Using Gnrh Vaccine During Post Musth in Captive Asian Elephants
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Elephant Ivory, Zoos, and Extinction in the Age of Imperialism
East and West This enduring fascination with elephants turned their bodies into colonial trophies, dead or alive. While captive elephants were the hallmarks of European zoological collections, ivory RESEARCH TOPICS became a luxurious commodity and an expression of wealth. At the turn of the twentieth century, patterns of ivory consumption were closely connected to the growing middle-class in Europe and the United States. As a status symbol ivory signaled elevation in social rank, N°63 especially for those whose belonging to European culture or even whiteness was in doubt. Thus, recording consumer desire for ivory in Eastern Europe, a region that, on the one hand, largely “missed out” on securing its own African or Asian colonies, but one that nevertheless nurtured colonial longings, reveals close links between social constructions of race, colonial commerce, and animal bodies. For the re- gion caught between the constructions of “progressive Elephant Ivory, Zoos, and West” and “backwards East,” the elephant body served as a material link between the mystical Orient and the Extinction in the Age of colonial Empire, and helped to measure the differenc- es of savagery and civilization. Imperialism (1870s–1940s) 04 A pair of porcelain perfume bottles placed As part of Department III’s research theme “The Body by Marianna Szczygielska on an ivory stand. First half of the 19th century. of Animals,” this project offers a unique insight into JULY 2019 Source: RDW MIC, Virtual Małopolska project. a physical presence of colonial imperialism in an area without overseas colonies. Tracing elephant lives, deaths, and afterlives, all entwined with stories of their keepers, trainers and veterinarians, uncovers a variety of scientific practices and technologies behind the exotic animal trade. -
Review of Human-Elephant FINAL Reduced 01.Cdr
Prithiviraj Fernando, M. Ananda Kumar, A. Christy Williams, Eric Wikramanayake, Tariq Aziz, Sameer M. Singh WORLD BANK-WWF ALLIANCE FOR FOREST CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE USE Review of Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation Measures Practiced in South Asia (AREAS Technical Support Document Submitted to World Bank) Prithiviraj Fernando, M. Ananda Kumar, A. Christy Williams, Eric Wikramanayake, Tariq Aziz, Sameer M. Singh Published in 2008 by WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must mention the title and credit the above mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © text and graphics: 2008 WWF. All rights reserved. Photographs by authors as credited. CONTENTS Preamble 1-2 LIST OF TECHNIQUES Problem Animal Removal 28-33 Traditional Crop Protection 3-7 Capture and domestication Capture and semi-wild management Crop guarding Elimination Noise and Throwing Things Fire Compensation & Insurance 34-35 Supplements to traditional crop protection Land-Use Planning 36-38 Alarms Providing benefits from conservation to Repellants Local communities Organized Crop Protection 8-11 Recommendations 39 Guard teams, 40-43 Vehicle patrols, References Cited Koonkies Literature Cited 44-45 Elephant Barriers 12-18 Physical FORMAT FOR Wire fences EACH TECHNIQUE Log and stone fences Technique Ditches Applicable scale Biological fences Objective Psychological Description of technique Electric fences Positive effects Cleared boundaries and simple demarcation of fields People Elephants Buffer Crops & Unpalatable Crops 19-20 Negative effects People Supplementary Feeding 21-22 Elephants Translocation 23-27 Future needs Chemical immobilization and transport In-country applications Elephant drives Sri Lanka PREAMBLE ew wild species evoke as much attention and varied emotions from humans as elephants. -
The International Elephant Foundation Strategy In
INTERNATIONAL ELEPHANT FOUNDATION STRATEGY IN SUPPORT OF ASIAN ELEPHANT CONSERVATION The International Elephant Foundation Strategy in Support of Asian Elephant Conservation is the result of the International Elephant Foundation (IEF) facilitated workshop of technical representatives from U.S. Asian elephant facilities with expertise conserving Asian elephants in human care, and other U.S. representatives with expertise and experience conserving Asian elephants in range countries. The goal of this Action Plan is to enhance and conserve Asian elephant populations in the wild. Mission Statement The International Elephant Foundation Strategy in Support of Asian Elephant Conservation provides a more coordinated Asian elephant conservation strategy for U.S. Asian elephant facilities focusing on the expertise and experience of the U.S. elephant management community. Vision Statement This strategy identifies and describes those specific components of in situ Asian elephant conservation where there is a direct link to ex situ Asian elephant expertise, and identifies suggested management actions. With a priority focused list of actions, the U.S. elephant management community can maximize limited resources, encourage coordination and collaboration, and further encourage increased participation resulting in a more coordinated approach to maximize conservation activities. 1. Background Asian elephants were historically found from West Asia along the Iranian coast into the Indian subcontinent, and eastward into Southeast Asia and parts of China. Formerly ranging over three and a half million square miles, the Asian elephant is now extinct in West Asia, Java, and most of China, and survives in isolated populations scattered across remaining grassland and tropical forest habitats in thirteen Asian countries. Less than 30% of the entire extant range is within protected areas, and many protected areas afford little protection for elephants or their habitat. -
Concepts in the Care and Welfare of Captive Elephants J
REVIEW: ELEPHANTS CONCEPTS IN CARE AND WELFARE IN CAPTIVITY 63 Int. Zoo Yb. (2006) 40: 63–79 © The Zoological Society of London Concepts in the care and welfare of captive elephants J. VEASEY Woburn Safari Park, Woburn, Bedfordshire MK17 9QN, United Kingdom E-mail: [email protected] Zoos are duty bound to maintain a high standard of challenges facing zoos both from an welfare for all animals for which they are respons- ible. For elephants, this represents a greater chal- animal husbandry and a public perception lenge than for many other species; their sheer size, perspective. This document is not sophisticated social life, high level of intelligence and designed to be a formula for elephant wel- large behavioural repertoire, combined with their fare in captivity because there are still too origins in tropical and subtropical climates mean that replicating the physical, social and environ- many un-answered questions, rather it is mental requirements needed for a high standard of intended as a discussion of some of the welfare in captivity is a significant challenge. This is concepts relating to captive elephant wel- compounded by the difficulties in measuring welfare generally, and specifically for animals such as ele- fare, which it is hoped, might encourage phants within zoo environments. Evidence does exist people from a variety of viewpoints to relating to the longevity, reproductive success and consider elephant welfare in a different the health status of captive elephants which suggests way. I will not go into the issue of whether that their management is not at as high a standard as it is for many other species kept in zoos, and that or not elephants should be in captivity elephant welfare is likely to be compromised as a because this would be a not inconsider- result. -
The Release of a Captive-Raised Female African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
Animals 2013, 3, 370-385; doi:10.3390/ani3020370 OPEN ACCESS animals ISSN 2076-2615 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Article The Release of a Captive-Raised Female African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana Kate Evans 1,2,*, Randall J. Moore 3 and Stephen Harris 1 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Elephants For Africa, P.O. Box HA148 HAK, Maun, Botswana 3 Elephant Back Safaris, Private Bag 332, Maun, Botswana; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-117-928-7479; Fax: +44-117-331-7985. Received: 28 March 2013; in revised form: 22 April 2013 / Accepted: 22 April 2013 / Published: 29 April 2013 Simple Summary: Managing captive elephants poses a significant challenge because of their complex social behaviour. While wild female elephants live in close-knit family groups of related individuals, captive herds often consist of unrelated animals. Some of the elephants in captive groups may be excluded by their companions and experience increased aggression, so that their welfare is compromised. There is no easy solution to this problem and novel approaches are required since slaughter of captive elephants is not publicly acceptable. We show that captive-raised female elephants can be released into the wild, survive and reproduce, and suggest that this management option should be explored further for female elephants currently held under various captive conditions. Abstract: Wild female elephants live in close-knit matrilineal groups and housing captive elephants in artificial social groupings can cause significant welfare issues for individuals not accepted by other group members. -
{TEXTBOOK} Elephant
ELEPHANT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Raymond Carver | 128 pages | 05 Jul 2011 | Vintage Publishing | 9780099530350 | English | London, United Kingdom Elephant - Wikipedia The seeds are typically dispersed in large amounts over great distances. This ecological niche cannot be filled by the next largest herbivore, the tapir. At Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda, the overabundance of elephants has threatened several species of small birds that depend on woodlands. Their weight can compact the soil, which causes the rain to run off , leading to erosion. Elephants typically coexist peacefully with other herbivores, which will usually stay out of their way. Some aggressive interactions between elephants and rhinoceros have been recorded. At Aberdare National Park , Kenya, a rhino attacked an elephant calf and was killed by the other elephants in the group. This is due to lower predation pressures that would otherwise kill off many of the individuals with significant parasite loads. Female elephants spend their entire lives in tight-knit matrilineal family groups, some of which are made up of more than ten members, including three mothers and their dependent offspring, and are led by the matriarch which is often the eldest female. The social circle of the female elephant does not necessarily end with the small family unit. In the case of elephants in Amboseli National Park , Kenya, a female's life involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. Families may associate and bond with each other, forming what are known as bond groups which typically made of two family groups. During the dry season, elephant families may cluster together and form another level of social organisation known as the clan. -
The Ethnography of Captive Elephant Management in Nepal: a Synopsis
Gajah 34 (2011) 32-40 The Ethnography of Captive Elephant Management in Nepal: A Synopsis Piers Locke University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Author’s e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Nepal may not have seemed like the most obvious choice of location for this ethnographic kind of In 2001, with the help of my research assistant Satya research, since its captive elephant management Man Lama, I embarked upon an anthropological practices are not nearly as well known as those study of captive elephant management in of India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand, and Nepal. This has been a long-term programme perhaps also since the number of captive elephants of ethnographic research entailing participant is so small (236 registered as of 2011). However, observation, semi-structured interviewing, the presence of the government elephant stable, survey data, photographic documentation, or sarkari hattisar, as an integral component historical investigation, and textual translation. of the national parks and wildlife reserves of My doctoral fieldwork additionally involved my Nepal’s lowland Tarai region, and the Khorsor own apprenticeship as an elephant handler at the Elephant Breeding Center at which captive born Khorsor Elephant Breeding Center in Chitwan, elephants are trained, made Nepal a particularly where the handlers explained that I could never attractive field site. Since 2001 I have made four understand their life and work unless I experienced successive research trips totalling 20 months of it for myself. Khorsor is also the site at which we fieldwork. In what follows, I introduce the world shot the documentary film Servants of Ganesh, of Nepali captive elephant management and which concerns the training of a juvenile elephant briefly summarize a few of the key issues I have called Paras Gaj (Dugas & Locke 2007). -
Reproductive Tactics of Male African Savannah Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)
Reproductive tactics of male African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) Henrik Barner Rasmussen Balliol College Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford Michaelmas Term 2005 i Abstract The present thesis investigates aspects of the reproductive strategy of male African savannah elephants (Loxodonata africana). The existence of, and differences between alternative conditional dependent reproductive tactics are evaluated using a combination of behavioural, endocrinological and GPS tracking data and the age and tactic related success is measured using genetic paternity analysis. Hidden Markov Models were used as a probabilistic framework for analysing temporal changes in reproductively active and inactive periods based on shifts in association preferences of individuals. Distinct shifts between active and inactive periods were evident well before the onset of the aggressive reproductive tactic of musth, seen in older dominant males, hence providing the first quantitative evidence for the previously suggested sexually active periods in non-musth males. The link between hormones and reproductive status and tactics were investigated using a new technique for non-invasive faecal analysis of hormones. A combined analysis of androgens (Epiandrosterone) and glucocorticoid (3a,11-oxo-CM) hormones in relation to age, reproductive state and musth signals confirmed previously reported elevated levels of androgens during periods with temporal gland secretion and urine dribbling (Musth) but further showed that this increase is indeed linked to the presence of musth signals and not to the age of the individual. Androgen levels were generally increased during sexually active periods with a two-fold increase seen in active non- musth bulls and a four to six-fold increase in musth bulls. -
Endocrine Correlates of Musth in Free-Ranging Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) Determined by Non- Invasive Faecal Steroid Hormone Metabolite Measurements
Endocrine Correlates of Musth in Free-Ranging Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Determined by Non- Invasive Faecal Steroid Hormone Metabolite Measurements Ratna Ghosal1, André Ganswindt2,3, Polani B. Seshagiri4, Raman Sukumar1* 1 Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2 Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 3 Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, 4 Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Abstract The occurrence of musth, a period of elevated levels of androgens and heightened sexual activity, has been well documented for the male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). However, the relationship between androgen- dependent musth and adrenocortical function in this species is unclear. The current study is the first assessment of testicular and adrenocortical function in free-ranging male Asian elephants by measuring levels of testosterone (androgen) and cortisol (glucocorticoid – a physiological indicator of stress) metabolites in faeces. During musth, males expectedly showed significant elevation in faecal testosterone metabolite levels. Interestingly, glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations remained unchanged between musth and non-musth periods. This observation is contrary to that observed with wild and captive African elephant bulls and captive Asian bull elephants. Our results show that musth may not necessarily represent a stressful condition in free-ranging male Asian elephants. Citation: Ghosal R, Ganswindt A, Seshagiri PB, Sukumar R (2013) Endocrine Correlates of Musth in Free-Ranging Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Determined by Non-Invasive Faecal Steroid Hormone Metabolite Measurements. -
Suggested Guidelines for Captive Elephant Enrichment The
Suggested Guidelines for Captive Elephant Enrichment The management of captive elephants is very challenging: their immense size, strength and intelligence test how well enclosures are able to satisfy their daily needs. Like all highly social animals elephants have well-developed cognitive and sensory capacities designed to adapt them to their respective environmental niches. With their basic needs readily provided for, a stimulating environment is necessary to combat inactivity and boredom. The following guidelines have been compiled to aid in the development of an enrichment program for captive elephants. Given the intelligence, size, and strength of elephants, effective strategies must account for daily wear-and-tear while remaining keeper friendly to ensure the safety of the animals, staff, and visiting public. A successful enrichment program requires knowledge of both individual histories and species biology in order to encourage species-appropriate behaviors and promote optimal psychological and physical well-being. NATURAL HISTORY Today only two genera comprise the modern mammalian order Proboscidea (and its sole modern family, Elephantidae): the African elephants (Loxodonta) and the Asian elephants (Elephas). African elephants (weighing 8,000-14,000 lbs. standing 8-14 feet tall) are found throughout the African continent south of the Sahara Desert and have been divided into two main subspecies (which some experts now classify as separate species). The Savanna or Bush elephant, Loxodonta [africana] africana, inhabits grassy bushlands throughout eastern, central, and southern Africa. It is this (sub) species of African elephant, which is seen in the world’s zoos. The smaller, darker Forest elephant, Loxodonta [africana] cyclotis, is found in the equatorial forests of central and western Africa; there are currently no forest elephants in captivity outside of their native range. -
A Preliminary Study of the Captive Elephants in Sri Lanka
A preliminary study of the captive elephants in Sri Lanka Anouk D. llangakoon Background two main objectives in mind; Collection of data on caprive elephanrs was initiaied druing ttre Navam Perehera held L To record as much derail as possible on in Colombo in the monrh of February 1991. A domesticated elephants as the inirial phase of total of 139 elephanrs took parr in rhe Perehera a statistical ccnsus on captive elephants in Sri on the nights of 27th and 28th of February bur Lanka. data were obtained on only 125 of rhem. The data were collected by hlling a specific dara 2. Through collection and analysis of data form for each animal and the form itself was on tlre physical feelurcs and disringuisbing prepard by FI especially for ttris purpose. The characteristics of caprive elephans, to investi- rebvent data on each animal were hlled on gate the possibility of applying the same criteria these forms while identification phorographs or parametersi in the identification o[ elephants were taken simultaneously for later reference, in the wild. All this was done during day rime on the 26rh, 27th and 28th whilc rhe elephans were rerhered Data collection at the Vlharamahadevi Park. Subsequently in July 1991 data were The necessary data were collected by ohained on an additional 56 caprive elephanrs filling a separar.e data sheer for each elephanr during the Esala Perehera Kandy. rhe in As and taking two corresponding photographs of elephans brought [or the Kandy Pcrchera were each animal (lront and side view) for later not confined to one central location but wer€ reference. -
Captive Elephants in India
Captive Elephants in India Ecology, Management and Welfare Captive Elephants in India Ecology, Management and Welfare Surendra Varma* With inputs from** S.R. Sujata, Suparna Ganguly, Shiela Rao, George Verghese, David Abraham, Rajendra Hasbhavi, Mahesh Agarwal, Kushal Konwar, Sarma, Snehal Bhavsar, P. Anur Reddy, N. Kalaivanan, T. Rajamanickam, M.C. Sathyanarayana, R. Thirumurugan, S. Thangaraj Panneerslevam, N.S. Manoharan,V. Shankaralingam, D. Boominathan, N. Mohanraj, E.K. Eswaran, T.S. Rajeev, Nibha Namboodiri, Marshal.C.Radhakrishnan, Nilesh Bhanage, Sandeep K Jain, Madhulal Valliyatte and Naveen Pandey Reviewers SS. Bist, Former Project Elephant Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Government of India, Gay Bradshaw, Executive Director, The Kerulos Center, USA, Helena Telkänranta, Researcher, University of Helsinki, Finland, Late Dr. Fred Kurt, Former member IUCN/SSC Asian Specialist Group *, **Details of the author and contributors are in pages 204 & 205 Published by Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA) Flat D, Ground Floor, Kensington Apartments 18/1 Ulsoor Main Road, Ulsoor-560 008 India www.cupabangalore.org In collaboration with Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (ANCF) C/o CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012 www.asiannature.org Title: Captive Elephants in India Author: Surendra Varma Copyright © 2015 CUPA/ANCF Suggested citation: S. Varma (2015) Captive Elephants in India: Ecology, Management and Welfare, Compassion Unlimited Plus Action (CUPA) and Asian Nature Conservation Foundation (ANCF), Bangalore, India. First limited Edition 2015 Published by CUBA and ANCF ISBN 978-81-909731-3-7 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this publication for educational or non-commercial purposes is permitted without any prior permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged and appropriate credit is given.