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Phd Malusà.Pdf RINGRAZIAMENTI Questo lavoro di tesi è stato reso possibile grazie al progetto di ricerca OBAMA (PRIN MIUR). Desidero innanzitutto ringraziare la prof.ssa Serena Fonda Umani per il tempo dedicatomi in tutte le fasi del mio internato. Un ringraziamento particolare è rivolto al dott. Gabriele Garbin e alla prof.ssa Donatella Del Piero per i numerosi consigli durante la ricerca e per l’interesse che hanno dimostrato nei confronti del mio lavoro. Grazie alla dott.ssa Francesca Malfatti per i preziosi insegnamenti, ai “patologi” dell’Università degli Studi di Trieste, al prof. Antonio Boscolo ed al suo gruppo per la gentilezza con cui mi hanno aiutata. Ringrazio il dott. Leonardo Langone e il dott. Stefano Miserocchi per la disponibilità e la collaborazione durante la campagna oceanografica. Inoltre, voglio esprimere la mia sincera gratitudine a tutto l’equipaggio della N/O “G. Dallaporta”, ormai amici importanti, che hanno reso ancor più piacevole l’esperienza a bordo. Grazie al Comandante Marco, a Capitanji Silvano, al buon Mario e al bravo Luigi, al cuoco Vincenzo, al direttore Capo Paolo e al secondo Tony, che in un modo o nell’altro hanno contribuito al mio “campionamento” migliore. Un grazie a Sara, Luca, Marta e a tutte le altre persone del laboratorio per aver contribuito a “riempire” le giornate trascorse in Lab. Infine ringrazio tutti coloro che mi sono stati accanto in questi anni universitari, e in particolar modo in questi ultimi mesi. Ringrazio Chiara, Alessia, Anna ed Enrico. Ringrazio con affetto la mia famiglia di sempre, papà, mamma e Branko, Chiara e Dalibor, i nonni Angela e Roberto, e quella di recente acquisizione, Enza e Pino-Peluccio, Patrizia e Marco, per il sostegno ed il grande aiuto che mi hanno dato. Ringrazio in particolare Tony, a cui è dedicato questo lavoro, per avermi sostenuta amorevolmente ed essermi stato vicino in ogni momento. “Marine ecosystems and their microbial assemblages vary in both space and time, so any given expedition will return only a snapshot of the dynamic motion picture that is the ocean. ” (Karl, 2007) INDICE RIASSUNTO ........................................................................................................................ I 1. INTRODUZIONE ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Il Plancton marino ...............................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Il Picoplancton ................................................................................................................................3 1.1.2 Il Nanoplancton ..............................................................................................................................4 1.1.3 Il Microfitoplancton .......................................................................................................................5 1.1.4 Il Microzooplancton .......................................................................................................................5 1.2 Reti trofiche e Flussi di carbonio ...........................................................................................7 1.3 Introduzione all’Area di Studio: il Mare Adriatico e il Mar Ionio................................................9 2. OBIETTIVI E STRUTTURA DELLA TESI ........................................................ 11 3. SITI DI CAMPIONAMENTO E PARAMETRI AMBIENTALI ......................... 13 3.1 Siti di Campionamento....................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Parametri Ambientali ........................................................................................................ 13 3.3 Discussioni........................................................................................................................ 16 4. DISTRIBUZIONE IN COLONNA D’ACQUA DEI POPOLAMENTI: ANALISI QUALI-QUANTITATIVA ........................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Materiali e Metodi ............................................................................................................ 17 4.1.1 Comparto picoplanctonico ..........................................................................................................17 4.1.2 Comparto nanoplanctonico.........................................................................................................18 4.1.3 Comparto microfito- e microzoo- planctonico ..........................................................................19 4.2 Risultati............................................................................................................................ 21 4.2.1 Composizione ed abbondanza del picoplancton .......................................................................21 4.2.2 Composizione ed abbondanza del nanoplancton......................................................................21 4.2.3 Composizione ed abbondanza del microfitoplancton...............................................................24 4.2.4 Composizione ed abbondanza del microzooplancton ..............................................................27 4.2.5 Check list del microplancton .......................................................................................................29 4.3 Discussioni........................................................................................................................ 38 i 5. ESPERIMENTI DI PREDAZIONE .......................................................................44 5.1 Materiali e Metodi ............................................................................................................ 44 5.1.1 Principio del metodo delle diluizioni .......................................................................................... 44 5.1.2 Tasso di ingestione ...................................................................................................................... 45 5.1.3 Tassi di produzione primaria ....................................................................................................... 45 5.1.4 Produzione secondaria ................................................................................................................ 46 5.1.5 Disegno sperimentale .................................................................................................................. 46 A. Predazione del microzoo- sul microfito-, nano- e pico- plancton (MNP)............................... 46 B. Predazione del nano- sul pico- plancton (NP).............................................................................. 47 5.2 Risultati ...................................................................................................................... 49 A. Predazione del microzoo- sul microfito-, nano- e pico- plancton (MNP)............................... 49 5.2.1 Predazione sul picoplancton ....................................................................................................... 49 5.2.2 Predazione sul nanoplancton...................................................................................................... 51 5.2.3 Predazione sul microfitoplancton............................................................................................... 51 B. Predazione del nano- sul pico- plancton (NP).............................................................................. 52 5.2.4 Predazione sul picoplancton ....................................................................................................... 52 C. Produzione secondaria ...................................................................................................................... 65 5.3 Discussioni ....................................................................................................................... 67 5.3.1 Selettività della predazione......................................................................................................... 67 5.3.2 Tassi di crescita e di grazing ........................................................................................................ 70 5.3.2 Produzione secondaria ................................................................................................................ 71 5.3.3 Tassi di ingestione e Flussi di carbonio....................................................................................... 72 6. CONSIDERAZIONI CONCLUSIVE ......................................................................76 7. BIBLIOGRAFIA .....................................................................................................79 ii INDICE DELLE FIGURE Fig. 1.1 Microfotografie del pico-, nano, e micro-plancton. .................................................... 3 Fig. 1.2 Il microbial loop ........................................................................................................ 7 Fig. 1.3 Schematizzazione della circolazione del BiOS ............................................................. 9 Fig. 3.2.1 Area di studio ........................................................................................................12 Fig. 4.1 Distribuzione in colonna d’acqua dei popolamenti: disegno di campionamento. .......17 Fig. 4.2 Distribuzione del pico- e nano- plancton. ..................................................................22 Fig. 4.3 Distribuzione del microplancton ...............................................................................25
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