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Control of a Major Pest of Forestry, Hylobius Abietis, with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungi Using Eradicant and Prophylactic Strategies ⇑ Christopher D

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Control of a Major Pest of Forestry, Hylobius Abietis, with Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungi Using Eradicant and Prophylactic Strategies ⇑ Christopher D Forest Ecology and Management 305 (2013) 212–222 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Full length article Control of a major pest of forestry, Hylobius abietis, with entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi using eradicant and prophylactic strategies ⇑ Christopher D. Williams a, , Aoife B. Dillon b, Christopher D. Harvey a, Roseanne Hennessy a, Louise Mc Namara a, Christine T. Griffin a a Behavioural Ecology and Biocontrol, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co., Kildare, Ireland b Coillte Teoranta, Newtownmountkennedy, Co., Wicklow, Ireland article info abstract Article history: Hylobius abietis, a major problem for seedling survival on forested land, develops under the bark of Received 27 March 2013 stumps of felled conifers. We investigated the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and fungi Received in revised form 28 May 2013 (EPF) applied to stumps to suppress adult emergence. We performed five field trials over three years and Accepted 29 May 2013 assessed results through destructive sampling and emergence trapping. We used two strategies in appli- Available online 3 July 2013 cation: eradicant, where treatments were applied after weevil colonisation and prophylactic, where treat- ments were applied prior to colonisation. At prophylactic sites no treatment significantly reduced weevil Keywords: emergence. At all eradicant sites, treatments including nematodes were more efficacious than those not. Pine Weevil EPF-only treatment did not significantly reduce weevil emergence compared to controls, but there was a Biological control Steinernema carpocapsae non-significant (P = 0.058) numerical reduction at one site. The effects of EPF and EPN were additive. Heterorhabditis downesi There was evidence of mortality due to native Beauveria sp. at all three eradicant sites, identified as Beau- Beauveria bassiana veria caledonica at one. A proportion of weevils at depths of up to 18 cm in the soil were infected by the Beauveria caledonica applied Beauveria bassiana showing that applied fungi can reach this cryptic pest. If choice of EPF strain and application technologies are optimised, EPF may present a viable control method for pine weevil in the future. Ó 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) guidelines, alpha cypermethrin and cypermethrin are considered ‘‘highly hazardous chemicals’’ The large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L., is a major pest of applied only under derogation, so there is an obligation on FSC natural regenerating and plantation forestry throughout much certified companies to find alternatives to chemical control. Fur- of the Palaearctic coniferous forest region. Females, attracted to thermore, current pesticides have a repellent effect on the pine plant volatiles following clear-felling, oviposit in or around coni- weevil and, while this protects young plants, it does little to im- fer stumps and larvae develop under the bark for one to three pact on the local populations of the pest (Torr et al., 2005; years depending on temperature (Leather et al., 1999; Inward Leather et al., 1999). et al., 2012). Following emergence, adults feed on the bark of Alternatives to the chemical control of pine weevil include young trees and replanted sites can suffer up to 100% mortality changes in silviculture practices, including mounding, planting of newly planted trees if no control measures are taken. Pine later in the season and leaving sites fallow for a number of years weevil is estimated to cost the UK economy £2 million per an- (Von Sydow, 1997; Örlander and Nilsson, 1999; Örlander and num (Weslien, 1998; Leather et al., 1999). Current control mea- Nordlander, 2003). Another cultural tactic is the application of sures include the synthetic chemicals alpha cypermethrin or the fungus Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.: Fr.) Juelich in the biocontrol cypermethrin, which are administered in nursery pre-treatment of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref, which has the additional either via electrodyne application or dipping of young trees prior benefit of making stumps unsuitable for weevil oviposition and to planting and/or through on-site post-planting spray. However, development (Skrzecz, 1996, 2001). Another approach to weevil with concerns over potential environmental impacts, cypermeth- control is to manage forest blocks in a landscape context with rin is being phased out across Europe (E.C., 2012). Also, under regard to pine weevil meta-population dynamics; to this end a Hylobius integrated management system using GIS technology ⇑ Corresponding author. has been developed (Wainhouse et al., 2001; Evans et al., E-mail address: [email protected] (C.D. Williams). 2004). The use of bio-pesticides, such as entomopathogenic 0378-1127/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.055 C.D. Williams et al. / Forest Ecology and Management 305 (2013) 212–222 213 nematodes (EPN), applied in aqueous suspension around stumps 2. Materials and methods to target the developing larvae and pupae, has also been investi- gated (Dillon et al., 2006, 2007; Brixey et al., 2006; Torr et al., 2.1. Sites for field studies 2007). Infective juveniles (IJs) or dauers, the free-living host- seeking stage, enter the host via body openings (spiracles, mouth There were five field sites, three eradicant (Eradication 1–3) and and anus) or through the cuticle and release symbiotic bacteria two prophylactic (Prophylactic 1 and 2) (Table 1). All sites were (Photorhabdus sp. in the case of Heterorhabditidae or Xenorhab- clear-felled lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas), except Pro- dus sp. in the case of Steinernematidae) (Kaya and Gaulgler, phylactic 2, which was Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Sites were lo- 1993). The bacteria digest the host tissue producing a nutrient cated in mid to east Ireland in counties Meath (Eradicant 1 and medium on which developing nematodes subsequently feed. To Prophylactic 2), Westmeath (Eradicant 2), Laois (Eradicant 3) and date, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser is the only species that Kildare (Prophylactic 1) where temperatures are mild and rainfall has been used against pine weevil at an operational level in Eur- is moderate to high. Sites were planted between 1967 and 1977 ope. Previous studies have shown that Heterorhabditis downesi and, prior to felling, trees were classified as yield class 16, except Stock, Griffin and Burnell is more effective against the pest (Dillon the Scots pine at Prophylactic 2, which was yield class 10. On all et al., 2006; Williams et al., 2013), though this species is not sites the soil was peaty. A meta-analysis of eradicant field trials commercially produced. Entomopathogenic nematodes are safe showed that EPN were more efficacious on peaty sites than sites to plants and vertebrates (Boemare et al., 1996; Ehlers and with a mineral soil substrate and that efficacy was independent Hokkanen, 1996), have limited persistence in the environment of both host tree species (Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis] versus (Dillon et al., 2008; Harvey, 2010) and do not affect non-target lodgepole pine) and host density (Williams et al., 2013). We there- coleopteran diversity, species richness or community structure fore concentrated on peat sites with pine since weevil populations when applied to control pine weevil (Dillon et al., 2012). are generally higher in pine than in spruce (Dillon and Griffin, Other potential bio-pesticides are entomopathogenic fungi 2008; Williams et al., 2013) and so we would be less likely to miss (EPF) in the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium. Like EPN, Beauveria significant effects due to zero-inflated data and high variance at and Metarhizium can be mass produced, have a broad host range low population densities. and are considered to be environmentally safe (Feng et al., 1994; At each site, treatments were arranged in a randomised block Scheepmaker and Butt, 2010; Zimmermann, 2007; Strasser et al., design with ten replicates (stumps) per treatment, one per block. 2000). Laboratory studies have shown that all stages of pine weevil For sites in which multiple assessments were performed (e.g. (including adults) are susceptible to these fungi, with larvae and destructive sampling, emergence trapping in different years), sep- pupae being highly susceptible (Ansari and Butt, 2012). EPF are arate blocks were used for each method and/or time of trapping. widely used against several horticultural pests (Lacey et al., 2001), but their use against forestry pests has been less widespread (Lacey et al., 2001; Reay et al., 2007). There are currently no pub- 2.2. Treatments and application lished field trials of EPF efficacy against pine weevil though there have been laboratory studies (Wegensteiner and Führer, 1988; S. carpocapsae in vermiculite formulation and dry conidiospores Ansari and Butt, 2012). Ansari and Butt (2012) note that EPF have of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (experimental strain 1694) were several advantages over the currently used nematodes for pine supplied by the Becker Underwood company. The Novozymes weevil control, including better shelf life, and the potential for product Met 52 (Metarhizium anisopliae [Metsch.] Sorokin), which application as either ‘‘wet’’ or ‘‘dry’’ conidia. Transport of the large is produced as conidiospores on rice grains and used to control volume of water required for EPN application1 adds considerably to vine
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