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Optical Radiation Transmission Levels Through Transparent Welding Curtains

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Optical Radiation Transmission Levels Through Transparent Welding Curtains Optical Radiation Transmission Levels Through Transparent Welding Curtains Tests with blue, green, gray and yellow welding curtains from commercial sources indicate yellow curtains transmit a larger component of hazardous wavelengths than the others, although the magnitude of optical energy transmitted by yellow curtains is small BY C. EUGENE MOSS ABSTRACT. Results are described for communication among workers and poraled, and Wilson Sales Company. tests conducted on 25 transparent with management. Industrial use of As far as it can be determined these welding curtain samples of four colors the transparent curtains, however, has were the only known manufacturers of from five manufacturers to document resulted in questions concerning the transparent welding curtains at the spectral transmission values of curtains protection they afford workers and time of testing. used in welding environments. The observers outside the immediate Some samples had been previously conclusion based on the results of welding area. However, the published acquired which enabled transmission these tests suggests that most transpar­ literature, excluding manufacturers' tests to be conducted on aged ent curtains will afford adequate specifications, for such curtains is curtains. In addition, a used bicolored protection from optical radiation in limited." For this reason the National welding curtain was obtained from an the ultraviolet region, but that all of Institute for Occupational Safety and industrial welding facility. Samples them will transmit high percentages of Health undertook tests to determine from this particular curtain permitted infrared radiation. optical radiation protection provided spectral transmission comparisons to by transparent welding curtains: this be made on a before and after clean­ Introduction paper describes the results of the tests ing condition. performed. Table I categorizes the samples Numerous skin and eye injuries have tested according to manufacturer, col­ occurred in the welding environment Apparatus and Methods or, thickness, and age. from exposure to ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation (hereinafter de­ Acquisition of Welding Curtain Samples Transmission Measurement System noted optical radiation).17 A control measure that has been used to reduce Samples of transparent welding cur­ All spectral transmission measure­ the incidence of injuries to bystanders tains were requested from all those ments were performed with a Perkin- consists of using welding curtains manufacturers who were identified Elmer Model 323 recording spectro- made of metal or flame-resistant fabric through a search of the welding trade photometer. This system has a low that are generally opaque to most opti­ literature. Twenty-one curtain samples sensitivity level which makes it a valu­ cal radiations. of various colors and sizes were able tool to document low transmis­ received. A relatively recent innovation in sion values. The spectrophotometer is Manufacturers that provided sam­ curtain material has been the use of a double-beam single-pass recording ples were Davlynne Incorporated, FIRL transparent colored curtains made monochromator that uses deuterium Industries Incorporated, Frommelt In­ from polyvinyl chloride plastic film and tungsten lamps as the optical radi­ dustries, Singer Safety Products Incor- and at least three other components. ation sources. The detector used in the These components are a color dye, system consists of a photomultiplier tube for the ultraviolet and visible flame retardant chemical, and an Paper to be presented at a symposium regions, and a lead-sulfide cell for the ultraviolet absorber. The intensity and sponsored by the AWS Safety and Health spectral distribution of transmitted Committee during the AWS 60th Annual infrared region. The spectral range of optical radiation through a given Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, April 2-6, the spectrophotometer was 210 to curtain depends, in some manner, on 1979. 2600 nanometers (nm), i.e., 8.3 x 10" such factors as optical density, thick­ to 102.4 x 10 " in.* C EUGENE MOSS is a Health Physicist, U.S. ness, and color. Public Health Service, National Institute for One of the main advantages of using Occupational Safety and Health, Cincin­ *7 nanometer (nm) = I Xo 70 " m = 39.4 X such curtains is the increased visual nati, Ohio. 10 " in. = 70 angstroms (A). WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 69-s does not vary too much, since the Table 1-Data on Tested Curtain Samples intensity of transmitted radiation is 1 dependent on thickness. To check Thickness""" how well the manufacturer controlled Sample Color cm ,ge in years the thickness of the curtains, transmis­ A Yellow 0.0351 > 1 sion measurements were compared B Green 0.0356 > 1 among samples cut from separate C Gray 0.0328 > 1 sheets of the same curtain type. As part D Yellow 0.0361 > 1 of this test a measurement was made E Green 0.0328 > 1 to obtain the thickness of each sample F Yellow 0.0335 > 1 with a micrometer. The average thick­ G Yellow 0.0368 < 1 H Green 0.0312 < 1 ness is shown in Table 1. Gray 0.0297 < 1 Blue 0.0312 <1 Transformation Technique K Green 0.0305 < 1 L Yellow 0.0307 <1 A program was developed for a M Gray 0.0328 <1 Hewlett-Packard Model 9830A com­ N Green 0.0307 < 1 puter to transform transmission values O Yellow 0.0358 <1 from the three separate optical radia­ P Green 0.0300 < 1 tion regions into one continuous curve Q Yellow 0.0353 <1 on semi-logarithmic graph paper. This R Yellow 0.0310 > 1 format permitted better comparisons S Blue 0.0297 > 1 among the various samples. T Yellow 0.0328 < 1 W Gray 0.0371 > 1 X Green 0.0351 <1 Results Yellow 0.0310 >1 z A typical sample spectral transmis­ '•'Thickness given is average of three measurements sion plot as obtained from the spectro­ '"2.54 cm = 1 in. photometer is shown in Fig. 1. Note After the recommended warm-up letter, placed into an envelope until that the three optical regions were period, the spectrophotometer was the order of measurement was deter­ divided as follows: ultraviolet 210-360 calibrated at the lowest wavelength mined by a random number process, nm, visible 340-700 nm, and infrared value in each of three optical radiation and measured. Each of the samples 600-2600 nm. regions at both the zero and 100% was positioned at the entrance slit of The original data, while informative, transmission level. The instrument was the detector chamber. Care was taken have several disadvantages in their set for 100% transmission and exam­ during the tests to position all samples existing format. First, curves shown in ined for departure from 100% across over the cell window in the exact same this manner are difficult to read with the entire spectral range of all regions. manner by the use of adhesive tape samples that have unusual transmis­ A zero-check was made at the end of strips. Cloves and tongs were used to sion properties. Second, comparisons each region to determine the magni­ minimize contamination. A plot of with samples having different spectral tude and direction of any drift correc­ percent transmission vs. wavelength transmission values are laborious. Fi­ tions. was made on every sample. nally, the curves do not follow the A rectangular-shaped segment, ap­ standard division of optical radiation proximately 25 X 50 mm (1 X 2 in.) regions which are ultraviolet, less than Reproducibility was cut from the center portion of 400 nm, visible 400-760 nm, and every sample, assigned an arbitrary It is important that curtain thickness infrared, greater than 760 nm. These z o CO s z < z Transmission Range Optical Region LU 0-7% Ultraviolet (210-360 nm) U 0-700% Visible (340-700 nm) 0-700% Infrared (600-2600 nm) NANOMETERS Fig. 1—Typical spectral transmission curve of welding curtain obtained for ultraviolet radiation is 1% and for visible and infrared radiation is 100% 70-s|MARCH 1979 IOOO 1300 IOOO 1300 1600 1900 2200 NANOMETERS NANOMETERS Fig. 2—Typical modified spectral transmission plot Fig. 3—Composite of green curtains (samples B, E, H, K, N, P and X) difficulties can be averted by using the previous mentioned transformation sion tendency in this area while the during the time of study. Therefore, format technique. When this format is yellow and blue samples demonstrate one should not assume only aging used, a composite curve such as in Fig. a very sudden and distinct transmis­ caused the effect observed. Note that 2 results. sion change around 500 and 800 nm, with the same curtain, sample trans­ There is a small error in the compos­ respectively. mission values appear to decrease as ite curves due to the difference in 4. All curtain samples transmit in­ the contaminant level increases—Fig. sensitivity of the two sequentially used frared radiation. For example, the blue 10. spectrophotometer detectors. The er­ and yellow samples will transmit A theoretical relationship exists be­ ror associated with this factor is about about 90% in the infrared (IR) region tween spectral transmission levels and 5% and occurs at the junction of the while the gray samples transmit the thickness of the curtains provided that visible-infrared region. least at 20%. the curtain tint and its concentration In order to determine the degree of Samples of the same color and are the same. This relationship is spectral transmission uniformity in the approximately equivalent thickness, shown as equation (1): manufacturing process, a comparison but differing in age, generally show I (\) = \e(\)e-*«>* (1) was made among all curtain samples variation of transmission levels over of the same color. Figures 3-6 show the measured optical radiation region In this equation, which is often sample data according to color. Sev­ of less than 5% (Figs. 6, 7, and 8). referred to as Lambert's Law of eral characteristics are apparent from However, Fig.
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