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Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities

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Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Milliman Research Report Prepared by: Safder Jaffer Farzana Ismail Jabran Noor Lindsay Unwin Reviewed by: Debo Ajayi November 2010 Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Milliman Research Report CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 BacKGround and MARKET OutlooK 3 Principles and Practices UnderlyinG TAKaful 5 TAKaful OperatinG Models 11 Issues and CHallenGes FacinG THE TAKaful Industry 15 Conclusion 25 Appendix I: Glossary 26 Appendix II: BiblioGRAPHIC References 28 Appendix III: Self REGulatinG Bodies & TAKaful Groups 29 Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities 1 Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Milliman Research Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Through desktop research, one can get a plethora of materials and papers on Takaful, but most tend to focus either on the fundamentals of Takaful or on Takaful models. In contrast, the objective of this report is to highlight the key issues and challenges facing the world of Takaful and suggested areas where work is required to find solutions. Therefore this report is intended to provide useful reference material for practioners by summarising the following key items: • An overview of Takaful and the intricacies of the models • Insights into the issues and challenges facing the Takaful industry • Finding sustainable solutions to some of these challenges Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities 2 Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Milliman Research Report BACKGROUND AND MARKET OUTLOOK Muslims account for around 25% of the world’s total population, but despite rapid growth in recent years, insurance sales within the Muslim population remain a small fraction of the total insurance market. Historically, the incompatibility between conventional insurance and key tenets of the Islamic faith has acted as a significant barrier to sales. These differences have led to very low penetration rates and have left many Muslims with little external protection for their dependents or possessions. The development of Takaful, which originates from the Arabic verb ‘kafalah,’ which means ‘to help one Takaful offers Muslims a another’ or ‘mutual guarantee,’ has been driven by a need to overcome these obstacles and create valuable risk management tool an insurance proposition that is fully compliant with Shariah (Islamic law). It offers Muslims a valuable and the first true alternative to risk management tool and the first true alternative to conventional insurance in both the life and non- conventional insurance in both life sectors that is acceptable to the Muslim faith. the life and non-life sectors that is acceptable to the For non-Muslims, Takaful products potentially offer an alternative source of insurance protection—with Muslim faith. different investment objectives, an approach to surplus distribution, and an oversight system with an ethical dimension. Hence in Malaysia, for example, non-Muslims account for more than 60% of the total Takaful premiums. FIGURE 1: GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD OF MUSLIMS AS A % OF TOTAL POPULATION No data 0-5% 5-10% 10-50% 50-75% 75-100% Sources: U.S. State Department, CIA WORLD FACTBOOK, Swiss Re Economic Research & Consulting Market Size and Outlook Whilst Takaful started in 1979 in Sudan, it only gained momentum in early 2000 when the Malaysian government promoted it and significant growth was witnessed thereafter. The growth of Takaful has varied significantly from country to country and its success, or otherwise, has been largely dependent on the awareness and affluence of the local population, as well as on the robustness of the local regulatory framework. Hence the highest growth has been observed in places such as Malaysia (with its considerable awareness of Takaful and robust regulatory framework), whereas growth in the Middle East has only recently begun to take off. Depending on the definition of Takaful, the currently quoted volumes in terms of premiums range from USD$1 billion to USD$5.6 billion. Although the exact size of the Takaful market has often been disputed, there is general acknowledgment of the rapid growth of the industry. In 2007, Takaful premiums in emerging markets grew by roughly 26% and accounted for 5% of insurance premiums Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities 3 Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Milliman Research Report written in Muslim countries.1 According to Takaful Re, a Dubai-based Retakaful company, Takaful premiums crossed the USD$3 billion mark in 2007 as seen in the table in Figure 2. FIGURE 2: TAKAFUL PREMIUMS (USD$ MILLIONS) 2004 2005 2006 2007 GCC 770 1,238 1,579 2,046 Saudi Arabia 645 1,065 1,340 1,695 Kuwait 54 83 90 124 UAE 31 42 65 109 Qatar 25 34 50 76 Bahrain 15 15 34 59 SOUTH EAST ASIA 474 544 692 951 MALAYsia 343 412 534 797 Indonesia 77 75 80 94 Thailand 30 30 32 35 BRUNEI 24 27 30 35 AFRICA 121 181 215 317 LEVANT 14 17 21 32 INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT 5 8 11 18 TOTAL 1,384 1,988 2,518 3,364 Source: Takaful Re The projected Takaful written premium estimates have often been debated by practitioners because of the wide range of numbers published by various sources. There is difficulty in determining firm estimates of the total industry potential as there is a wide variety of Takaful definitions and categorisation, as well as a lack of consistent and credible data. Oliver Wyman suggested in a recent study that the Takaful premium potential is at least USD$20 billion whereas Swiss Re in its annual Sigma report sees a potential of USD$56 billion. Takaful premiums by 2015 are estimated to be in the range of USD$7 billion to USD$8 billion. Hence it is necessary to exercise caution when analysing projected figures. Takaful provides access to Takaful provides access to a large, relatively untapped market, in which insurance penetration a large, relatively untapped hovers somewhere well below 2% of GDP, and its growth in the global market is expected to market, in which insurance continue in the long term. Global estimates for the growth of the worldwide Takaful industry come penetration hovers in at 20% per year, far outstripping the 2.5% annual growth for conventional insurance premiums.2 somewhere well below 2% It is interesting to note that many Takaful providers have emerged largely unscathed from the of GDP, and its growth in the financial crisis, as investments are commonly held in highly liquid assets, which is due to limited global market is expected to Shariah-compliant investments. continue in the long term. Insurers considering entry to the Takaful market are better off assessing the markets and opportunities sooner rather than later. Targeted marketing and consumer education are essential to develop market awareness and established insurers can leverage their existing marketing and distribution platforms. The lack of a clear market leader in Europe and the UK means that insurers can take advantage of the challenges and opportunities present in a developing global industry. 1 Swiss Re (2008). Insurance in the emerging markets. Sigma, Issue No. 5. 2 PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008). Takaful : Growth opportunities in a dynamic market. Retrieved Nov. 3, 2010, from http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/financial-services/pdf/pwc_takaful.pdf. Takaful (Islamic Insurance): Concept, Challenges, and Opportunities 4 Safder Jaffer, Farzana Ismail, Jabran Noor, Lindsay Unwin November 2010 Milliman Research Report PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES UNDERLYING TAKAFUL Principles Underlying the Takaful Industry The Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), a self-regulated organisation in Islamic finances, produced a paper on governance (in December 2009) and defines Takaful as follows: Takaful is the Islamic counterpart of conventional insurance, and exists in both Family (or ‘Life’) and General forms. Takaful is derived from an Arabic word that means joint guarantee, whereby a group of participants agree among themselves to support one another jointly for the losses arising from specified risks. In a Takaful arrangement the participants contribute a sum of money as a Tabarru’ commitment into a common fund that will be used mutually to assist the members against a specified type of loss or damage. The underwriting in a Takaful is thus undertaken on a mutual basis, similar in some respects to conventional mutual insurance. A typical Takaful undertaking consists of a two-tier structure that is a hybrid of a mutual and a commercial form of company – which is the Takaful operator (TO) – although in principle it could be a pure mutual structure. Hence there is a recognition that whilst the current ‘Takaful’ concept and practice is in fact a Whilst the current ‘Takaful’ hybrid of a mutual and commercial insurer, in principle it needs to move more towards a pure concept and practice is in mutual structure. This will be analysed later when discussing the opportunities and challenges of fact a hybrid of a mutual the Takaful industry. and commercial insurer, in principle it needs to move There is a common misunderstanding that insurance or risk mitigation is not allowed under Islam, as more towards a pure Muslims believe that only God knows one’s future and faith. The following conversation taken from mutual structure. the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad depicts an interesting message as to why Muslims should indeed reduce the risk of loss: Prophet Muhammad asked a Bedouin who had left his camel untied, ‘Why do you not tie your camel?’ The Bedouin answered, ‘I put my trust in God.’ The prophet then said, ‘Tie up your camel first and then put your trust in God.’ Every society has risk management needs and, with the evolution of time, the methodologies also evolve.
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