COURSE TITLE: History 310 Section 001: the First Ladies CLASS TIME
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Defining the Role of First Lady
- Defining the Role of First Lady An Honors College Thesis (Honors 499) By Denise Jutte - Thesis Advisor Larry Markle Ball State University Muncie, IN Graduation Date: May 3, 2008 ;' l/,~· ,~, • .L-',:: J,I Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Introduction: Defining the Role of First Lady 4 First Ladies Ranking 11 Individual Analysis of First Ladies 12 Chronological Order Observations on Leadership and Comparisons to Previous Presidential Rankings 177 Conclusion: The Role ofthe Future First Spouse 180 Works Cited 182 Appendix A: Ranking of Presidents 183 Appendix B: Presidential Analysis 184 Appendix C: Other Polls and Rankings of the First Ladies 232 1 Abstract In the Fall Semester of 2006, I took an honors colloquium taught by Larry Markle on the presidents of the United States. Throughout the semester we studied all of the past presidents and compiled a ranked list of these men based on our personal opinion of their greatness. My thesis is a similar study of their wives. The knowledge I have gained through researching presidential spouses has been very complementary to the information I learned previously in Mr. Markle's class and has expanded my understanding of one ofthe most important political positions in the United States. The opportunity to see what parallels developed between my ran kings of the preSidents and the women that stood behind them has led me to a deeper understanding ofthe traits and characteristics that are embodied by those viewed as great leaders. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my dad for helping me to participate in and understand the importance of history and education at a young age. -
22 and 24 Frances Folsom Cleveland
First Ladies of America When Grover Cleveland married Actively involved in local Frances Folsom in 1886, he was 27 years charities for African-American her senior and old enough to be her father. children, Mrs. Cleveland was also a firm supporter of education A friend of her family and partner in her father’s for women. She served on the board law firm, Cleveland had known Frances since the of trustees for her alma mater, Wells day she was born. He was a presence in her life as College, and was instrumental in a campaign that led she grew up; upon her father’s death, when she was to the establishment of the New Jersey College for 11-years-old, Cleveland took over the administration Women. of her father’s estate and become her unofficial guardian. At the White House, she was a gracious hostess who planned regular receptions on Saturdays so that Affectionately known as “Frankie” during her working-class women could attend. Wherever she childhood, Mrs. Cleveland was born in Buffalo, N.Y., went, her youth, charm and charisma drew crowds of as the Civil War was drawing to a close. enthusiastic and devoted admirers. She received a well-rounded education, topping off So popular was Mrs. Cleveland, in fact, that the her grammar and high school years with unauthorized use of her image to sell products enrollment at Wells College, one of the first became the target of legislation aimed at liberal arts schools for women in the country. Grover preventing such unscrupulous business practices. The measure never passed, but While there, she studied astronomy, Cleveland it did foreshadow problems future first botany, and political science, and Administration, ladies would experience from an overly enjoyed activities including debate 1855-1889 & enthusiastic public. -
Team Players: Triumph and Tribulation on the Campaign Trail
residential campaigns that celebrate our freedom to choose a leader by election of the people are events P unique to our country. It is an expectant, exciting time – a promise kept by the Constitution for a better future. Rituals developed over time and became traditions of presidential hopefuls – the campaign slogans and songs, hundreds of speeches, thousands of handshakes, the countless miles of travel across the country to meet voters - all reported by the ever-present media. The candidate must do a balancing act as leader and entertainer to influence the American voters. Today the potential first spouse is expected to be involved in campaign issues, and her activities are as closely scrutinized as the candidate’s. However, these women haven’t always been an official part of the ritual contest. Campaigning for her husband’s run for the presidency is one of the biggest self-sacrifices a First Lady want-to-be can make. The commitment to the campaign and the road to election night are simultaneously exhilarating and exhausting. In the early social norms of this country, the political activities of a candidate’s wife were limited. Nineteenth-century wives could host public parties and accept social invitations. She might wave a handkerchief from a window during a “hurrah parade” or quietly listen to a campaign speech behind a closed door. She could delight the crowd by sending them a winsome smile from the front porch campaign of her own home. But she could not openly show knowledge of politics and she could not vote. As the wife of a newly-elected president, her media coverage consisted of the description of the lovely gown she wore to the Inaugural Ball. -
Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor, First Lady 1788-1852
Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor, First Lady 1788-1852 Margaret Smith was the wife of Zachary Taylor, a First Lady whose husband was born in Orange County and who was a cousin by marriage to the Madisons (reference “The Taylor-Madison Connection). A summary from the White House website: “Margaret Mackall Smith ‘Peggy’ Taylor served as First Lady from 1849 to 1850 as the wife of the 12th President, Zachary Taylor. Due to ill health, she left, however, much of the official hostess duties to her daughter, Betty Taylor. “After the election of 1848, a passenger on a Mississippi riverboat struck up a conversation with easy-mannered Gen. Zachary Taylor, not knowing his identity. The passenger remarked that he didn’t think the general qualified for the Presidency--was the stranger ‘a Taylor man’? ‘Not much of one,’ came the reply. The general went on to say that he hadn’t voted for Taylor, partly because his wife was opposed to sending ‘Old Zack’ to Washington, ‘where she would be obliged to go with him!’ It was a truthful answer. “Moreover, the story goes that Margaret Taylor had taken a vow during the Mexican War: If her husband returned safely, she would never go into society again. In fact she never did, though prepared for it by genteel upbringing. “ ‘Peggy’ Smith was born in Calvert County, Maryland, daughter of Ann Mackall and Walter Smith, a major in the Revolutionary War according to family tradition. In 1809, visiting a sister in Kentucky, she met young Lieutenant Taylor. They were married the following June, and for a while the young wife stayed on the farm given them as a wedding present by Zachary’s father. -
Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 5-2009 Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady Rachel Morris College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Morris, Rachel, "Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady" (2009). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 289. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/289 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Preserving, Displaying, and Insisting on the Dress: Icons, Female Agencies, Institutions, and the Twentieth Century First Lady A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in American Studies from the College of William and Mary in Virginia. Rachel Diane Morris Accepted for ________________________________ _________________________________________ Timothy Barnard, Director _________________________________________ Chandos Brown _________________________________________ Susan Kern _________________________________________ Charles McGovern 2 Table of -
Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2 Place Hillary Moves from 2 to 5 ; Jackie
For Immediate Release: Monday, September 29, 2003 Ranking America’s First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 nd Abigail Adams Regains 2 Place Hillary moves from 2 nd to 5 th ; Jackie Kennedy from 7 th th to 4 Mary Todd Lincoln Up From Usual Last Place Loudonville, NY - After the scrutiny of three expert opinion surveys over twenty years, Eleanor Roosevelt is still ranked first among all other women who have served as America’s First Ladies, according to a recent expert opinion poll conducted by the Siena (College) Research Institute (SRI). In other news, Mary Todd Lincoln (36 th ) has been bumped up from last place by Jane Pierce (38 th ) and Florence Harding (37 th ). The Siena Research Institute survey, conducted at approximate ten year intervals, asks history professors at America’s colleges and universities to rank each woman who has been a First Lady, on a scale of 1-5, five being excellent, in ten separate categories: *Background *Integrity *Intelligence *Courage *Value to the *Leadership *Being her own *Public image country woman *Accomplishments *Value to the President “It’s a tracking study,” explains Dr. Douglas Lonnstrom, Siena College professor of statistics and co-director of the First Ladies study with Thomas Kelly, Siena professor-emeritus of American studies. “This is our third run, and we can chart change over time.” Siena Research Institute is well known for its Survey of American Presidents, begun in 1982 during the Reagan Administration and continued during the terms of presidents George H. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush (http://www.siena.edu/sri/results/02AugPresidentsSurvey.htm ). -
Inaugural History
INAUGURAL HISTORY Here is some inaugural trivia, followed by a short description of each inauguration since George Washington. Ceremony o First outdoor ceremony: George Washington, 1789, balcony, Federal Hall, New York City. George Washington is the only U.S. President to have been inaugurated in two different cities, New York City in April 1789, and his second took place in Philadelphia in March 1793. o First president to take oath on January 20th: Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1937, his second inaugural. o Presidents who used two Bibles at their inauguration: Harry Truman, 1949, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953, George Bush, 1989. o Someone forgot the Bible for FDR's first inauguration in 1933. A policeman offered his. o 36 of the 53 U.S. Inaugurations were held on the East Portico of the Capitol. In 1981, Ronald Reagan was the first to hold an inauguration on the West Front. Platform o First platform constructed for an inauguration: Martin Van Buren, 1837 [note: James Monroe, 1817, was inaugurated in a temporary portico outside Congress Hall because the Capitol had been burned down by the British in the War of 1812]. o First canopied platform: Abraham Lincoln, 1861. Broadcasting o First ceremony to be reported by telegraph: James Polk, 1845. o First ceremony to be photographed: James Buchanan, 1857. o First motion picture of ceremony: William McKinley, 1897. o First electronically-amplified speech: Warren Harding, 1921. o First radio broadcast: Calvin Coolidge, 1925. o First recorded on talking newsreel: Herbert Hoover, 1929. o First television coverage: Harry Truman, 1949. [Only 172,000 households had television sets.] o First live Internet broadcast: Bill Clinton, 1997. -
9 Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison
First Ladies of America Although she never made it to the White one post to the next while House as first lady, Anna Harrison was the raising their family. The lack of type of woman who most likely would have schooling on the frontier also influenced her husband’s presidency in a meant that Mrs. Harrison had the significant way. Well-educated and intelligent, her additional responsibility of educating their 10 years on the frontier as an army wife and mother children. Reading magazines and newspapers eased proved that she had the stamina and fortitude to her isolation, and during visits from Harrison’s serve in such a role. However, her chance to be first colleagues, she thrived on engaging in political lady was gone before it began. discourse. Mrs. Harrison was born in 1775, a year when the In 1840, when the Whigs approached Harrison to run American colonies were being torn apart by war and for president, his wife pleaded with him to decline. He hardship. After the death of her mother, legend has it was almost 70 years old and not in the best health, and that her father, a Continental Army officer, disguised she had hoped that he would live his last years in quiet himself as a British redcoat in order to carry his retirement. After his victory, however, she found 4-year-old daughter across enemy lines into herself contemplating life as first lady. New York to stay with grandparents. William In an unusual series of events, the As a teen, Mrs. Harrison moved with her Henry Harrison’s Harrisons’ tenure in the White House father and stepmother to the Ohio Administration barely got off the ground. -
AAUW Gaithersburg Branch
AAUW NEWSLETTER Gaithersburg Branch Empowering Women Since 1881 April 2017 April Events INSIDE " AAUW National Fellowship Winners: Past and Present" Join the Conversation with AAUW Fellows Arpil Events 1 Gaithersburg Branch of AAUW Some Curious News 2 April 18, 2017,7:30 pm About Our First Ladies Bioscience Education Center, Conference Room 158 Montgomery College, Germantown Campus Officers Elected For 3 https://goo.gl/maps/dsgikva1uZt 2017-18 Notice Of Vote On 3 Our April meeting will highlight AAUW National Fellowship Program and AAUW Proposed Bylaw Fellowship winners studying and working in the Washington, D.C., Amendments Metropolitan area. Since 1888, AAUW has funded women's graduate educa- tion, thus investing in women who go on to prompt change with significant Book Sale 4 benefits to society. By 2013, AAUW had awarded nearly $100 million in fel- lowships and grants—providing awards to more than 12,000 women from Great Decisions 5 over 130 countries. Her-Story Interest 5 This year, the Gaithersburg Branch of AAUW will view the AAUW National Fel- Group lowship Program 125th Anniversary video that details the history of the pro- gram, and host a panel of AAUW Fellows to discuss the role that the fellow- Literature Group 5 ships have had in shaping their lives and careers. Ms. Celeste Carano, M.A., 2016-2017 AAUW Career Development Fellowship winner and graduate stu- Calendar 6 dent at Georgetown University’s Global Human Development program will share her experiences of working on education initiatives worldwide; and Dr. Mary Beth Saffro, 1981-1982 Sarah Berliner Fellowship winner, will speak on the topic “Living Together in a Fractious World: What Nature Can Teach Us.” It is promised to be an enlightening, engaging, and energizing evening. -
Activity Book Navigating the Bill Process
Activity Book Navigating the Bill Process 2 Know Your Presidents Can you find all these words in the crossword above? ADAMS GARFIELD LINCOLN ROOSEVELT GRANT ARTHUR MADISON TAFT HARDING BUCHANAN MCKINLEY TAYLOR BUSH HARRISON MONROE TRUMAN CLEVELAND HAYES NIXON TRUMP HOOVER CLINTON OBAMA TYLER COOLIDGE JACKSON PIERCE VANBUREN EISENHOWER JEFFERSON POLK WASHINGTON JOHNSON FILLMORE REAGAN WILSON FORD KENNEDY Bonus: Several Presidents shared the same last name – how many do you know? names) five (Hint: 3 Know Your Civics Can you find all these words in the crossword above? AMERICA GOVERNOR POLLING BALLOT HOUSE PRESIDENT BILL JUDICIAL PUBLIC HEARING CANDIDATE LAW PUBLIC POLICY CAPITOL LEGISLATURE REPRESENTATIVE CIVICS MAYOR SENATE COMMITTEE NATION SENATOR CONGRESS NONPARTISAN UNITED STATES COUNTRY POLITICAL TESTIMONY ELECTION POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE VOTE GOVERNMENT POLITICAL PARTY WHITE HOUSE 4 U.S. Citizenship Practice Test Could you pass the U.S. Citizenship test? Take these practice questions from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to find out! 1. Name the US war between the North and the South. a. World War I b. The Civil War c. The War of 1812 d. The Revolutionary War 2. What is one thing Benjamin Franklin is famous for? a. U.S. diplomat b. Youngest member of the Constitutional Convention c. Third President of the United States d. Inventor of the Airplane 3. Who did the United States fight in World War II? a. The Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy b. Austria-Hungary, Japan, and Germany c. Japan, China, and Vietnam d. Japan, Germany, and Italy 4. Who signs bills to become laws? a. The Secretary of State b. -
Classes Without Quizzes-Edited
MARTHA WAS H INGTON A BIGA IL A DA M S MARTHA JEFFERSON DOLLEY MADISON S S ELISZ WABETHO MONROE LSO UISA A D A M S RACHEL JAC KS O N H ANNA H VA N B UREN A N NA H A RRIS O N featuring L ETITI A T YLER JULIA T YLE R S A R AH P OLK MARG A RET TAY L OR AnBIitGaAIL FcILBL MrOREide J A N E PIER C E 11 12 H A RRIET L ANE MAR YJoin T ODDfor a discussion L INC OonL N E LIZ A J OHN S O N JULIA GRANT L U C Y H AY E S LUC RETIA GARFIELD ELLEN ARTHUR FRANCES CLEVELAND CAROLINE HARRISON 10 IDA MCKINLEY EDITH ROOSEVELT HELEN TAFT ELLEN WILSON photographers, presidential advisers, and social secretaries to tell the stories through “Legacies of America’s E DITH WILSON F LORENCE H ARDING GRACE COOLIDGE First Ladies conferences LOU HOOVER ELEANOR ROOSEVELT ELIZABETH “BESS”TRUMAN in American politics and MAMIE EISENHOWER JACQUELINE KENNEDY CLAUDIA “LADY for their support of this fascinating series.” history. No place else has the crucial role of presidential BIRD” JOHNSON PAT RICIA “PAT” N IXON E LIZABET H “ BETTY wives been so thoroughly and FORD ROSALYN C ARTER NANCY REAGAN BARBAR A BUSH entertainingly presented.” —Cokie Roberts, political H ILLARY R O DHAM C L INTON L AURA BUSH MICHELLE OBAMA “I cannot imagine a better way to promote understanding and interest in the experiences of commentator and author of Saturday, October 18 at 2pm MARTHA WASHINGTON ABIGAIL ADAMS MARTHA JEFFERSON Founding Mothers: The Women Ward Building, Room 5 Who Raised Our Nation and —Doris Kearns Goodwin, presidential historian DOLLEY MADISON E LIZABETH MONROE LOUISA ADAMS Ladies of Liberty: The Women Who Shaped Our Nation About Anita McBride Anita B. -
Medina Bugle
MEDINA BUGLE A Publication of the Medin a Historical Society Feb 2012 Reinhard President’s Message Feb is the “Love Month” and below are two articles one a love Next Monthly Meeting story from one of our members and another from a past President "Slate Boards and Hot Soup" with Medina connections. Can it Presented by Alice Zacher get any better than that? Monday 2/27/2012 7:00PM I have some exciting news at the Lee-Whedon Memorial last board meeting we decided to Library have a Doll Show and Sale on June 02, 2012 which is also the . weekend of the Medina garage sale. Please see Georgia Thomas if you can help. The Board also decided to have Officers 2012 Ghost Walk and perhaps home President Reinhard tour on Saturday Oct 13, 2012. Rogowski More to follow but what a great Vice President: Craig Lacy date. Treasurer: Sandy Tompkins Secretary: Shane Sia Love takes many forms and I Board: Cindy Robinson, know how much I love being part Georgia Thomas, Catherine of the Historical Society and in Cooper, Frank Berger turn how much you will love volunteering with some of our exciting programs Copper Happy “Love” Month 1 A Spring Dance sat there in the living room, reading the Presented by Jack Wasnock Sunday paper, lowering form time to time to stare at me. Any way he gave his On the 29th of April, 1958, I went stag permission for Carole to go to the dance to the "Ramblin Lou", round and with me. squared dance, at the Gasport Fire Hall, in Gasport, NY.