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PROPOSING TRAVEL PLANS FOR URBAN TOURISM IN , USING GEOGEAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Shahnaz Basheer, * Dr. Lancelet T.S **

* Research Scholar, Dept. of Geography, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of , Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu

**Professor, Dept. of Geography, Sree Sankaracharya University of , , , Kerala

ABSTRACT

Tourism is an activity of leisure-oriented transitory mobility with both spatial and temporal proportions. It is a necessary part of today’s economy, also reflects the overall development of a society. Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes (UNWTO). Nowadays the city becomes a destination for many tourists, cities are more smart, developed, and attractive. Urban tourism is about describing multiple tourist activities in which the city is the main destination and a place of interest.

The study mainly aims to study and classify urban tourist spots in Kochi city based on its character, analyse the sustainable tourism development from the existing distributions and also to provide awareness of the existence of tourist products and sustainability concept through urban geo green tourism to the visitors and concerned planners in a digital format. A questionnaire survey had been conducted for the study, it brings a new level of tourism in Kochi through their interactions and communications those help in the future for a better stay of tourists in the city. Nevertheless, based on the expressed opinions Kochi remains a very desirable place that meets or exceeds expectations of the overwhelming majority.

Urban tourism is an imperious factor of tourism initiative, in the case of Kochi, it is in the earlier stages. Being a practical city should represent greener, cleaner, safer, smarter, and self- sustainable. The major importance of the research is to demonstrate the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in analysing the sustainable tourism development planning in Kochi. “Learn to love Kochi more than its malls and metro but rather for its backwaters and heritage”.

Keywords: Tourism, Urban Tourism, Sustainable Urban Tourism Development, GIS

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1. INTRODUCTION

Tourism is an activity of leisure-oriented transitory mobility within the cooperation of spatial and temporal proportions, a necessary part of today’s economy reflects the overall development of a society. Tourism is a passionately geographic sensation and creates an idiosyncratic connection between the local people and the tourists who visit the tourist spot. It has a significant inference for the geographies of destination, development, resource use, and exploitation. Tourism as a force for social change, utilisation and empowerment, including issues of commodification, consumption, and place creation. The geography and tourism are well connected through the uniqueness and spatial location of the place i.e. the distribution and arrangement of tourist destinations and tourism products. Nowadays the city becomes a destination for many tourists because the cities are more smart, developed, and attractive. The tourism act as a privilege to the urban areas.

‘Urban tourism encompasses the activities of international and domestic visitors as well as local residents in urban areas, contextualized by built and natural landscapes, amenities, and infrastructure. Urban tourism is about describing multiple tourist activities in which the city is the main destination and a place of attention. Urban tourist space in the urban area takes the expansion of mobility of societies. So the urban centers are becoming the major center of attractions due to its location, specificities and the updating communication and transportation facilities, etc. From the city, local residents should draw what is best and offer urban tourists with what is utmost attractive, but keep on within the outline of sustainable development.

Sustainable tourism is defined by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), as ‘tourism that respects both local people and the traveller, cultural heritage and the environment’. So here comes the two way responsibility of who is there (the local people living in a particular area) who are coming there (the tourists). The urban specificities, availability of tourism products, and the sustainable development in the tourism sector makes Kochi as a global destination.

Kochi is a sprawling city and is among ’s fastest-growing cities and being a good tourist destination and the quality of city tourism is satisfactory. It remains a very desirable place that meets or exceeds the expectations of the overwhelming majority. The possibilities for and restraints to emerging the area as a tourist destination is not that much easier what we think. However, tourism also consumes urban and natural limited resources, it generates costly waste, requires expensive facilities, produces air and water pollution, and alters the life of the

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residents. Urban-related issues of Kochi are common to any developing cities, such as unplanned and sprawling development, air and water pollution, traffic congestion, poor waste management, and environmental degradation. The horizontal sprawling of the city’s land-use compromises the city center’s compact pattern. Due to unplanned urban development, the absence of traffic management policies and practices, and the lack of integrated transport and land use planning.

Adopting a tour package within the accessible distance and limited time will be indeed useful to the different types of tourists visiting the Kochi city. If a person is vising the city for the first time also can make the trip very easier with the help of maps. The one day trip created by the selected tourist spots will be a new experience for the tourist along with the different modes of transportations. The major importance of this research is to prove the use of GIS in analysing sustainable tourism development planning in Kochi.

2. STUDY AREA

Kochi is a coastal city and the commercial capital of Kerala that lies southwest coast of India at 9°58′N 76°13′E, with an area of 459.92 sq.km within the district of Ernakulam and is located in the state of Kerala and one of the largest urban agglomeration. Topography describes a detailed description of the physical features of an area including hills, mountains, valleys, rivers. The topography of Kochi is the main physical attraction for the tourists, physiography exerts a great influence upon the extent and direction of tourists to attract into the city. The political boundary of the study area is given in figure 1.

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Figure: 1 Location map of the study area; Source: by the investigator

3. OBJECTIVES

The primary aim of the paper is to study and classify urban tourist spots in Kochi on the basis of its character; to analyse the sustainable tourism development from the existing transportation facilities; and to indicate suitable proposals for the promotion of tourism activities. The distinguished classification of tourist spots will help the tourist to choose a particular spot to visit with appropriate transportation and also to choose the mode for transportation. The major importance of the research is to demonstrate the use of GIS in analysing sustainable tourism development planning in Kochi.

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The important and relevant sets of primary and secondary type of data were used in this study such as Survey of India (SOI) Topographical map with a scale of 1:50,000 and the Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor (LISS) IV Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite (IRS) P6 satellite imagery, other collateral maps, and images of the city. The data utilised for the creation of vector maps for reference maps and the analysis purpose in the studies. Moreover, GIS platforms ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 for image analysis and ArcMap10.2 used to create a

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database, image processing of existing land use, transportation networks especially the road networks and water bodies, etc. Secondary data are used for the simple statistical analysis regarding the specificities of the city are obtaining from various authorities. For field surveys and to detect the spatial distribution of tourist destinations in the city used a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) to validate and also update the attribute information of each feature. The attribute information of all the features was compiled. In the meanwhile the research, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the foreign tourists. Reliable sources of literature are used as a base for making the descriptions about the tourist destinations.

Figure: 2 Flow chart of methodology

5.1 THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF KOCHI’S MAJOR TOURIST SPOTS

Ernakulam district of Kerala is one of the finest destinations for the study of urban sustainable tourism. This district consists of both rural and urban places of attractions. Physical and cultural components of an area, the scenic beauty which is most coordinated in the coastal as well as the highland area of the district. The tourism industry in Kochi plays a significant role in transforming society and the economy, tourism has the perspective to take place the social and cultural development in the city. For the tourist, Kochi offers nature on a tray with an urban environment like sandy beaches of Kochi, blue Lagoons, and backwater by Lake.

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Urban tourist places are numerous and they vary in their different characteristics and location. It is, therefore, worthwhile to classify the tourist spots into categories for a better understanding of their role in the tourism industry. In Kochi, the problem of classifying tourist spots is not an easy thing, because the tourist spots are unevenly distributed. While analysing the study the tourist spots of Kochi are never classified before. Most of the tourist destinations are located within the city itself, this is a good sign for the tourists to roam around and visit most of the places in a limited time.

Geography or the location of a place is well related to each other, it influences the tourist to choose the location to visit. Generally, the location-based classifications are identifying based on the localisation of people, services, amenities, and all attractions linked to a tourism destination. But in this study, it is giving importance to analyse and classify the urban tourist spots on the basis of its character. Distinguishing quality of a feature or a place make them recognizable here based on the observed similarities the tourist spots in Kochi has classified into altered characteristics. Kochi’s selected tourist spots are divided into seven categories such as cultural tourism, ecotourism, coastal tourism, religious tourism, sports tourism, recreation/activity tourism and conference/business tourism and the given below maps represents the tourist spots, the table shows the distance from the Ernakulam town to major selected tourist spots.

The Kochi’s selected tourist spots are mainly divided into seven categories based on its altered character. Such as Cultural tourism, the conceptual definition of cultural tourism defines “The movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs”(Ashworth-1995, Richards - 1996); Ecotourism defined as "Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the wellbeing of local people and involves analysis and education"(Ties, 1990); Coastal tourism, It refers to land-based tourism activities including swimming, surfing, sunbathing and other coastal recreation activities taking place on the coast for which the proximity to the sea is a condition including also their respective services. (Ecorys, 2013); Religious or pilgrim tourism is tourism that is motivated by faith or religious reasons. Recently, it has been suggested that modern tourism “…has become the functional and symbolic equivalent of more traditional religious practices, such as festivals and pilgrimages” (Sharpley, 2005); Recreation or activity tourism, it is obvious that recreation, the physical and intellectual rejuvenation of people is one of the main aims of tourism. It is often done for enjoyment, amusement, relaxation, and satisfaction; Sports tourism is sport-oriented

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leisure time activities, done at places other than one’s place of residence, includes very diverse activities from the discovery of nature’s beauty to doing sports activities in man-made environments. Conference or business tourism, International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA), 2013 defining business tourism: "Business tourism is the provision of facilities, and services to the millions of delegates who annually attend meetings, congresses, exhibitions, business events, incentive travel, and corporate hospitality".

Table: 1 and Figure: 4 given below show the character-based classification of Kochi’s selected tourist spots and Table: 2 shows the distance from the Ernakulam town to major selected tourist spots.

TYPE OF TOURIST DESTINATIONS TOURSIM b Indo Portuguese Museum, Hill Palace, Maritime ,Heritage Museum, Maritime Museum (SNC), Kerala Folklore Museum, Kerala Kathakali Centre, Vasco de Gama Research Institute Centre, Dutch Cemetery, David Hall Art Gallery, Cultural Tourism Kashy Art Gallery, Aspinwall House, Princess Street, Mattanchery Palace, , Venduruthy Bridge, Ghoshree Bridge, Thakur House, Koder House, Vasco House, Bastin Bungalow, Jew Town Eco Tourism Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary, Kadamakudy Marine Drive , Beach, , Vasco de Gama Square, Coastal tourism Puthuvype Beach, Lighthouse Religious Tourism Jain temple, Santa Cruz Basilica, Koonan Kurish Church, Jewish Synagogue, St:Francis Assisi Cathedral, Church, St:Francis Church Recreation / Activity Tourism Sports Tourism Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium, Sailing Regatta Business / Bholgatty Palace, Crown Plaza, Le Meridian, Lulu Mall, Conference Tourism

Table: 1 Character based classification of Kochi’s tourist spots; Source: by the investigator

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Figure: 3 Character based classification of Kochi’s tourist spots; Source: by the investigator

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Sl. TOURIST SPOTS DISTANCE FROM No ERNAKULAM TOWN (km) 1 Indo –Portuguese Museum 12.1 2 Hill Palace 11.4 3 Cochin port maritime museum 9.8 4 Maritime museum (SNC) 11.7 5 Kerala folklore museum 05.0 6 Kerala Kathakali centre 12.3 7 Vasco de Gama research centre 12.6 8 Dutch Cemetery 12.4 9 David hall art gallery 12.6 10 Kashi art gallery 12.8 11 Aspinwall House 13.0 12 Princess street 12.8 13 Jew town 09.5 14 Dutch Palace/ Palace 10.0 15 Bolgatty Palace 06.0 16 Venduruthy Bridge 03.5 17 Ghoshree Bridge 04.9 18 Thakur House 13.0 19 Koder House 12.8 20 Vasco House 13.0 21 Bastin Bungalow 12.9 22 Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary 03.7 23 Kadamakudy 13.9 24 12.3 25 Chinese Fish Net 13.0 26 28.5 27 Marine Drive 03.4 28 Vasco de Gama Square 12.9 29 Puthuvype Light house 10.7 30 Puthuvype Beach 12.6 31 Jain Temple 10.6 32 Santa Cruz Basilica 11.0 33 St:George Orthodox Koonan Kurish Church 10.8 34 Jewish Synagogue 09.8 35 St:Francis Assisi Cathedral, Church 03.4 36 Vallarpadam Church 07.6 37 St:Francis CSI Church 12.8 38 Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha 03.0 39 Wonderla 14.0 40 Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, 04.7 41 Crown Plaza 07.4 42 Le Meridian 07.7 43 Lulu Mall 08.8 44 Oberon Mall 08.3 Table: 2 Distance from Ernakulam Town to the selected tourist spots; Source: by the investigator

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5.2 NETWORK ANALYSIS IN CONNECTIVITY OF KOCHI

Transportation is an indispensable component of the economy and plays a major role in spatial relations between locations. There would be no transportation without the geography of a place and there would be no geography without transportation. Transportation facilitates movements between different locations. The distinctive persistence of transportation is to overwhelming space, which includes a variety of human and physical restraints such as distance, time, governmental divisions, and topography. Laws, regulations, borders, and tariffs are some of the political factors it can also influence transportation. The main aim and importance of transportation is the mobility of goods and services to one place to the other place.

Kochi’s transportation is totally different from the other cities of Kerala and one of the best transportation facilities providing a city in Kerala. It has a number of various modes of transport are available such as the roads, railways, metros, and water boats, etc. Kochi facing a number of traffic-related problems but the existing road substructure is not decreasing the growing traffic hassles of the city. Introducing sustainable solutions to traffic problems will control the city’s urban transportations issues.

The spatial network is a graph whose nodes are embedded in a metric space. Hence, in spatial networks, one can apply a distance function between two nodes in the network. The distance metric used to analyse spatial networks is often geographic distance. A network is capable of modeling a single mode of transportation, like roads or a multimodal network made up of several transportation modes like roads, railroads, and waterways.

The transportation network of Kochi (Figure: 4) is one of the main analysis to find out the major and existing transportation networks of the city. Network analysis of Kochi (Figure: 5) represents the easiest accessible and precise route for the tourist to reach the particular tourist spot within a limited time. The network analysis is created for the road network transportation, it provides the tourist to decide the routes before planning to visit the tourist places and gives a moderate and proper connection way to reach a particular tourist spot within a limited time.

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Figure: 4 Transportation network of Kochi; Source by the investigator

Figure: 5 Network Analysis of Kochi City

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5.3 WATER TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS

The limited road capacity is most of the cities' major issues and our city also facing the same one. It takes traffic congestion and travel delays are common, leading to average travel times of over an hour. Waterway transportation can alternate to release some of the pressure from the city’s congested roadways. The major part of the drainage is passing through the core of the city itself. It shows a good sign for the implementation of water transportation in the city, and the adjacent areas also.

The naturally occurring water channels in the city also used for the intra and intercity transport. Connectivity and accessibility of transport are very important in water transport systems. It has lower costs of development, management, and maintenance as compared to road systems. Comparing with surface transportation water transportation can subsidize to create such efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Transportation of waterways contributes different ways to the city the region's ecology and enhancing its biodiversity, flood protection, increased climate resilience, and its local economies through job creation, housing, and especially tourism and freight transport. It brings up a multimodal transport system to the city.

The waterway transportation of Kochi at its emerging stage and major development programmes are under construction. In the context of tourism, the development of waterways is needed to get much attention to the transportation system and the connectivity. Restoration of waterways can offer multiple co-benefits ranging from the delivery of an alternate affordable and clean transport system, improve water management, water quality environmental regeneration, improvement to tourism and regional micro-economies, and enhancement of natural storm protection and flood drainage mechanisms.

Kochi’s proposed water metro is a well-planned system and it is the first-ever water metro in India. The efficient and integrated water transport system could provide affordable public transport to the tourist and the local communities which are economically vulnerable in the area. The water metro of Kochi (Figure: 6) is an integrated transport project proposed by Rail Limited (KMRL). It is expected to start operations on 14th April 2019. Carries 78 multi facilitated boats along with the latest safety and communication devices and also air- conditioned, Wi-Fi enabled ones. Upcoming transportation networks will bring Kochi a sustainable city at the global level.

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Figure: 6 Water metro and Kochi’s tourist spots

6. DISCUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Kochi is not a settled space it is always a busy place with the people coming and going. Daily around 20, 0000 people are visiting Kochi for various reasons. Conducting a city tour will create more developments in the tourism industry. The tour is connecting the major tourist spots of the city. The city tour programme already exists in Kochi, and the trip is not for any particular days it is a daily tour programme like a picnic and it is a Government of India programme. There are 4 buses are carried out on the trip with two guides they also provide food and water for the tourists and the programme is its initial stage. The tour is linked with the Kochi metro, it makes the tourists experience another mode of transport. The trip starts at 7:00 am from Kochin International Airport and the dropping time at 8:00 pm in the Airport.

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The budget of the journey is just 1100 Rupees, it is an affordable amount to the tourists. The currently running trip is not only within the city also included some other surrounding places of the district. Each and every metro city are offering this kind of one day trip. The main aim of all these programmes is to decrease pollution from private vehicles and to reduce traffic issues also.

The city is having a number of proposed projects which are already running and others are just at its initial stage only. Some of them are the Vega -120, a speed boat service of Vaikom to Ernakulam route. It is connecting the three districts of Kerala through the major stations of the routes of Ernakulam boat Jetty to Fort Kochi, Kamanakadavu Jetty Island, and Vypin via Kamanakadavu service. The other routes are Thevara Ferry to Vytila connection service. It has all facilities at an affordable price. It is giving a new experience to people like enjoying the environment in an eco-friendly way. This one is Kerala’s first air-conditioned speed boat, there is a route track system is installed in the boat it will make the journey in a perfect and correct way with much safer. The total trip has to take 33 km with a speed of 25 km/hr they provide daily 12 services on the same route.

This kind of trip gives the people to understand the surrounding tourist places for the local peoples and the tourists. It gives more employment opportunities for the local communities of the city area. This tour has started as an experimental one to check out the reach and improvisations. The specialty of the tour is just a one day trip within the budget of everyone and it is much safer to the vulnerable ones. The city tour is enjoying very less amount of people and others are not well aware and the places in this are very limited and the choices of tourists are limited.

Giving much promotion and connecting with other transportation networks of the city will much improve the city tour programme. Especially the coming water metro project, through this the number of places can increase. And taking the aid of information technology by creating the apps and privilege cards to the tourist will be good in their travelling. The existing tourist spots of Kochi in the city tour is Fort Kochi Beach, , Kerala Folklore Museum, Hill Palace, Vallarpadam Basilica Church, Durbar Hall, and Art Gallery only.

The high rising price of petrol and diesel is a confusing problem for the people of India. The other countries are already finding out an alternative solutions for these kinds of problems.

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Electric vehicles are the solution for the problem and the implementation firstly in the Government offices and after trying that only to the public usages. Charging points should be implemented in the selected areas of the city region. These can give a much more change to the fuel problems in the city regions.

The suggested tour package for one day in Kochi is an existing one but it’s connecting the nearby districts tourist spots also, for taking consideration of the different type of tourists the time and distance matters. For one day travelling will be a hurry burry journey, for that chosen tourist spots with a limited period of time for one day in the royal Kochi make the tourist a nice experience. The selected tourist places for the one day trip is Indo –Portuguese Museum, Cochin port maritime museum, Maritime museum (SNC), Vasco de Gama research centre, Dutch Cemetery, David hall art gallery, Kashi art gallery, Aspinwall House, Princess street, Jew town, Bolgatty Palace, Mattancherry Palace, Venduruthy Bridge, Thakur House, Koder House, Vasco House, Bastin Bungalow, Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary, Marine Drive, Fort Kochi Beach, Chinese Fish Net, Vasco de Gama Square, Jain Temple, Santa Cruz Basilica, St:George Orthodox, Koonan Kurish Church, Jewish Synagogue, St:Francis CSI Church, Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Lulu Mall and Oberon Mall. These spots are distributed in three areas of land and islands regions of the city. One is the For Kochi region along with Mattancherry the second is the part of the mainland of the final cluster is in the High Court road area and the remaining spots are unevenly spread over the city’s core.

The one-day tour package is concentrated mainly three sections of the city (Figure:7). A section is in the island parts of Fort Kochi and Mattancherry and the other two sections B and C are in the mainland region of the district. Which are the High court region and the area. The selected tourist spots are not much distance from the Ernakulam town which is easily connected to the transportation networks of road, rail, metro rail, and especially the water transportation mode. And also the coming water metro will be a good and sustainable mode of transportation in this tour package. The one day tour is covering most of the varieties of tourism with a comfortable and easiest connecting networks of the city. The ultimate aim of the tour package is to know the surroundings briefly for the locals and the tourists.

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C

B

A

Figure: 7 Proposed tourist spots for one day tour; Source by the investigator

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7. CONCLUSION

Urban tourism is an imperious feature of tourism and the sustainable urban tourism looking for to reduce tourism impact on the global environment to sustain forever. Kochi becomes a center where one can carry out a multitude of touristic activities because the city provides all different kinds of tourism within a limited space. The tourism sector in Kochi is totally different from the other cities it has generating more employment and it is fulfilling the city’s economic and social development. The distinguished classification of tourist spots will help the tourist to choose a particular spot to visit with appropriate transportation. The main aim of the thesis is to study and classify urban tourist spots in Kochi on the basis of its character and to analyse sustainable tourism development. The classification of tourist spots will be helpful for the different types of tourists visiting the city.

Tourism consumes urban and natural limited resources the increasing pressure, it makes inflated waste, it needs the luxurious facility, it produces pollution and it modifies the life of the residents of the city. Analysing these context and promoting through the awareness will be creating a new impact in the tourism sector and the importance of preserving biodiversity, human heritage and development can be sustained over a long term for future generations.

Not all cities have been successful in the tourism industry but the planning and management can make it happen. Kochi remains a very desirable place that meets or transcend expectations of the devastating majority, the benefactors of tourism must be the local people and improve tourism in a sustainable way. The possibilities for and restraints to emerging the area as a tourism destination is not that much easier what we think. Hence, tourism authorities must make sure that they can propose a sustainable and reliable experience for tourists. Finally, the paper comes to conclude how the attitudes of visitors changing towards to learn and love Kochi more than its malls and metro but rather for its backwaters and heritage.

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29. Verka Jovanovic, Angelina Njegns ; The Application of GIS and Its Components in tourism ;Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research; Vol 18; No2,p.p 261-272;2008 30. Zeba Aziz ,Indro Ray, Sandeep Paul; The Role of Waterways in Promoting Urban Resilience: The Case of Kochi City; Working paper no.359; Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations; 2018

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1. Mathrubumi, Nagaram Supplement; 05-12-2011 2. ; 08-11-2018 3. Mathrubumi; 08-11-2018 4. www.tourismcochin.com 5. www.districternakulam.com 6. www.kerenvis.com 7. www.imd.gov.in 8. www.indianmirror.com 9. www.help.arcgis.com 10. www.esri.com

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