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The Role of the Two-Factor Model of Impulsivity and Conscientiousness in Risk

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The Role of the Two-Factor Model of Impulsivity and Conscientiousness in Risk View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Tasmania Open Access Repository The Role of the Two-Factor Model of Impulsivity and Conscientiousness in Risk- Taking and Harm Reduction Behaviours among Regular Ecstasy Users by Ashley Dawn Lynch B.Sc.(Psych), PostgradDip(Psych) Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology (Clinical) University of Tasmania June, 2011 Declaration of Originality I declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it does not contain material from published sources without proper acknowledgement, nor does it contain material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma at any university, nor does it contain any material that infringes copyright. Ashley Dawn Lynch June, 2011 2 Statement of Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Ashley Dawn Lynch June, 2011 3 Statement of Ethical Conduct The research associated with this thesis abides by the international and Australian codes on human and animal experimentation and the guidelines by the Australian Government’s Office of the National Health and Medical Research Council National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007). Approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee (Tasmania) Network. 4 Acknowledgements First and foremost I gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Dr. Raimondo Bruno for his generous support, expertise, guidance and flexibility. I would also like to recognise and thank Dr. Bruno and the Psychopharmacology and Clinical Psychopathology (PCP) Lab Group for the provision of necessary funds and facilities for this project. Thank you to Dr. Allison Matthews and the Ecstasy and Other Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) for allowing me to participate in collecting data and being involved with the EDRS. I also acknowledge the many internet drug forum websites that allowed me to advertise my research and participate in their online forums, and to the many forum users, thank you. Thank you as well to Dr. Jennifer Scott, for providing your expertise and revisions in relation to this project. 5 Table of Contents Declaration of Originality ............................................................................................ 2 Statement of Authority of Access ................................................................................ 3 Statement of Ethical Conduct ....................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 5 Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables .............................................................................................................. 10 List of Figures ............................................................................................................ 12 List of Appendices ...................................................................................................... 13 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 14 Thesis Rationale and Aims ......................................................................................... 16 Chapter 1: Ecstasy: An Introduction .......................................................................... 18 Ecstasy: Two Distinct Groups of Users? ................................................................ 24 Chapter 2: Models of Personality ............................................................................... 26 Eysenck’s Three Factor Model of Personality ....................................................... 27 Extraversion ....................................................................................................... 29 Neuroticism ........................................................................................................ 30 Psychoticism ....................................................................................................... 31 The Five Factor Model of Personality .................................................................... 32 Extraversion ....................................................................................................... 33 Neuroticism ........................................................................................................ 34 Conscientiousness .............................................................................................. 34 Openness to Experience ..................................................................................... 34 Agreeableness ..................................................................................................... 35 Gray and the Two Dimensional Model of Personality ........................................... 39 Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) .................................................................. 40 Behavioral Activation System (BAS) .................................................................. 41 Cloninger and the Tridimensional Model of Personality ....................................... 44 Harm Avoidance (HA) ........................................................................................ 45 Novelty Seeking (NS) .......................................................................................... 46 Reward Dependence (RD) .................................................................................. 47 Personality Models: Relevance to REU and Risk-Taking ..................................... 50 Chapter 3: Sensation Seeking / Impulsivity ............................................................... 52 Rash-Spontaneous Impulsivity and Risk-Taking ................................................... 57 Rash-Spontaneous Impulsivity and Substance Use ................................................ 58 Rash-Spontaneous Impulsivity and Sexual Risk Taking........................................ 60 Rash-Spontaneous Impulsivity and Driving under the Influence .......................... 63 Chapter 4: Conscientiousness ..................................................................................... 72 Conscientiousness and Substance Use ................................................................... 75 Conscientiousness and Sexual Risk-Taking ........................................................... 76 Conscientiousness and Driving under the Influence .............................................. 76 Chapter 5: Rash-Spontaneous Impulsivity and Conscientiousness – ......................... 81 One Trait or Two? ...................................................................................................... 81 Chapter 6: The Role of Demographic Factors on Risk-Taking Behaviours .............. 82 Chapter 7: Study 1 Research Aims and Hypotheses .................................................. 83 Chapter 8: Study 1 Method ........................................................................................ 85 Party Drugs Initiative (PDI) ................................................................................... 85 Participants ............................................................................................................. 85 6 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 89 Materials ................................................................................................................. 90 PDI Questionnaire ............................................................................................. 90 Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking (AISS) .................................................... 91 International Personality Item Pool Responsibility Scale (IPIP: Re) ................ 92 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) .......................................... 93 Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) .................................................................. 95 Development of Risk Categories ............................................................................ 96 Sexual Risk Category .......................................................................................... 96 Alcohol Driving Risk Category .......................................................................... 96 Cannabis Driving Risk Category ....................................................................... 97 Party Drug Driving Risk Category .................................................................... 97 Crime Risk Category .......................................................................................... 97 Binge Risk Category ........................................................................................... 98 Overdose Risk Category ..................................................................................... 98 Injecting Risk Category ...................................................................................... 98 Statistical Analyses ................................................................................................. 99 Chapter 9: Study 1 Results ....................................................................................... 100 Exploratory Analyses ..........................................................................................
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