sophisticated empathy related behaviors (Zahn-Waxler et al. 1979; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992a; Zahn-Waxler et al. 1992b). Measuring constructs such as empathy in very young children does involve special challenges because of their limited verbal expressiveness. Nevertheless, young children also present a special opportunity to measure constructs such as empathy behaviorally, with less interference from concepts such as social desirability or skepticism. -
QUESTION 20 Despair We Next Have to Consider the Vices Opposed to Hope
QUESTION 20 Despair We next have to consider the vices opposed to hope: first, despair (desperatio) (question 20) and, second, presumption (praesumptio) (question 21). On the first topic there are four questions: (1) Is despair a sin? (2) Can despair exist without unbelief? (3) Is despair the greatest of sins? (4) Does despair arise from listlessness (acedia)? Article 1 Is despair a sin? It seems that despair is not a sin (desperatio not sit peccatum): Objection 1: As is clear from Augustine in De Libero Arbitrio, every sin involves turning toward some changeable good, combined with turning away from the unchangeable good. But despair does not involve turning toward any changeable good. Therefore, it is not a sin. Objection 2: What arises from a good root does not seem to be a sin, since, as Matthew 7:18 says, “A good tree cannot bring produce bad fruits.” But despair seems to proceed from a good root, viz., fear of God, or horror at the magnitude of one’s sins. Therefore, despair is not a sin. Objection 3: If despair were a sin, then, in the case of the damned, their despairing would be a sin. But this is not imputed to them as a sin (non imputatur eis ad culpam); instead, it is imputed to their being damned. Therefore, it is not imputed as a sin to those who are in this life, either (neque viatoribus imputatur ad culpam). And so despair is not a sin. But contrary to this: That through which men are induced to sin seems to be not only a sin, but a principle of sins. -
University Basic Needs Insecurity: a National #Realcollege Survey Report
APRIL 2019 College and University Basic Needs Insecurity: A National #RealCollege Survey Report AUTHORS: Sara Goldrick-Rab, Christine Baker-Smith, Vanessa Coca, Elizabeth Looker and Tiffani Williams Executive Summary NEARLY 86,000 STUDENTS PARTICIPATED. THE RESULTS The #RealCollege survey is the nation’s largest annual INDICATE: assessment of basic needs security among college students. The survey, created by the Hope Center • 45% of respondents were food for College, Community, and Justice (Hope Center), insecure in the prior 30 days specifically evaluates access to affordable food and housing. This report describes the results of the • 56% of respondents were #RealCollege survey administered in the fall of 2018 at housing insecure in the previous year 123 two- and four-year institutions across the United States. • 17% of respondents were homeless in the previous year Rates of basic needs insecurity are higher for students attending two-year colleges compared to those attending four-year colleges. Rates of basic needs insecurity are higher for marginalized students, including African Americans, students identifying as LGBTQ, and students who are independent from The Hope Center thanks the their parents or guardians for financial aid purposes. Lumina Foundation, the Jewish Students who have served in the military, former foster Foundation for Education of youth, and students who were formerly convicted of a crime are all at greater risk of basic needs insecurity. Women, the City University Working during college is not associated with a lower of New York, the Chicago risk of basic needs insecurity, and neither is receiving City Colleges, the Institute for the federal Pell Grant; the latter is in fact associated with higher rates of basic needs insecurity. -
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis: a Neural Theory of Economic Decision
Games and Economic Behavior 52 (2005) 336–372 www.elsevier.com/locate/geb The somatic marker hypothesis: A neural theory of economic decision Antoine Bechara ∗, Antonio R. Damasio Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Received 8 June 2004 Available online 23 September 2004 Abstract Modern economic theory ignores the influence of emotions on decision-making. Emerging neuro- science evidence suggests that sound and rational decision making, in fact, depends on prior accurate emotional processing. The somatic marker hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision-making and its influence by emotion. The key idea of this hypothe- sis is that decision-making is a process that is influenced by marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can oc- cur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously, and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the hypothesis, and propose a neural model for economic decision, in which emotions are a major factor in the interac- tion between environmental conditions and human decision processes, with these emotional systems providing valuable implicit or explicit knowledge for making fast and advantageous decisions. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction Modern economic theory assumes that human decision-making involves rational Bayesian maximization of expected utility, as if humans were equipped with unlim- ited knowledge, time, and information-processing power. The influence of emotions on * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. -
Joy, Distress, Hope, and Fear in Reinforcement Learning (Extended Abstract)
Joy, Distress, Hope, and Fear in Reinforcement Learning (Extended Abstract) Elmer Jacobs Joost Broekens Catholijn Jonker Interactive Intelligence, Interactive Intelligence, Interactive Intelligence, TU Delft TU Delft TU Delft Delft, The Netherlands Delft, The Netherlands Delft, The Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT orbitofrontal cortex, reward representation, and (subjective) In this paper we present a mapping between joy, distress, affective value (see [14]). hope and fear, and Reinforcement Learning primitives. Joy While most research on computational modeling of emo- / distress is a signal that is derived from the RL update sig- tion is based on cognitive appraisal theory [9], our work is nal, while hope/fear is derived from the utility of the current different in that we aim to show a direct mapping between state. Agent-based simulation experiments replicate psycho- RL primitives and emotions, and assess the validity by repli- logical and behavioral dynamics of emotion including: joy cating psychological findings on emotion dynamics, the lat- and distress reactions that develop prior to hope and fear; ter being an essential difference with [5]. We believe that fear extinction; habituation of joy; and, task randomness before affectively labelling a particular RL-based signal, it that increases the intensity of joy and distress. This work is essential to investigate if that signal behaves according to distinguishes itself by assessing the dynamics of emotion in what is known in psychology and behavioral science. The an adaptive agent framework - coupling it to the literature extent to which a signal replicates emotion-related dynamics on habituation, development, and extinction. -
Emotion Classification Based on Biophysical Signals and Machine Learning Techniques
S S symmetry Article Emotion Classification Based on Biophysical Signals and Machine Learning Techniques Oana Bălan 1,* , Gabriela Moise 2 , Livia Petrescu 3 , Alin Moldoveanu 1 , Marius Leordeanu 1 and Florica Moldoveanu 1 1 Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.L.); fl[email protected] (F.M.) 2 Department of Computer Science, Information Technology, Mathematics and Physics (ITIMF), Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Ploiesti 100680, Romania; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 030014, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +40722276571 Received: 12 November 2019; Accepted: 18 December 2019; Published: 20 December 2019 Abstract: Emotions constitute an indispensable component of our everyday life. They consist of conscious mental reactions towards objects or situations and are associated with various physiological, behavioral, and cognitive changes. In this paper, we propose a comparative analysis between different machine learning and deep learning techniques, with and without feature selection, for binarily classifying the six basic emotions, namely anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise, into two symmetrical categorical classes (emotion and no emotion), using the physiological recordings and subjective ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance from the DEAP (Dataset for Emotion Analysis using EEG, Physiological and Video Signals) database. The results showed that the maximum classification accuracies for each emotion were: anger: 98.02%, joy:100%, surprise: 96%, disgust: 95%, fear: 90.75%, and sadness: 90.08%. In the case of four emotions (anger, disgust, fear, and sadness), the classification accuracies were higher without feature selection. -
A Guide for Nurturing Hope, Resilience and Happiness Pasiàka Style
I AM A guide for nurturing hope, resilience and happiness Pasi\ ka style. By Philip Siataga Acknowledgements Fakatu’amelie innovation fund Before anything else is said, sincere thanks are due to Manase Lua and Monique Faleafa and the awesome Le Va team, for inspiration, encouragement and support. Without which the I AM approach would not have developed to this point. I would like to thank my friends and colleagues Wiremu Gray Ngai Tahu, Ngati Porou (Mana Facilitation Ltd) and Paddy Pawson (Adventure Therapy) for invaluable support, insightful commentary and precious time spent sharing your hearts and minds. Special acknowledgement is due to Maui Paraki (Humble Enterprises) and to Andrew Smith (About Life ltd) whose lives are inspirational. To Alan and Alice Va’a, who continue to also serve so many in the true spirit of grace and humility – much respect. To my family, with mountains of love and gratitude, I can not thank you enough. And to, Sophia and Talia, wonderful daughters, thank you for making my journey one of enduring happiness. I am blessed with the joy of a fathers pride. Many thanks are due to Fuimaono Karl Pulotu-Endemann and Dr Francis Agnew, who inspire innovation and integrity from those of us privileged to have journeyed with them. I must also acknowledge the Occasional paper on negotiated space and thank Karlo Mila Schaaf and Maui Hudson for their insightful theorising which has boosted my own desire to plant this work in the va. To the fantastic crew at Waipuna Trust, my warmest thanks for your support and your many kindnesses along the way. -
Hope and Anger As Mediators Between Collective Action Frames and Participation in Collective Mobilization: the Case of 15-M
Journal of Social and Political Psychology jspp.psychopen.eu | 2195-3325 Original Research Reports Hope and Anger as Mediators Between Collective Action Frames and Participation in Collective Mobilization: The Case of 15-M Anna Wlodarczyk* ab, Nekane Basabe c, Darío Páez b, Larraitz Zumeta b [a] Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile. [b] Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of Behaviour Sciences, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain. [c] Department of Social Psychology and Methodology of Behaviour Sciences, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain. Abstract The study set out to integrate collective action models and emphasize the role of emotions. Whereas the importance of anger is indisputable, relatively little attention has been paid to the role of positive emotions, such as hope, in collective action research. Hence, the aim of the study was to explore the role of hope and anger as drivers of participation and involvement in collective mobilizations. A cross-sectional field study (N = 638) conducted right after the emergence of the 15-M socio-political protest movement in Spain assessed the emotions and beliefs of both demonstrators and those who took no part in the active mobilization. We hypothesized that anger and hope would sequentially mediate the relationship between collective action frames and participation in collective action. Furthermore, to test this premise, we ran two alternative sequential mediation models based on the social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) and the encapsulated model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA), but with emotions as mediators between collective action frames and intensity of participation. -
Somatic Markers, Working Memory, and Decision Making
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2002, 2 (4), 341-353 Somatic markers, working memory, and decision making JOHN M. HINSON, TINA L. JAMESON, and PAUL WHITNEY Washington State University, Pullman, Washington The somatic marker hypothesis formulated by Damasio (e.g., 1994; Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1991)argues that affectivereactions ordinarily guide and simplify decision making. Although originally intended to explain decision-making deficits in people with specific frontal lobe damage, the hypothe- sis also applies to decision-making problems in populations without brain injury. Subsequently, the gambling task was developed by Bechara (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994) as a diag- nostic test of decision-making deficit in neurological populations. More recently, the gambling task has been used to explore implications of the somatic marker hypothesis, as well as to study suboptimal de- cision making in a variety of domains. We examined relations among gambling task decision making, working memory (WM) load, and somatic markers in a modified version of the gambling task. In- creased WM load produced by secondary tasks led to poorer gambling performance. Declines in gam- bling performance were associated with the absence of the affective reactions that anticipate choice outcomes and guide future decision making. Our experiments provide evidence that WM processes contribute to the development of somatic markers. If WM functioning is taxed, somatic markers may not develop, and decision making may thereby suffer. One of the most consistent challenges of daily life is & Damasio, 2000). That is, decision making is guided by the management of information in order to continually the immediate outcomes of actions, without regard to what make decisions about courses of action.