CHAPTER 1 HARPPA Q1 the First Site to Be Discovered in the Indus
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Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1934-35
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OF INDIA - 1934 35 . EDITED BY J. F. BLAKISTON, Di;aii>r General of Atchxobgt/ tn Iniia, DELHI: MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS 193T Prici! Rs. Jl-A <n ISt. Gd List of Agents in India from whom Government of India Publications are available. (a) Provinoial Government Book Depots. Madras : —Superintendent, Government Press, Mount Hoad, Madras. Bosibay : —Superintendent, Govommont Printing and Stationorj^ Queen’s Road, Bombay. Sind ; —Manager, Sind Government Book Depot and Record Office, Karachi (Sader). United Provinces : —Superintendent, Government Press, Allahabad. Punjab : —Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab, Lahore. Central Provinces : —Superintendont, Govommont Printing, Central Provinces, Nagpur. Assam ; —Superintendent, Assam Secretariat Press, Shillong. Bihar : —Superintendent, Government Printing, P. O. Gulzarbagh, Patna. North-West Frontier Province:—Manager, Government Printing and Stationery, Peshawar. Orissa ; —Press Officer, Secretariat, Cuttack. (4) Private Book-seli.ers.' Advani Brothers, P. 0. Box 100, Cawnpore. Malhotra & Co., Post Box No. 94, Lahore, Messrs, XJ, P, Aero Stores, Karachi.* Malik A Sons, Sialkot City. Banthi3’a & Co., Ltd., Station Road, Ajmer. Minerva Book Shop, Anarkali Street, Lahore. Bengal Flying Club, Dum Dum Cantt,* Modem Book Depot, Bazar Road, Sialkot Cantonment Bhawnani & Sons, New Delhi. and Napier Road, JuUtmdor Cantonment. Book Company, Calcutta. Mohanlal Dessabhai Shah, Rajkot. Booklover’s Resort, Taikad, Trivandrum, South India* Nandkishoro k Bros,, Chowk, Bonaros City. “ Burma Book Club, Ltd., Rangoon. Now Book Co. Kitab Mahal ”, 192, Homby Road Bombay. ’ Butterworth &: Co. (India), Ltd., Calcutta. Nowman & Co., Ltd., Calcutta, Messrs. Careers, Mohini Road, Lahore. W. Oxford Book and Stationorj' Company, Delhi, Lahore, Chattorjeo Co., Bacharam Chatterjee Lane, 3, Simla, Meomt and Calcutta. Calcutta. -
Mohenjo-Daro
IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER. 2 B.A.English HISTORY-I Course Code: BAQ111 Semester: First SLM Unit : 2 E-Lesson: 2 www.cuidol.in Unit-2(BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL HISTORY-I OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 3 After studying this unit, you will be able to: Excavation of Mohenzodaro and Harappa, Analyse the extent of Harappa culture. by R.D. Banerjee and Dayaram Sahani, was the most exhilarating event of the 20th century A.D. for the Indian historians Explain the causes for the decline of Harappa culture www.cuidol.in Unit-2(BAQ111)Q 111) INSTITUTEAll right OFare DISTANCE reserved ANDwith ONLINECU-IDOL LEARNING TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Origin and Extent of Harappa Civilisation > Discovery & Time Span > Other Indus Valley Civilization HISTORY > Main Features Of Harappan Civilization - I https://note-world.blogspot.com/2017/08/harappan-civilization-and-major-centers.html www.cuidol.in Unit-2(BAQ111) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL ORIGIN AND EXTENT OF HARAPPA CIVILISATION 5 Ancient Indian History would have been in its dark phase if it had not explored the urban cities and culture in the Valley of Indus River and its tributaries. Discovery of the Indus civilisation which was the contemporary of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia gives a proud moment to all Indians to write their history as rich and long back to the dates around 3000 BCE. It’s large extent and glory in socio-economic life, rich art and culture, scientific town planning have uplifted the Indian history into a great height that researchers expects more discoveries to prove its genuine history and culture to the whole world. -
Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation
Modern Asian Studies 39, 2 (2005) pp. 399–426. C 2005 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0026749X04001611 Printed in the United Kingdom Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation SUDESHNA GUHA University of Cambridge I Following the destruction of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in December 1992, the discipline of archaeology has been increasingly exploited for meeting the demands of religious nationalism in India, for offering material proof for the primordiality of Hindu dharma, and for substan- tiating claims that the ‘Vedic Hindu’ had an indigenous origin within the subcontinent. Over the last decade, statements such as ‘new astro- logical and archaeological evidence has come to light which suggests that the people who composed the Vedas called themselves Aryans and were indigenous to India’ (Prinja 1996: 10), have not only propped up the doctrinaire of Hindutva, but have also acquired an official sanc- tioning from many within the professional community of Indian ar- chaeologists (e.g. Lal 1998), who are actively involved in a programme of promoting the premise that it is possible to unearth true histories objectively through archaeological means (Gupta 1996: 142). The decision taken by the Allahabad High Court in March 2003,to examine the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s claim for the existence of an ancient Rama temple at Ayodhya through an excavation, has added to the claims of these archaeologists, as this is the first instance in the history of Indian archaeology where the discipline’s principal method (i.e. excavations) has been legally endowed with the potentials for unearthing the ‘truth’. The verdict of the State judiciary of Uttar Pradesh, which requested the Archaeological Survey of India1 to I thank Simon Schaffer, Eivind Kahrs and Michael Dodson for their comments on an earlier draft. -
Origin of Archaeological Research Activities in Pakistan
Origin of Archaeological Research Activities in Pakistan BADSHAH SARDAR AND TAHIR SAEED Abstract This paper presents an investigation about the archaeological research activities carried out during from (17th -19th CE) on the soil of Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent mainly in British Colonial and after independence of Pakistan by the Department of Archaeology & Museums, Pakistan. The topic is presented in three parts: first part presents early research activities carried out during the British Colonial era, second part provides information about the establishment of regional offices under the administrative control of Archaeological Survey of India and third part provides details about the main archaeological research activities conducted during post-colonial era and establishment of Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums after inde- pendence of Pakistan. I. Activities of British Government Colo- London, lost record of its precise provenance nial Era (17th -19th Century) and was generically labeled as Gandhāran, thus shifting the meaning of the word from precise The first European notices of the living temples geographical designation to a broad cultural and ancient monuments of India are found in the one (Brancaccio 2006: 1). However, the proper reports of travelers in the 16th, 17th and the first discovery and archaeological excavations half of the 18th centuries. The important records of ancient sites in the Indian Sub-Continent are contributed by John Huighen van Linschoten can be traced back to the early British Indian in the late 16th century and Pietro della Valle in Government around the middle of 18th Century. the early 17th century about the living temples in In fact, the British colonial legacy is manifested India. -
Why the Social Context of Archaeology Matters in the Study of the Indus Valley Civilization: Insight on Banerji’S “Pre‐Buddhist” Period at Mohenjodaro
Why the Social Context of Archaeology Matters in the Study of the Indus Valley Civilization: Insight on Banerji’s “Pre‐Buddhist” Period at Mohenjodaro Neha Gupta 1 1. Anthropology and Geography/Interdisciplinary Studies, Lakehead University, 500 University Ave, Orillia, Ontario, L3V0B9, Canada (Email: nguptag@ gmail.com) Received: 25 September 2013; Accepted: 10 October 2013; Revised: 24 October 2013 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1 (2013): 36‐62 Abstract: Most scholars agree that the Indian middle‐class is deeply interested in the Indus Valley civilization; a situation best reflected in popular publications within India on the ancient society. Furthermore, growing numbers of archaeologists, Indian and Western, remark that Indian archaeology is nationalistic. What does this mean for the study of the Indus Valley civilization, and, how does the relationship between Indian society and archaeology influence our understandings of ancient India? In this article, I use historical methods to examine the social context of archaeology with focus on the archaeological work of Rakhaldas Banerji at Mohenjodaro in the early twentieth century. I show how British scholars interpreted Indian archaeology to justify colonialism, and how Indian scholars, in turn, reinterpreted these views to challenge imperialism in colonial India. Keywords: History of Archaeology, Archaeology of India, Indus Valley Civilization, Rakhaldas Banerji, History of Science, Colonial Science, Cultural Heritage Introduction In their article entitled, “Basic Issues in Harappan Archaeology: Some Thoughts” (2006), Vasant Shinde, an archaeologist at the Deccan College Post‐Graduate and Research Institute, and his colleagues underscore the role of archaeology in contemporary Indian society. Although they do not say so explicitly, Shinde et al. -
Local Communities, National Interests and the Practice of Indian Archaeology
Behind the frontline: local communities, national interests and the practice of Indian archaeology Neha Gupta Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal August, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Neha Gupta, 2012 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ v Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Approaches in the practice and history of archaeology ....................................... 3 Methods and sources .......................................................................................... 11 Review of the history of Indian archaeology ..................................................... 19 Organization of the dissertation ......................................................................... 33 References .......................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 1: In Babri’s shadow: change and continuity in the practice of Indian archaeology .............................................................................................. 49 Characterizing the practice of Indian archaeology ............................................. 53 Organization of the archaeological community -
History XI Chapter 1
Date : 01-8-2018 SUBJECT : HISTORY CLASS XI Chapter 1 (New) The Indus valley Civilization (English Medium) 1 Chapter 1 The Indus Valley Civilization 1. Introduction 2. Origin, Phases, Spread, and Major Centres 3. Town Planning 4. Technology and Economic Life 5. Social, Religious, and Cultural Life 6. Political System 7. Decline 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The earliest historians of ancient India wrote on the basis only of Sanskrit literature. But before the nineteenth century ended many historians started paying attention to buildings, caves, inscriptions and coins as well. Alexander Cunningham, the first Surveyor General of India, identified many ancient sites, and excavated Sarnath, Taxila, and Sanchi. The written and material evidence (traces from the past) put together enabled the historians to understand ancient Indian history much better. 1.2 The north-western part of the Indian subcontinent in which Punjab is located was the cradle of the earliest civilization in India. The term ‘civilization’, denoting the distinctive way of life of a particular set of human beings in an area, has been defined in diverse ways. Essentially, it includes the existence of writing and urban centres which imply a complex technology (application of knowledge for 2 practical purposes), economy, and social, religious and cultural life as well as some kind of political authority. 1.3 This civilization is generally called after the river Indus because it initially spread mainly along the valleys or basins (low lying areas) of the Indus river system, including the Jhelam, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, and the Saraswati (later covered by the dry bed of the river Ghaggar) rivers. -
HISTORY (027) Sample Question Paper (Term 1) 2021-22 CLASS-XII
HISTORY (027) Sample Question Paper (Term 1) 2021-22 CLASS-XII TIME-90 MINUTES MM-40 Marks GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. The paper has been divided into four sections – A, B, C and D. 2. Section A contains 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions. 3. Section B contains 22 Questions. Attempt any 18 questions. 4. Section C contains two Case based Questions with 12 questions Attempt any 10 questions. 5. Section D contains Questions 59 & 60 which are Map Based Questions. Both the questions have to be attempted 6. All questions carry equal marks. 7. There will be no negative marking. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION-A 1. Who among the following was the author of book ‘The Story of Indian Archaeology’? A. R E M Wheeler B. John Marshall C. S.N.Roy D. Rakhal Das Bannerjee 2. Who among the following was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)? A. Alexender Cunningham B. Harold Hargreaves C. Daya Ram Sahni. D. John Marshall 3. Which one among the following religious practices was seemed to be unfamiliar and unusual with the Harrapan culture? A. Mother Goddess B. Priest King C. Yogic posture seal D. Sanskritic Yajnas 4. Which of the following is the oldest stupa in India and was commissioned by the Mauryan King Ashoka? A. Shanti Stupa B. Amaravati Stupa C. Sanchi Stupa D. Nagarjuna Konda Stupa 5. Which one of the following aspects describes the meaning of ‘Tirthankaras’ in Jainism? A. Supreme Being who is the incarnation of God B. Those who guide men and women across the river of existence. -
CBSE Class 12 History Sample Paper Term 1 2021-22
HISTORY (027) Sample Question Paper (Term 1) 2021-22 CLASS-XII TIME-90 MINUTES MM-40 Marks GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. The paper has been divided into four sections – A, B, C and D. 2. Section A contains 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions. 3. Section B contains 22 Questions. Attempt any 18 questions. 4. Section C contains two Case based Questions with 12 questions Attempt any 10 questions. 5. Section D contains Questions 59 & 60 which are Map Based Questions. Both the questions have to be attempted 6. All questions carry equal marks. 7. There will be no negative marking. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SECTION-A 1. Who among the following was the author of book ‘The Story of Indian Archaeology’? A. R E M Wheeler B. John Marshall C. S.N.Roy D. Rakhal Das Bannerjee 2. Who among the following was the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)? A. Alexender Cunningham B. Harold Hargreaves C. Daya Ram Sahni. D. John Marshall 3. Which one among the following religious practices was seemed to be unfamiliar and unusual with the Harrapan culture? A. Mother Goddess B. Priest King C. Yogic posture seal D. Sanskritic Yajnas 4. Which of the following is the oldest stupa in India and was commissioned by the Mauryan King Ashoka? A. Shanti Stupa B. Amaravati Stupa C. Sanchi Stupa D. Nagarjuna Konda Stupa 5. Which one of the following aspects describes the meaning of ‘Tirthankaras’ in Jainism? A. Supreme Being who is the incarnation of God B. Those who guide men and women across the river of existence. -
Principles and Methods of Archaeology Semester - Iv, Academic Year 2020-21
STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A HISTORY PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY SEMESTER - IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21 UNIT CONTENT PAGE Nr I DEFINITION AND SCOPE – ARCHAEOLOGY 02 II INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY - ORIGIN AND GROWTH 12 III FUNCTIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS 24 IV DATING METHODS 32 V ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN TAMIL NADU 37 Page 1 of 46 UNIT - I DEFINITION AND SCOPE - ARCHAEOLOGY Definition: The word archaeology has its origin from two Ancient Greek words ‘arkhaios’, meaning ancient or old, and ‘logia’, which stand for learning or study. Archaeology is the study of the ancient and recent human past through the recovery and analysis of material remains. Many consider it to be a subfield of anthropology (the study of all human culture and evolution), along with many other subfields comprising biological, cultural and linguistic anthropology. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanity (the study of humans and their society). However, it also uses other branches of learning such as biology, chemistry, geology, botany, geography and various other disciplines. By using all these disciplines, the archaeologists are able to understand human civilizations of the past and recreate main aspects of the environment in which these bygone societies lived. Archaeology is the only method available for the study of human actions in the material world, when other evidences such as a variety of written materials and oral traditions narrating certain phenomenon fail. The survival of written documents is relatively limited and hence from the time that these documents become available, they provide additional tools to archaeology for its interpretation of past activities of man, on the basis of material remains. -
Indus Valley Civilization Fla/Kq ?Kkvh Lh;Rk (History)
C L A S S E S Indus Valley Civilization fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk (History) ª Previous Year Questions ª SSC, Railway ª CDS, NDA, IAS Pre ª Bank PO, I.B. & All Govt. Exams www.neonclasses.com Harappan Culture Bronze Age Civilization in the Indus Valley • Introduction: The urban culture of the Bronze Age found in Harappa in Pakistani Punjab was a path-breaking discovery. In 1853, A. Cunningham, the British engineer who became a great excavator and explorer, noticed a Harappan seal. Though the seal showed a bull and six written letters, he did not realize its significance. Much later, in 1921, the potentiality of the site of Harappa was appreciated when an Indian archeologist, Daya Ram Sahni, stated excavating it. At about the same time, R.D. Banerjee, a historian, excavated the site of Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh. Both discovered pottery and other antiquities indicative of a developed civilization. • Town Planning and Structures: A vast civilization is the North-West of India was archaeologically discovered in 1921-22, what is now referred to as the Indus Valley Civilization or the Harappan Civilization. Many other cities too came to be dug out gradually, by other excavators, namely Ropar (Chandigarh), Lothal (Ahmedabad), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Kot Diji and Chanhudaro (Sindh), Dholavira (Kutch, Gujarat), Banawali (Hisar, Haryana) and Sutkagen-Dor (Makran coast, Pakistan) etc. Phases of Indus Valley Civilization: The three main phases of the Indus Valley Civilization are: Early Harappan (Integration era) (3300 BC to 2800 BC) Mature Harappan (Localization era) (2600 BC) Late Harappan Phase (Regionalization era) (1800 BC-1700 BC) The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town The Harappan Civilization was one of the four earliest civilizations planning. -
The Cambridge History of India
SIR MORTIMER WHEELER THE INDUS CIVILIZATION THIRD EDITION s. e>a. net $2.9! IN U.K. IN U.S.A s^ t^JD^v-/ oz<$ ( 1 *1 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 http://www.archive.org/details/cambridgehistoryOOraps - THE INDUS CIVILIZATION SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA THE INDUS CIVILIZATION SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME TO THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA BY SIR MORTIMER WHEELER Third Edition CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1968 Published by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London, n.w.i American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York, n.y. 10022 This edition © Cambridge University Press 1968 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 22-11272 Standard Book Numbers: 521 06958 o clothbound 521 09538 7 paperback First edition 1953 Second edition i960 Reprinted i960, 1962 Third edition 1968 Printed in Great Britain at the University Printing House, Cambridge (Brooke Crutchley, University Printer) 3 A CONTENTS Last of Plates page vii "List of Figures in the Text x List of Folding Plan and Sections x Prefatory Note xi Notes to the Second and Third TLditions xi Terminology 2 Distribution 2 General chronology 5 Climate 6 Towns and villages of hill and plain 9 The Indus civilization 24 Mohenjo-daro and Harappa: general layout 26 Harappa 27 Mohenj o-daro 3 7 Chanhu-daro 5 6 and other north-western sites Sutkagen-dor 5 9 Lothal and other southern and eastern sites 63 Burials and skeletal types 66 Military aspects of the Indus civilization 72 Commerce and transport 79 Farming and fauna 84 Arts and crafts 86 The Indus script 107 The Indus religions 108 no 126 134 Errata to Plate Numbers: ^ VIII read IX p.