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ONTOLOGICAL ENGINEERING for PUBLIC and PRIVATE PROCUREMENT Ontological Engineering for Public and Private Procurement EUROPEAN UNION BRAZIL ONTOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROCUREMENT Ontological Engineering for Public and Private Procurement ONTOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROCUREMENT Ontological Engineering for Public and Private Procurement MINISTRY OF GOVERNMENT SECRETARIAT MINISTER OF STATE GEDDEL VIEIRA LIMA SECRETARY OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES JOSÉ RICARDO DA VEIGA DIRECTOR OF MARKETS AND INNOVATION ALEXANDRE MONTEIRO E SILVA TECHNICAL SUPPORT TEAM FABIO MEDEIROS DE SOUZA (GENERAL-COORDINATOR OF MARKETS ACCESS) CARLOS VELOSO DE MELO JR. (FOREIGN TRADE ANALYST) JANIO MOREIRA DA COSTA (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ANALYST) EUROPEAN UNION DELEGATION TO BRAZIL HEAD OF THE EUROPEAN UNION DELEGATION JOÃO GOMES CRAVINHO MINISTER COUNSELLOR - HEAD OF DEVELOPMENT AND COOPERATION SECTION THIERRY DUDERMEL COOPERATION ATTACHÉ – EU-BRAZIL SECTOR DIALOGUES SUPPORT FACILITY COORDINATOR ONTOLOGICAL ASIER SANTILLAN LUZURIAGA IMPLEMENTING CONSORTIUM CESO DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS/FIIAPP/INA/CEPS ENGINEERING FOR MINISTRY OF PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE MINISTER OF STATE DYOGO OLIVEIRA SECRETARY OF MANAGEMENT PROCUREMENT GLEISSON CARDOSO RUBIN PROJECT NATIONAL DIRECTOR MARCELO MENDES BARBOSA CONTACTS PROJECT COORDINATION UNIT Authors: EUROPEAN UNION-BRAZIL SECTOR DIALOGUES SUPPORT FACILITY SECRETARIAT OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT Edilson Ferneda MINISTRY OF PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT [email protected] TELEPHONE: + 55 61 2020.4645/4168/4785 Fernando William Cruz [email protected] [email protected] WWW.SECTORDIALOGUES.ORG © 2016 EUROPEAN UNION Brasília • March • 2016 THE CONTENT OF THIS PUBLICATION DOES NOT REFLECT THE OFFICIAL OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION AND VIEWS EXPRESSED THEREIN LIES ENTIRELY WITH THE AUTHOR. Ontological Engineering for Public and Private Procurement LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS Figure 1.1 Some of the main knowledge organization systems ........................ 18 Figure 3.4 Representation of a set of triples as a graph ................................... 59 Figure 1.2 Porphyrian Tree ................................................................................ 19 Figure 3.5 Graph generated by integrating data from several sources ............ 60 Figure 1.3 Example of taxonomy ....................................................................... 20 Figure 3.6 Linked Open Data’s datasets Cloud connected in august 2014 ..... 61 Figure 1.4 Banyan tree ...................................................................................... 20 Figure 4.1 Essential Concepts Base: involved requirements ............................ 69 Figure 1.5 Example of class representation containing individuals .................. 25 Figure 4.2 Essential Concepts Base: implementation benefits ......................... 71 Figure 1.6 Part of UNSPSC classification for computer equipment .................. 28 Figure 5.1 Methodology proposal for the construction of the Essential Concepts Base ... 73 Figure 1.7 Part of eCl@ss classification for electric engineering products ....... 29 Figure 6.1 Example of product classified with a taxonomic bias ...................... 76 Figure 1.8 Taxonomy extract of Enterprise Ontology ........................................ 30 Figure 6.2 Configuration of products from the input-of relationship.................. 77 Figure 1.9 Relationship between the private and universal ones ..................... 32 Figure 6.3 Configuration of products by using the part-of relationship ............ 78 Figure 1.10 UFO-S: main concepts and relationships involved in a product offer .. 33 Figure 6.4 Suggestion of product description logics ........................................ 79 Figure 1.11. Example of class hierarchy .............................................................. 35 Figure 7.1 Conversion of BCE in OWL format ................................................... 81 Figure 1.12. Example of RDF and RDFS levels representation ............................ 37 Figure 7.2 Scheme for obtaining RDF model by using the PCS2OWL tool ...... 82 Figure 2.1 Ullmman’s Triangle ........................................................................... 38 Figure 7.3 Essential Concepts Base and instances of OWL/RDF products ..... 83 Figure 2.2 Example of Entity-Relationship model.............................................. 40 Figure 7.4 Basic offers structure: the Agent-Promise-Object principle............. 85 Figure 2.3 Example of Entity-Relationship model with a restriction Figure 7.5 An OWL scheme for electronic commerce ...................................... 87 being included ................................................................................. 41 Figure 7.6 Offer suggestion of products from the Essential Concepts Base .... 89 Figure 2.4 Fragment of metamodel OntoUML to describe classes .................. 47 Figure 7.7 API Jena for the development of Semantic Web applications ......... 91 Figure 2.5 Fragment of metamodel OntoUML to describe relationships Chart 2.1 Main language level characteristics ................................................ 45 between concept instances ............................................................. 48 Chart 2.2 OntoUML concepts .......................................................................... 48 Figure 2.6 Example of context described in UML for representation in OWL ... 51 Chart 2.3 OntoUML relationships ..................................................................... 49 Figure 3.1 Berners-Lee’s Framework for Semantic Web ................................... 58 Chart 2.4 Functional and semantic syntax of some OWL constructs .............. 54 Figure 3.2 Example of a database system table ............................................... 58 Figure 3.3 Representation of a dataset in the form of triples ............................ 59 Ontological Engineering for Public and Private Procurement Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................10 Part II – A PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION AND OFFER PROPOSAL ..................64 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................14 4. CONCEPTUAL MODELING OF PRODUCTS WITH FOUNDATIONAL ONTOLOGY SUPPORT ...................................................64 Part I – THEORETICAL REFERENCE .................................................................17 4.1. Contextualization ....................................................................................64 4.2. An essential concepts base ....................................................................67 1. ALTERNATIVES FOR KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION ...............................17 1.1. Taxonomies .............................................................................................18 5. METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 1.2. Thesauri ..................................................................................................21 ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS BASE ...................................................................72 1.3. Ontologies ...............................................................................................24 1.3.1. Domain ontologies .......................................................................24 6. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS BASE ................75 1.3.2. Foundational ontologies ..............................................................31 1.4. Comparing knowledge organization systems ..........................................34 7. THE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS BASE AND THE SEMANTIC WEB..............80 1.5. Example of ontology ...............................................................................35 7.1. Product offer in electronic commerce .......................................................84 7.2. Suggestion for product offer by using BCE .............................................88 2. CONCEPTUAL MODELING AND ONTOLOGIES ........................................38 7.3. A practical example .................................................................................93 2.1. Ontological metaproperties .....................................................................42 2.2. Ontological languages ............................................................................44 CONCLUSIONS AND WORK AGENDA ................................................................95 2.2.1. OntoUML .....................................................................................46 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................98 2.2.2. OWL ............................................................................................50 3. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE: FROM THE TRADITIONAL WEB TO THE SEMANTIC WEB....................................................................55 3.1. Semantic Web .........................................................................................56 3.2. Linked Data ............................................................................................61 3.3. Electronic commerce in Semantic Web ..................................................61 8 9 Ontological Engineering for Public and Private Procurement Executive Summary • Products must be defined on an non-ambiguous ways, according to their essential attributes, but their functionalities must be taken in account, as is the In the last years, the Secretariat for Micro and Small Enterprises (SMPE) has
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