Reproductive Control of Elephants
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South American Camelids – Origin of the Species
SOUTH AMERICAN CAMELIDS – ORIGIN OF THE SPECIES PLEISTOCENE ANCESTOR Old World Camels VicunaLLAMA Guanaco Alpaca Hybrids Lama Dromedary Bactrian LAMA Llamas were not always confined to South America; abundant llama-like remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in the Rocky Mountains and in Central America. Some of the fossil llamas were much larger than current forms. Some species remained in North America during the last ice ages. Llama-like animals would have been a common sight in 25,000 years ago, in modern-day USA. The camelid lineage has a good fossil record indicating that North America was the original home of camelids, and that Old World camels crossed over via the Bering land bridge & after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama three million years ago; it allowed camelids to spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange, where they evolved further. Meanwhile, North American camelids died out about 40 million years ago. Alpacas and vicuñas are in genus Vicugna. The genera Lama and Vicugna are, with the two species of true camels. Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is a domesticated species of South American camelid. It resembles a small llama in superficial appearance. Alpacas and llamas differ in that alpacas have straight ears and llamas have banana-shaped ears. Aside from these differences, llamas are on average 30 to 60 centimeters (1 to 2 ft) taller and proportionally bigger than alpacas. Alpacas are kept in herds that graze on the level heights of the Andes of Ecuador, southern Peru, northern Bolivia, and northern Chile at an altitude of 3,500 m (11,000 ft) to 5,000 m (16,000 ft) above sea-level, throughout the year. -
Review of Human-Elephant FINAL Reduced 01.Cdr
Prithiviraj Fernando, M. Ananda Kumar, A. Christy Williams, Eric Wikramanayake, Tariq Aziz, Sameer M. Singh WORLD BANK-WWF ALLIANCE FOR FOREST CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE USE Review of Human-Elephant Conflict Mitigation Measures Practiced in South Asia (AREAS Technical Support Document Submitted to World Bank) Prithiviraj Fernando, M. Ananda Kumar, A. Christy Williams, Eric Wikramanayake, Tariq Aziz, Sameer M. Singh Published in 2008 by WWF - World Wide Fund for Nature. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must mention the title and credit the above mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © text and graphics: 2008 WWF. All rights reserved. Photographs by authors as credited. CONTENTS Preamble 1-2 LIST OF TECHNIQUES Problem Animal Removal 28-33 Traditional Crop Protection 3-7 Capture and domestication Capture and semi-wild management Crop guarding Elimination Noise and Throwing Things Fire Compensation & Insurance 34-35 Supplements to traditional crop protection Land-Use Planning 36-38 Alarms Providing benefits from conservation to Repellants Local communities Organized Crop Protection 8-11 Recommendations 39 Guard teams, 40-43 Vehicle patrols, References Cited Koonkies Literature Cited 44-45 Elephant Barriers 12-18 Physical FORMAT FOR Wire fences EACH TECHNIQUE Log and stone fences Technique Ditches Applicable scale Biological fences Objective Psychological Description of technique Electric fences Positive effects Cleared boundaries and simple demarcation of fields People Elephants Buffer Crops & Unpalatable Crops 19-20 Negative effects People Supplementary Feeding 21-22 Elephants Translocation 23-27 Future needs Chemical immobilization and transport In-country applications Elephant drives Sri Lanka PREAMBLE ew wild species evoke as much attention and varied emotions from humans as elephants. -
{TEXTBOOK} Elephant
ELEPHANT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Raymond Carver | 128 pages | 05 Jul 2011 | Vintage Publishing | 9780099530350 | English | London, United Kingdom Elephant - Wikipedia The seeds are typically dispersed in large amounts over great distances. This ecological niche cannot be filled by the next largest herbivore, the tapir. At Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda, the overabundance of elephants has threatened several species of small birds that depend on woodlands. Their weight can compact the soil, which causes the rain to run off , leading to erosion. Elephants typically coexist peacefully with other herbivores, which will usually stay out of their way. Some aggressive interactions between elephants and rhinoceros have been recorded. At Aberdare National Park , Kenya, a rhino attacked an elephant calf and was killed by the other elephants in the group. This is due to lower predation pressures that would otherwise kill off many of the individuals with significant parasite loads. Female elephants spend their entire lives in tight-knit matrilineal family groups, some of which are made up of more than ten members, including three mothers and their dependent offspring, and are led by the matriarch which is often the eldest female. The social circle of the female elephant does not necessarily end with the small family unit. In the case of elephants in Amboseli National Park , Kenya, a female's life involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations. Families may associate and bond with each other, forming what are known as bond groups which typically made of two family groups. During the dry season, elephant families may cluster together and form another level of social organisation known as the clan. -
Reproductive Tactics of Male African Savannah Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)
Reproductive tactics of male African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) Henrik Barner Rasmussen Balliol College Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford Michaelmas Term 2005 i Abstract The present thesis investigates aspects of the reproductive strategy of male African savannah elephants (Loxodonata africana). The existence of, and differences between alternative conditional dependent reproductive tactics are evaluated using a combination of behavioural, endocrinological and GPS tracking data and the age and tactic related success is measured using genetic paternity analysis. Hidden Markov Models were used as a probabilistic framework for analysing temporal changes in reproductively active and inactive periods based on shifts in association preferences of individuals. Distinct shifts between active and inactive periods were evident well before the onset of the aggressive reproductive tactic of musth, seen in older dominant males, hence providing the first quantitative evidence for the previously suggested sexually active periods in non-musth males. The link between hormones and reproductive status and tactics were investigated using a new technique for non-invasive faecal analysis of hormones. A combined analysis of androgens (Epiandrosterone) and glucocorticoid (3a,11-oxo-CM) hormones in relation to age, reproductive state and musth signals confirmed previously reported elevated levels of androgens during periods with temporal gland secretion and urine dribbling (Musth) but further showed that this increase is indeed linked to the presence of musth signals and not to the age of the individual. Androgen levels were generally increased during sexually active periods with a two-fold increase seen in active non- musth bulls and a four to six-fold increase in musth bulls. -
ELA Grade 6 Unit 2 - Open Response - Print
Name: Class: Date: ELA Grade 6 Unit 2 - Open Response - Print 1 Another lesson. So that was the way they did it, eh? Buck Excerpt from The Call of the Wild confidently selected a spot, and with much fuss and waste by Jack London effort proceeded to dig a hole for himself. In a trice the heat from his body filled the confined space and he was That night Buck faced the great problem of sleeping. The asleep. The day had been long and arduous, and he slept tent, illumined by a candle, glowed warmly in the midst of soundly and comfortably, though he growled and barked the white plain; and when he, as a matter of course, and wrestled with bad dreams. entered it, both Perrault and Francois bombarded him with curses and cooking utensils, till he recovered from his Nor did he open his eyes till roused by the noises of the consternation and fled ignominiously into the outer cold. A waking camp. At first he did not know where he was. It chill wind was blowing that nipped him sharply and bit with had snowed during the night and he was completely especial venom into his wounded shoulder. He lay down buried. The snow walls pressed him on every side, and a on the snow and attempted to sleep, but the frost soon great surge of fear swept through him—the fear of the wild drove him shivering to his feet. Miserable and thing for the trap. It was a token that he was harking back disconsolate, he wandered about among the many tents, through his own life to the lives of his forebears; for he only to find that one place was as cold as another. -
Endocrine Correlates of Musth in Free-Ranging Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) Determined by Non- Invasive Faecal Steroid Hormone Metabolite Measurements
Endocrine Correlates of Musth in Free-Ranging Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Determined by Non- Invasive Faecal Steroid Hormone Metabolite Measurements Ratna Ghosal1, André Ganswindt2,3, Polani B. Seshagiri4, Raman Sukumar1* 1 Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 2 Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, 3 Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, 4 Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Abstract The occurrence of musth, a period of elevated levels of androgens and heightened sexual activity, has been well documented for the male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). However, the relationship between androgen- dependent musth and adrenocortical function in this species is unclear. The current study is the first assessment of testicular and adrenocortical function in free-ranging male Asian elephants by measuring levels of testosterone (androgen) and cortisol (glucocorticoid – a physiological indicator of stress) metabolites in faeces. During musth, males expectedly showed significant elevation in faecal testosterone metabolite levels. Interestingly, glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations remained unchanged between musth and non-musth periods. This observation is contrary to that observed with wild and captive African elephant bulls and captive Asian bull elephants. Our results show that musth may not necessarily represent a stressful condition in free-ranging male Asian elephants. Citation: Ghosal R, Ganswindt A, Seshagiri PB, Sukumar R (2013) Endocrine Correlates of Musth in Free-Ranging Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Determined by Non-Invasive Faecal Steroid Hormone Metabolite Measurements. -
Livestock Important Animals on the Farm
Canadian Foodgrains Bank Livestock Important Animals on the Farm Did you know? There are many types of livestock in the world. Which of these animals have you seen? Cows Alpaca Sheep Camel Goats Gayal Pigs Llama Chickens Water buffalo Turkeys Yak This picture is of a girl from Ethiopia, holding a New words pair of goats. In many cultures around the world Here are some new words you can learn that refer domesticated animals, called livestock, are a very to livestock! important source of food and income (money). Baby animals can be sold and the money used to Draught – (pronounced “draft”) A draught animal pay for other important things like school fees. is an animal that is very strong and is used for Livestock can be useful for wool, leather or fur, tasks such as ploughing or logging. used mostly for clothing but also for homes, tools and other household goods. Livestock is also Mount – A mount is an animal that can be ridden used as helpers on the farm! by people, such as horses or camels. Sometimes, in situations of extreme hunger Pack– A pack animal is an animal that is used to and famine, families will sell their livestock in carry supplies or people. order to buy food. This is a big problem because families might not get very much money for their livestock during famine times. Since livestock are Name these livestock animals important for food (for milk, meat, and help on the farm), it is even more difficult for people to feed themselves after their livestock is gone, even if there is food growing in the fields. -
Assessment of Pack Animal Welfare in and Around Bareilly City of India
doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.332-336 Assessment of pack animal welfare in and around Bareilly city of India Probhakar Biswas, Triveni Dutt, M. Patel, Reena Kamal, P.K. Bharti and Subhasish Sahu Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Dist. Bareilly (UP) India Corresponding author: Probhakar Biswas, email:[email protected] Received: 22-09-2012, Accepted: 06-10-2012, Published online: 15-03-2013 How to cite this article: Biswas P, Dutt T, Patel M, Kamal R, Bharti PK and Sahu S (2013) Assessment of pack animal welfare in and around Bareilly city of India, Vet. World 6(6):332-336, doi:10.5455/vetworld.2013.332-336 Abstract Aim: To assess the welfare of pack animal: Pony, Horse, Mule and Donkey in and around Bareilly city. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in Bareilly city and Izatnagar area of Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh in the year 2009. Representative sample of 100 pack animal owners were selected to get the information regarding various social, personal and economic attributes of the pack animal. Further during interviewing different health and behavior pattern of animals was keenly examined. Analysis has been done as per standard procedures. Results: Most of the pack animal owners (98%) were aware of the freedom from hunger and thirst. Majority of respondents (96, 93, 81 & 85 percent) were aware of freedom from injury and disease, pain and discomfort, to express normal behavior and adequate space and freedom from fear and distress. Respondents (85%) believed that they themselves were responsible for the welfare of the animals. -
Dogs of War: the Biopolitics of Loving and Leaving the U.S. Canine Forces in Vietnam
Animal Studies Journal Volume 2 Number 1 Article 6 2013 Dogs of War: The Biopolitics of Loving and Leaving the U.S. Canine Forces in Vietnam Ryan Hediger Kent State University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj Recommended Citation Hediger, Ryan, Dogs of War: The Biopolitics of Loving and Leaving the U.S. Canine Forces in Vietnam, Animal Studies Journal, 2(1), 2013, 55-73. Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol2/iss1/6 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Dogs of War: The Biopolitics of Loving and Leaving the U.S. Canine Forces in Vietnam Abstract This essay uses Michel Foucault’s notion of biopower to explore how dogs were used by the United States military in the Vietnam wars to mitigate the territorial advantages of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army. Relying in particular on the account by U.S. soldier and dog handler John C. Burnam, the essay also shows agency to be situational: since the dogs’ superior sensory abilities enabled them to help significantly the United States military, their presence complicates and at times reverses dogmatic ideas of human agency trumping other animals’ agency. But the operation of contemporary biopower makes such categorical inversions flimsy and er versible: the dogs’ status changed from heroes set for moments above human soldiers to mere machinery, pressed below even animals, in order to excuse official United States policy to leave the dogs in Vietnam. -
Mammuthus Primigenius) Carcass from Maly Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Islands, Russian Federation
Quaternary International 445 (2017) 89e103 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint A woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) carcass from Maly Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Islands, Russian Federation) ** * Semyon E. Grigoriev a, , Daniel C. Fisher b, , Theodor Obada c, Ethan A. Shirley b, Adam N. Rountrey b, Grigory N. Savvinov d, Darima K. Garmaeva e, Gavril P. Novgorodov a, Maksim Yu. Cheprasov a, Sergei E. Vasilev f, Artemiy E. Goncharov g, h, i, Alexey Masharskiy i, Viktoriya E. Egorova e, Palmira P. Petrova e, Eya E. Egorova e, Yana A. Akhremenko e, Johannes van der Plicht j, Alexei A. Galanin k, Sergei E. Fedorov a, *** Evgeny V. Ivanov d, Alexei N. Tikhonov l, a, a Lazarev Mammoth Museum, Institute of Applied Ecology of the North, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation b Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA c Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chis¸inau, Republic of Moldova d Institute of Applied Ecology of the North, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation e Medical Institute, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation f 3D Modelling and Virtual Reality Center, Institute of Physics and Technologies, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation g North-West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation h Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation i Saint -
Resurrecting the Wooly Mammoth
Resurrecting the Woolly Mammoth As an ecologist of ice age giants, I long ago came to terms with the fact that I will never look my study organisms in the eye. I will never observe black- bear-sized beavers through binoculars in their natural habitats, build experimental exclosures to test the effects of mastodons on plants, or even observe a giant ground sloth in a zoo. De-extinction could change that. On Friday, a group of geneticists, conservationists, journalists, and others convened in Washington, D.C. to discuss resurrecting extinct species, including the woolly mammoth. De- extinction sounds like science fiction, but it’s rooted in very real conservation concerns. With the sequencing of the woolly mammoth genome complete and recent advancements in biotechnology, the question of whether to clone extinct species like mastodons, dodos, or the Shasta ground sloth is rapidly becoming more of a question of should, rather than how. The latter isn’t straightforward, and involves the integration of a number of cutting edge disciplines, but I’d like to focus on the former: should we clone woolly mammoths? What Should We Consider??? A growing problem I’ve had (and one which Brian Switek raises in a recent post at National Geographic) is that the de-extinction proposals are Big Ideas, but they they’re often shallow when it comes to ecology. Even the concept of “de-extinction” itself is misleading. Successfully cloning an animal is one thing; rescuing it from the black hole-like pull of extinction is another. Decades of conservation biology research has tried to determine the careful calculus of how many individuals and how much land are needed for a species to survive without major intervention, accounting for its needs for food, habitat, and other resources. -
THE MARITIME TROY CULTURE (C. 3000-2200 BC.) Dissertation PART
ANIMAL BASED ECONOMY IN TROIA AND THE TROAS DURING THE MARITIME TROY CULTURE (C. 3000-2200 BC.) AND A GENERAL SUMMARY FOR WEST ANATOLIA Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen PART I TEXT vorgelegt von Can Yümni GÜNDEM aus Adana/Türkei 2010 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19. 01. 2010 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Grathwohl 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Hans Peter Uerpmann 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Nicholas J. Conard EIDESSTATTLICHE VERSICHERUNG Hiermit versichere ich, dass die vorliegende Arbeit mit dem Titel „ Animal Based Economy in Troia and the Troas during The Maritime Troy Culture (c. 3000-2200 BC.) and a General Summary for West Anatolia “ selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der von mir angegebenen Hilfsmittel verfasst habe. Alle Stellen, die wortgetreu oder sinngemäß aus anderen Veröffentlichungen entnommen sind, wurden als solche kenntlich gemacht. Diese Arbeit hat noch keine anderen Stellen zum Zwecke der Erlangung eines Doktor-Grades vorgelegt. Tübingen, 2010 (Can Yümni Gündem) 2 This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved aunt Handan Sezen (†) , to my dear pal Horst Trossbach (†) and to my wonderful family Fatma Bengü, Suavi, Ali, Meltem and Almira Ece 3 Content Acknowledgements................................................................................................................. 17 Summary................................................................................................................................