Arcgis® 9 Using Arcmap Copyright © 2000–2005 ESRI All Rights Reserved

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The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

DATA CREDITS Quick-Start Tutorial Data: Wilson, North Carolina. Population Density—Conterminous United States Map: U.S. Department of Census. The African Landscape Map: Major Habitat Types—Conservation Science Program, WWF-US; Rainfall—ArcAtlas™, ESRI, Redlands, California; Population data from EROS Data Center USGS/UNEP. Amazonia Map: Conservation International. Forest Buffer Zone—100 Meters Map: U.S. Forest Service (Tongass Region). Horn of Africa Map: Basemap data from ArcWorld™ (1:3M), ESRI, Redlands, California; DEM and Hillshade from EROS Data Center USGS/UNEP. Mexico: ESRI Data & Maps CDs, ESRI, Redlands, California. Mexico: 1990 Population: ESRI Data & Maps CDs, ESRI, Redlands, California. Population Density in Florida (2001): ESRI Data & Maps CDs, ESRI, Redlands, California. Rhode Island, the Smallest State in the United States: Elevation data from the USGS, EROS Data Center; other data from ESRI Data & Maps CDs, ESRI, Redlands, California. Countries of the European Union: Member States and Candidate Country information from EUROPA (The European Union On-Line); ESRI Data & Maps CDs, ESRI, Redlands, California. Mexico Population Density Map: ESRI Data & Maps CDs, ESRI, Redlands, California. Health Care in the United States Map: Population data from U.S. Department of Census; Health Service Areas from the trustees of Dartmouth College; Service Providers data from Healthcare Financing Administration. Clark County Land Use Map: Clark County Office, Washington State. Southeast Asia Population Distribution Map: ArcWorld (1:3M), ESRI, Redlands, California. Global 200—World’s Biologically Outstanding Ecoregions Map: Ecoregions data from Conservation Science Program, WWF-US; Country boundaries from ArcWorld (1:3M), ESRI, Redlands, California. Australia Map: Major Habitat Types data from Conservation Science Program, WWF-US; Basemap from ArcWorld (1:3M), ESRI, Redlands, California. New Hampshire Telecom Map: Geographic Data Technology, Inc. Redlands Image: Courtesy of Emerge, a division of TASC.

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Melanie Harlow, Rhonda Pfaff, Michael Minami, Alan Hatakeyama, Andy Mitchell, Bob Booth, Bruce Payne, Cory Eicher, Eleanor Blades, Ian Sims, Jonathan Bailey, Pat Brennan, Sandy Stephens, Simon Woo

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Attribution.PMD 1 02/10/2005, 3:42 PM Contents Getting started

1 Welcome to ArcMap 3 Visualizing information 4 Working geographically 5 Showing relationships 6 Solving problems 7 Creating and updating data 8 Presenting results 9 Developing mapping applications 10 Tips on learning ArcMap 11

2 Quick-start tutorial 13 Exercise 1: Exploring your data 14 Exercise 2: Working with geographic features 28 Exercise 3: Working with tables 42 Exercise 4: Editing features 51 Exercise 5: Working with map elements 59

3 ArcMap basics 65 Basics of mapmaking 66 Mapping and GIS 72 Layers, data frames, and the table of contents 73 Starting ArcMap 75 Opening a map 77 Using the table of contents 78 Data view and layout view 80 Moving around the map 81 Setting bookmarks 83 Opening magnifier and overview windows 86 Exploring data on a map 87 Using the map cache to improve geodatabase performance in ArcMap 90

iii

Toc.pmd 3 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM Working with the map cache 91 Getting help 95 Saving a map and exiting ArcMap 98 Keyboard shortcuts in ArcMap 100 Displaying data 12 4 Displaying data in maps 105 Creating a new map 106 Adding layers 108 Adding coverages, shapefiles, and geodatabases 110 Adding data from the Internet 112 Adding data from a GIS server 113 Adding TINs as surfaces 115 Adding CAD drawings 116 Adding x,y coordinate data 118 Adding route events 119 Creating and adding a new feature class 121 About coordinate systems 123 Specifying a coordinate system 126 How to reference data on a map 130 Referencing data on a map 131 Repairing and updating data links 132

iv USING ARCMAP

Toc.pmd 4 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM 5 Working with layers 135 Description of a layer file 136 Layer property functionality 137 Adding layers 138 Changing a layer’s text 139 About the drawing order 140 Copying layers 141 Removing layers from the map 142 Grouping layers 143 Saving a layer to disk 146 Accessing layer properties 147 Displaying a layer at specific scales 148 Creating a transparent layer 150 Changing a layer’s source data 151 Changing the appearance of the table of contents 153 Using data frames to organize layers 154

6 Symbolizing features 157 A map gallery 158 Drawing all features with one symbol 163 Drawing features to show categories such as names or types 165 Managing categories 168 Ways to map quantitative data 171 Standard classification schemes 172 Setting a classification 175 Representing quantity with color 178 Representing quantity with graduated or proportional symbols 180 Representing quantity with dot densities 183 Representing quantity with charts 185 Drawing features to show multiple attributes 188 Drawing TINs as surfaces 189 Drawing CAD layers 191 Working with advanced symbolization 193

CONTENTS v

Toc.pmd 5 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM 7 Working with graphics and text 203 Working with graphics 204 Drawing points, lines, and circles 205 Selecting graphics 209 Moving, rotating, and ordering graphics 210 Aligning, distributing, and grouping graphics 213 Joining graphics 215 Storing graphics as annotation 216 Working with text in ArcGIS 218 Adding text 220 Working with labels 224 Displaying labels 229 Specifying the text of labels 233 Building label expressions 235 Prioritizing and positioning labels 238 Converting labels to annotation 241 Working with annotation 246 Displaying annotation 249 Using text formatting tags 251

8 Working with styles and symbols 253 The Style Manager 254 Controlling which styles are referenced in ArcMap 255 Organizing style contents 256 Saving the current styles 258 Creating and modifying symbols and map elements 259 Creating line symbols 261 Creating fill symbols 264 Creating marker symbols 268 Creating text symbols 271 Modifying and saving symbols and elements as you work 275 Working with color 277 Working with color ramps 280

vi USING ARCMAP

Toc.pmd 6 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM 9 Working with rasters 283 Adding a raster dataset to your map 284 Using raster catalogs 286 Rendering raster datasets and raster catalogs 287 The RGB Composite renderer 289 The Unique Values renderer 290 The Stretched renderer 291 The Classified renderer 292 The Colormap renderer 293 Raster resolution 294 Ways to enhance raster display and efficiency 295 Faster drawing with pyramids 297 Using the Effects toolbar 298 Applying contrast stretches 300 Changing the appearance of background values 301 Using the geodatabase raster catalog selection environment 302 Projecting rasters on the fly 304 About georeferencing 305 The Georeferencing toolbar 307 Georeferencing a raster dataset 308

CONTENTS vii

Toc.pmd 7 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM Querying data

10 Working with tables 313 Elements of a table 314 Opening a layer’s attribute table 315 Loading existing tabular data onto a map 316 Arranging columns 317 Controlling a table’s appearance 320 Locating and viewing records 323 Sorting records 325 Selecting records 327 Exporting records 330 Summarizing data 331 Adding and deleting fields 332 Editing attributes 333 Making field calculations 335 About joining attribute tables 337 Joining attribute tables 340

11 Looking at data with graphs 345 Choosing which type of graph to make 346 Creating a graph 347 Displaying a graph 350 Modifying a graph 351 Creating a static copy of a graph 357 Managing graphs 358 Saving and loading a graph 359 Exporting a graph 360

viii USING ARCMAP

Toc.pmd 8 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM 12 Creating reports 361 About reports 362 Creating a simple report 366 Setting the report type and size 368 Working with fields 370 Organizing report data 374 Adding report elements 376 Controlling the presentation 381 Saving and loading a report 384 Using Crystal Reports 386

13 Querying maps 389 Identifying features 390 Displaying a Web page or document about a feature 391 Selecting features interactively 393 Selecting features by searching with a SQL expression 397 Building a SQL expression 398 Ways to find features by their locations 402 Selecting features by their locations 404 Specifying how selected features highlight 405 Displaying information about selected features 406 Exporting selected features 408 Joining the attributes of features by their locations 410 Taking geoprocessing further 413

CONTENTS ix

Toc.pmd 9 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM 14 Analyzing geometric networks 415 Geometric networks 416 Opening a geometric network 417 Symbolizing network features 419 Adding network features 421 Enabling and disabling features 423 Adding the Utility Network Analyst toolbar 424 Exploring the Utility Network Analyst toolbar 425 Flow direction 428 Displaying flow direction 430 Setting flow direction 432 Tracing on networks 434 Tracing operations 437

Map output

15 Laying out and printing maps 453 About map templates 456 Starting a map from a template 457 Saving a map as a template 458 Setting up the page 460 Customizing data frames 463 Using rulers, guides, and grids 466 Adding data frames 473 Adding map elements related to data frames 477 Creating grids and graticules 489 Adding other map elements 495 Aligning and grouping map elements 500 Printing a map 502 Changing the layout 507 Exporting a map 508

x USING ARCMAP

Toc.pmd 10 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM Customization

16 Customizing ArcMap 513 Basic user interface elements 514 Hiding and showing toolbars 517 Creating custom toolbars 518 Changing a toolbar’s contents 520 Modifying context menus 522 Changing a command’s appearance 525 Creating shortcut keys 527 Saving customizations in a template 530 Changing where customization changes are saved by default 532 Setting toolbar options 533 Creating, editing, and running macros 534 Creating custom commands with VBA 537 Working with UIControls 539 Adding custom commands 540 Updating the ArcID module 541 Locking documents and templates 542 Changing VBA security 544

Glossary 545

Index 567

CONTENTS xi

Toc.pmd 11 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM Toc.pmd 12 02/25/2005, 3:29 PM Getting started

Section 1

Welcome to ArcMap 1 IN THIS CHAPTER Welcome to ESRI® ArcGIS® ArcMap™, the premier software for desktop geographic information system (GIS) and mapping technology. ArcMap gives • Visualizing information you the power to: • Working geographically • Visualize. In no time you’ll be working with your data geographically: seeing patterns you couldn’t see before, revealing hidden trends and • Showing relationships distributions, and gaining new insights. • Solving problems • Create. It’s easy to create maps to convey your message. ArcMap provides all the tools you need to put your data on a map and display it • Creating and updating data in an effective manner. • Presenting results • Solve. Working geographically lets you answer questions such as “Where is...?”, “How much...?”, and “What if...?”. Understanding these • Developing mapping applications relationships will help you make better decisions. • Tips on learning ArcMap • Present. Showing the results of your work is easy. You can make great- looking publication-quality maps and create interactive displays that link charts, tables, drawings, photographs, and other elements to your data. You’ll find that communicating geographically is a powerful way to inform and motivate others. • Develop. The ArcMap customization environment lets you tailor the interface to suit your needs or the needs of your organization, build new tools to automate your work, and develop standalone applications based on ArcMap mapping components. The next few pages show you some of the things you can do with ArcMap. As you start making your own maps, you’ll discover even more.

3 Visualizing information Sometimes just looking at a map will tell you what you want to know. Maps not only tell you where things are, but also what’s special about them. This population map shows you where people live in the United States. From it, you can easily see where the major metropolitan areas are located.

Do you live in a populated area? Areas drawn with dark blue have a lower population density than areas drawn with yellow and brown.

4 USING ARCMAP Working geographically Maps are not static displays; they’re interactive. You can browse a map—taking a closer look at a particular area—and point at features to find out more about them.

Get a regional perspective by zooming in. Want to know more about a particular area? Just point at it.

WELCOME TO ARCMAP 5 Showing relationships You can show relationships between features by opening tables and creating charts, then adding these elements to the map.

Charts and tables complement the map because they quickly summarize information that would otherwise take more time to understand.

6 USING ARCMAP Solving problems

You can search a map for features that meet particular criteria—for instance, find features by name, proximity, or characteristic.

Finding forest habitats within 100 meters of roads aids in assessing environmental impact.

WELCOME TO ARCMAP 7 Creating and updating data

You can keep your data current with the latest information from the field. ArcMap has integrated editing tools to help you update data or create new data.

As a city grows, so too does its parcel database. ArcMap lets you edit both the geometry and attributes of features.

8 USING ARCMAP Presenting results

You can create high-quality maps and present them to others. Embed maps in reports, publish them on the Web, export them to standard formats, or print them out to hang on the wall.

WELCOME TO ARCMAP 9 Developing mapping applications

You can develop custom mapping applications. Customize the out-of-the-box capabilities of ArcMap using the built-in Visual Basic® for Applications (VBA) programming environment or your favorite programming language. With ArcMap, you can customize the interface to suit your needs, write macros to automate work, or use ArcMap components to embed mapping capabilities into other software you create.

Automate your work with macros.

10 USING ARCMAP Tips on learning ArcMap how to complete the task. Some chapters also include detailed information that you can read if you want to learn more about the If you’re new to GIS and mapping, remember that you don’t have concepts behind the tasks. You may also refer to the glossary in to learn everything about ArcMap to get immediate results. Begin this book if you come across any unfamiliar GIS terms or need to learning ArcMap by reading the ‘Quick-start tutorial’. This refresh your memory. chapter shows you how quickly and easily you can make a map and gain insights into the steps you’ll use to create your own. Getting help on your computer ArcMap comes with the data used in the tutorial, so you can In addition to this book, the ArcGIS Desktop Help system is a follow along step by step at your computer. You can also read the valuable resource for learning how to use the software. To learn tutorial without using your computer. how to use the ArcGIS Desktop Help system, see ‘Getting help’ in If you prefer to jump right in and experiment on your own, take a Chapter 3 of this book. look at some of the maps distributed with ArcMap. Try browsing a map, changing symbols, and adding your own data. Learning about ArcMap extensions When you’re ready to build your own maps, you’ll find that ArcMap extensions are add-on programs that provide specialized ArcMap comes with useful data you can use directly or as GIS functionality. Extensions that come with ArcMap are covered basemaps for your own data. If you don’t find what you need, in this book. more data is available from ESRI, other organizations, and the Internet. ArcMap also comes with a lot of predefined symbols, Contacting ESRI North arrows, and scalebars to make building maps easier. If you need to contact ESRI for technical support, refer to Finding answers to questions ‘Contacting Technical Support’ in the ‘Getting more help’ section of the ArcGIS Desktop Help system. You can also visit ESRI on Like most people, your goal is to complete your tasks while the Web at www.esri.com and support.esri.com for more investing a minimum amount of time and effort on learning how information on ArcMap and ArcGIS. to use software. You want intuitive, easy-to-use software that gives you immediate results without having to read pages of ESRI education solutions documentation. However, when you do have a question, you want the answer quickly so you can complete your task. That’s what ESRI provides educational opportunities related to geographic this book is all about—getting you the answers you need when information science, GIS applications, and technology. You can you need them. choose among instructor-led courses, Web-based courses, and self-study workbooks to find educational solutions that fit your This book describes the mapping tasks—from basic to learning style. For more information, go to www.esri.com/ advanced—that you’ll perform with ArcMap. Although you can education. read this book from start to finish, you’ll likely use it more as a reference. When you want to know how to do a particular task, such as saving a map, just look it up in the table of contents or index. What you’ll find is a concise, step-by-step description of

WELCOME TO ARCMAP 11

Quick-start tutorial 2 IN THIS CHAPTER The best way to learn ArcMap is to try it yourself. This tutorial guides you through some basic ArcMap skills as you create and print a set of maps for a • Exercise 1: Exploring your data county that is planning to expand its airport. • Exercise 2: Working with Residents of the county have identified several issues they are concerned geographic features about. These include noise affecting schools and houses near the airport and increased traffic along major roads. In this tutorial, you’ll first create and print • Exercise 3: Working with tables a map showing schools near the airport. Then you’ll place this map—along • Exercise 4: Editing features with two other maps that show land use surrounding the airport and population density for the county—on a wall-sized poster for display. • Exercise 5: Working with map In the tutorial, you’ll learn how to: elements • Display map features. • Add data to your map. • Edit geographic data. • Work with data tables. • Query and select geographic features. • Create a summary chart. • Lay out and print a map. There are five exercises. Each exercise takes between 30 and 45 minutes to complete. You can work through the entire tutorial or complete each lesson one at a time.

13 Exercise 1: Exploring your data

In this exercise, you’ll create a map showing locations of 2 schools near the airport, along with a noise contour, to see which schools may be affected by noise from the airport. 4 The noise contour is based on the 65 Community Noise Equivalency Level (CNEL), which indicates areas experiencing more than 65 decibels of noise, averaged over 3 a 24-hour period. In many cases, buildings within the 65 CNEL will need soundproofing or other mitigation measures. The exercises in this chapter use the tutorial data distributed 1 with ArcMap. The default install location of the data is C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map. The exercises require that you have write access to this data. If you don’t, you’ll need to Opening an existing map document copy the data to a location that you do have write access The first time you start ArcMap, the Startup dialog box to. appears. The Startup dialog box offers you several options for starting your ArcMap session. For this exercise, you Starting ArcMap want to open an existing map document. ArcMap lets you explore your geographic data and create 1. Double-click Browse for maps. If this is not the first maps for display. time ArcMap has been started and the Startup dialog 1. Click the Start button on the Windows® taskbar. box does not appear, click File on the Main menu and click Open. 2. Point to Programs. 3. Point to ArcGIS. 4. Click ArcMap.

14 USING ARCMAP 2. In the dialog box, click the Look in dropdown arrow, and Table of contents Map display area navigate to the Map folder on the local drive where you installed the tutorial data (the default installation path is C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map). 3. Double-click airport.mxd. ArcMap opens the map. 2

This particular map contains the following layers in a data frame called Schools: schools locations of elementary, middle, high, and private schools runways location of airport runways ArcMap stores a map as a map document (.mxd) so you arterials major roads can redisplay it, modify it, or share it with other ArcMap users. The map document doesn’t store the actual data, but cnel65 the noise contour rather references the data stored on disk along with airport_area the proposed airport expansion zone information about how it should be displayed. The map county the county boundary document also stores other information about the map, such as its size and the map elements it includes (title, scalebar, The map currently displays the arterials, noise contour, and so on). airport area, and county boundary. Their boxes are checked in the table of contents. To the left of the ArcMap display window is the table of contents, showing you which geographic layers are available to display. To the right is the map display area.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 15 Moving around the map 2. If necessary, use the Pan tool (the hand) on the Tools toolbar to reposition the map so the noise contour is in The Tools toolbar lets you move around the map and query the center of the display area (hold the mouse button the features on the map. Place your pointer over each icon down while dragging in the direction you want to move (without clicking) to see a description of each tool. the features, then release the button).

Displaying a layer The table of contents lets you turn layers on and off in the 1. Using the Zoom In tool, draw a box around the noise display. To display a layer, check the box next to its name. contour to zoom in. Place the pointer on the upper-left To turn it off, uncheck it. Display the schools and runways part of the contour, press the mouse button, and hold it by checking their boxes in the table of contents. For more down while dragging to the lower right. You’ll see the information, see Chapter 5, ‘Working with layers’. box drawn on the screen. When you release the mouse button, ArcMap zooms in to the area defined by the box.

16 USING ARCMAP Changing the display symbol 3. Click OK. The schools are drawn with the new symbol. ArcMap lets you change the colors and symbols you use to display features. You’ll change the symbols for schools from a dot to a standard symbol used for schools on many maps. 1. Click the dot symbol in the table of contents to display the Symbol Selector window.

2. Scroll down until you find the School 1 symbol. Click it. You can also open the symbol dialog box by right-clicking the layer name, choosing Properties from the menu that appears, and clicking the Symbology tab. To simply change the color of a symbol, right-click the symbol in the table of contents to display the color palette. For more information on changing display symbols, see Chapter 6, ‘Symbolizing features’.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 17 Identifying a feature 2. Click the Identify tool on the Tools toolbar. The Identify Results window appears. There is one school that may be within the noise contour around the airport. 1. Using the Zoom In tool, draw a box around the school to zoom in.

1 3. Move the mouse pointer over the school and click. The name of the school (Northwestern Prep) is listed in the Identify Results window. Notice that only the features in the topmost layer are identified. You can also identify You can see that the school is indeed within the noise features in other layers by choosing the specific layers contour. you want to identify by clicking the Layers dropdown arrow in the dialog box.

Close the Identify Results window.

18 USING ARCMAP 4. Click the Back button on the Tools toolbar to return to your previous view.

A blue dotted line surrounds the text, indicating it is currently selected. You can drag the text to a new position by clicking and holding down the mouse button while dragging the text, then releasing the button.

Adding graphics You can add text and other graphics to your display using the Draw toolbar at the bottom of the ArcMap window. 1. Click the New Text button. The pointer changes to a crosshair with an A.

1 4. When you’re finished positioning the text near the 2. Move the mouse pointer near the school you identified school, click outside the text box to deselect it. and click. For more information on working with text, see Chapter 7, 3. In the text box that appears, type “Northwestern Prep” ‘Working with graphics and text’. and press Enter.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 19 Laying out a map 3. Right-click anywhere on the layout background and click Page and Print Setup. You can also access Page and ArcMap lets you work in data view or layout view. Data Print Setup from the File menu. view focuses on a single data frame. Use data view when exploring or editing your data. Layout view shows you how the map page looks. Use layout view when composing and printing a map for display. You can also explore and edit your data in layout view if you want. All the tools and options available in data view are also available in layout view. You can change the size and orientation of the page in layout view. In this case, you’ll create a 16- by 12-inch map with a landscape orientation. 1. Click the Fixed Zoom Out button on the Tools toolbar several times to zoom to a smaller map scale. 2. Click the View menu and click Layout View. The Layout toolbar appears, and the display changes to show the page layout with rulers along the side. 4. Make sure the Use Printer Paper Settings box is not checked; otherwise, the page size will default to be the same as your printer. If your printer does not print larger Layout toolbar sizes, you can scale down the map when you print it, as you’ll see later in this exercise. 5. Check Scale Map Elements proportionally to changes in Page Size. That way, the data will be rescaled to fit the page. 6. Set the Map Page Size Page Orientation to Landscape. 7. Set the page width to 16 and the height to 12 inches by clicking in each box and typing over the existing values.

20 USING ARCMAP Zooming in on the page The Layout toolbar controls your view of the scale and position of the whole map, as opposed to the data layers on the map. By default, the map size is set so you can see all of it. But at this scale it’s hard to see the school name. 1. Click Zoom to 100% on the Layout toolbar. The page is 4 displayed at the actual printed size so you can see the 7 detail. 6

5 8 1

8. Click OK. The page display and rulers change to reflect 2. Click the Pan button on the Layout toolbar and drag the the new size and orientation. You may need to resize map to the lower left so you can see the name of the your data frame manually to make it look like the map school. below. To do this, click the Select Elements tool on the Tools toolbar, click the data frame, and resize the data frame using the blue selection handles. 2

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 21 Inserting map elements ArcMap makes it easy to add titles, legends, North arrows, and scalebars to your map. 1. Click Insert on the Main menu and click Title. In the box that appears, type the title for your map, “Schools and Noise Contour”, and press Enter.

3. Click the Zoom Whole Page button on the Layout toolbar to see the entire page again.

22 USING ARCMAP 2. On the Draw toolbar at the bottom of the window, click 4. Click Insert and click Legend. the Text Size dropdown arrow and click 36 to change the title to 36 point.

3. Click the title and drag it so it’s centered at the top of the map.

3 The Legend Wizard appears. 5. Click Next several times to step through the wizard accepting the default legend parameters. Click Finish when done.

The Draw toolbar lets you add and change the format— font, size, color, and so on—of text and graphic elements, such as boxes, callout lines, or circles, on your map.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 23 By default, ArcMap scales the legend to the page and 8. Click ESRI North 1 and click OK. Click and drag the includes all the layers that are currently displayed. You North arrow so it is to the right of the legend. can modify the legend by right-clicking it and choosing Properties from the menu that appears. For now, just use the default legend. 6. Click and drag the legend to the lower-left corner of the map.

7. Click Insert and click North Arrow. The North Arrow Selector window appears.

24 USING ARCMAP 9. Now insert a scalebar from the Insert menu. Click Scale 10. Click and drag the scalebar under the legend and North Line 1 in the Scale Bar Selector window and click OK. arrow. 11. Click the legend to select it; while holding down the Shift key, click the scalebar to select it as well.

12. Click Drawing on the Draw toolbar, point to Align, and click Align Left from the menu that appears. The scalebar is now aligned with the left side of the legend.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 25 3. Click Setup.

Printing a map At this point, your first map is finished. If you have a printer 2 connected to your computer, you can print the map. 1. Click File and click Print. 4. Click Landscape on the Printer Setup panel. 5. Click OK to close the Page and Print Setup dialog box.

4 2. If the map, which is 16 by 12 inches, is larger than your printer paper, click Scale Map to fit Printer Paper.

26 USING ARCMAP 6. Click OK on the Print dialog box to print your map. 3

4. Click OK on the Map Properties dialog box. Now save a copy of your map. You’ll use this copy in the subsequent exercises. 1. Click File and click Save As.

Saving a map Save your map in the folder with the tutorial data. First, though, ensure that ArcMap uses the full pathname of the location of the data on your system. The airport map was 2. In the File name box, type “airport_ex”. created using relative pathnames, so ArcMap would find 3. Click Save. and display the data after the ArcTutor\Map folder is copied to your system. 1. Click File and click Map Properties. 2. Click Data Source Options on the Properties dialog box.

2 2 3

You can continue with the tutorial or stop and complete it at 3. Click Store full path names and click OK. a later time.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 27 Exercise 2: Working with geographic features

In this exercise, you’ll map the amount of each land use type within the noise contour. You’ll add data to your map, draw features based on an attribute, select specific features, and summarize them in a chart. If necessary, start ArcMap, navigate to the folder where you saved the map from Exercise 1 (airport_ex), and open the map.

Changing the page layout First, you’ll create the map layout by changing the page size and orientation. 3. Click the Standard Sizes dropdown arrow and click ANSI E. That sets the width and height to a standard 1. Make sure you’re in layout view (click the View menu E-size page. and click Layout View). 4. Click Portrait on the Map Page Size panel. 5. Uncheck Scale Map Elements proportionally to changes in Page Size; this way, the existing map of schools will remain the same size, rather than being scaled up to fit the page.

2. Click File and click Page and Print Setup. 3 4 5

28 USING ARCMAP 6. Click OK. The page size changes, and the existing map 8. Click and drag a box around the elements to select them. is displayed in the lower-left corner.

7. Click the Select Elements tool on the Tools toolbar. 9. Click and drag the group of elements to the upper portion of the page.

For more information on page layout, see Chapter 15, ‘Laying out and printing maps’.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 29 Creating a new data frame A data frame is a way of grouping a set of layers you want to display together. Now you’ll add a new data frame to show land use. 1. Click Insert and click Data Frame. 1

2. Click the Add Data button on the Standard toolbar.

The frame appears on the layout and is listed in the table Add Data of contents.

3. Navigate to the Map folder on the local drive where you installed the tutorial data (the default installation path is C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map). 4. Double-click the airport geodatabase, airport.mdb. 5. Click the parcels layer and click Add.

Adding a data layer You’ll map land use based on a code for each land parcel. First, add the parcels layer to the data frame. 1. Click the New Data Frame data frame on the page so only it is selected.

30 USING ARCMAP The data layer is added to the table of contents and displays in the layout (the parcels may be a different color on your map).

2. Click the General tab, highlight the existing text in the Name text box, and type “Land Use”. 3. Click the Display dropdown arrow and set the display units to Feet. You can’t change the map units because they are based on the data frame’s coordinate system. 4. Click Apply. 5. Click the Size and Position tab.

All the data used in this tutorial is stored in a geodatabase. ArcMap also lets you work with ArcInfo® coverages, shapefiles, image files, and many other data formats. For 2 more about geodatabases and other data formats, see Using ArcCatalog.

Setting properties of the data frame 3 1. Right-click New Data Frame in the table of contents and click Properties. You may need to hold your pointer over the arrow at the bottom of the menu to see Properties in the list.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 31 6. Set the X position to 15 and the Y position to 15 by 8. Hold down the Shift key and click the top data frame on typing in the text boxes. This sets how far the lower-left the page so both frames are selected. corner of the data frame is, in inches, from the lower- left corner of the page. (You can specify X,Y position for another location on the data frame by clicking the appropriate box on the diagram.) You can specify the position of any object on the page— the data frame itself, text, legends, and so on—either by selecting and dragging them or by setting the X and Y position explicitly.

5 6 9. Click Drawing on the Draw toolbar, point to Distribute, and click Make Same Size.

7. Click OK. The data frame is repositioned. The data frame is highlighted with a blue square, and its name is bold in the table of contents, indicating it is the frame you’re currently working with.

32 USING ARCMAP 2. In the table of contents, right-click the airport_area layer under the Schools data frame and click Copy.

Both data frames are now the same size. Click the Land Use data frame on the page so it is the only data frame 3. Right-click the Land Use data frame and click Paste selected. Layer(s). Copying a layer You’ll want to display the noise contour and airport area with the parcels. You can copy them from the Schools data frame. First, though, switch back to data view. 1. Click the View menu and click Data View. Now you’re looking at only the area covered by the parcels, rather than the entire map.

4. Copy the cnel65 layer the same way.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 33 Displaying features by category 3 4 By default, all the parcels are drawn using the same symbol when you add them. You can also draw them based on an attribute—in this case, type of land use. 1. Right-click parcels in the table of contents and click Properties.

5 6. Click OK. The parcels are now drawn based on their land use type. 2. Click the Symbology tab. All parcels are currently drawn using the same symbol (the same solid fill color). 3. Click Categories in the Show box. Unique values is automatically highlighted. 4. Click the Value Field dropdown arrow and click LAND_USE as the field to use to shade the parcels. 5. Click Add All Values. A unique color is assigned to each land use type.

34 USING ARCMAP Using a style 3 4 ArcMap uses a random set of symbols to draw the land use types (although you can change the color scheme). You can change an individual color by double-clicking it and specifying a new color in the Symbol Selector, or you can specify a style to use predefined colors and symbols (a style is a set of elements, symbols, and properties of symbols 6 stored in ArcMap, often specific to an application or industry). ArcMap provides some standard styles, and you can also create your own. You’ll use a land use style created for this tutorial. 1. Right-click parcels in the table of contents and click Properties. 2. Click the Symbology tab. 5 7 3. Under Categories in the Show window, click Match to symbols in a style. 7. Click OK. The parcels will now be drawn using colors 4. Click the Browse button and navigate to the Map folder defined in the style. on the local drive where you installed the tutorial data (the default installation path is C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map). Click the land_use style and click Open. 5. Click Match Symbols. 6. Click the check box to deselect and turn off the symbol displayed for .

For more information on symbolizing and displaying features, see Chapter 6, ‘Symbolizing features’ and Chapter 8, ‘Working with styles and symbols’.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 35 Selecting features geographically To find out how much of each land use is within the noise contour, select only those parcels within the contour. 2 1. Click Selection and click Select By Location. 3 4 5

The Select By Location dialog box guides you through creating a geographic query. 2. In the first box, click the dropdown arrow and click 6 select features from. 3. In the second box, check parcels as the layer to select 7. Close the Select By Location dialog box. Notice that any features from. parcel even partially inside the contour is included. 4. Click the dropdown arrow for the third box and click intersect. This will select those features in parcels that intersect the features of cnel65. 5. In the last box, click the dropdown arrow and click cnel65 as the layer to select by. 6. Click Apply. The selected parcels are outlined in a thick line.

For more on selection, see Chapter 13, ‘Querying maps’.

36 USING ARCMAP Exporting a layer To find out how many parcels and how much land area of 2 each land use type are within the noise contour, you’ll create a new feature class and run statistics on its data table. 1. Right-click parcels in the table of contents, point to Data, then click Export Data. 3

4. Click OK. ArcMap exports the parcels to a new feature class in the airport geodatabase. 5. Click Yes when prompted to add the exported data as a new layer on the map. The new layer contains only the selected parcels. 6. Right-click the original parcels layer, point to Selection, then click Clear Selected Features.

2. In the Export Data dialog box, click the Export dropdown arrow and click Selected features (to export only the selected parcels). 3. Save the selected features in the airport geodatabase as a feature class called parcels_sel. Type the path as shown below, substituting the install location of the tutorial data on your system. (The default installation path for the geodatabase is C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map\airport.mdb.)

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 37 7. The new layer is displayed on top of the other layers. To Creating summary statistics see the noise contour and airport area, click parcels_sel ArcMap includes tools for statistical analysis. You’ll create in the table of contents and drag it down until the bar is a table to summarize the number of parcels of each land above parcels. Then release the mouse button. use type within the noise contour and the total area of each type. 1. In the table of contents, right-click the parcels_sel layer and click Open Attribute Table.

2. Right-click the LAND_USE field header and click Summarize.

38 USING ARCMAP 3. Make sure the field to summarize is LAND_USE. Opening a table 4. Click the plus sign next to Shape_Area to expand it. You may have noticed that when the table is added to the Check Sum to summarize the area by land use type. map, the table of contents switches from the Display tab to 5. Create the output table in the airport geodatabase and the Source tab (at the bottom of the table of contents). The name it lu_frequency. Source tab shows the location of all data in the table of contents; this is useful when editing data in ArcMap 6. Click OK. ArcMap creates a new table with a record because it shows you which layers are in the same for each land use type showing the number of parcels of workspace. (When you edit in ArcMap, you edit an entire that type and the total land area (in square feet). workspace; that is, all the layers in the workspace are 7. Click Yes when prompted to add the resulting table to available for editing.) The Source tab also lists all tables. the map. Close the parcels_sel attribute table. Tables don’t show up when the Display tab is selected since a table is not a geographic feature that gets displayed on the map. 1. Right-click lu_frequency in the table of contents and click Open. You can see the number of parcels and the 3 total area (in square feet) of each land use type.

2. Close the table window.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 39 Making a graph 6. Click Graph data series using Records and click Next. Next you’ll create a column graph showing the number of 3 parcels of each land use type. 1. Click the Tools menu, point to Graphs, and click Create. The Graph Wizard appears. 4

5 6

2. On the Graph Wizard dialog box, click the Column graph and click Next. 7. Type “Land Use in Noise Contour” as the title. 8. Check Label X Axis With and click LAND_USE as the labeling field. 9. Uncheck Show Legend. 2 10. Check Show Graph on Layout and click Finish.

7 8 9

3. Click lu_frequency as the table containing the data to Q graph. 4. Make sure that Use selected set of features or records is not checked. The graph appears on the layout. You can see that most of 5. Check the field Count_LAND_USE as the field to the parcels are residential. graph.

40 USING ARCMAP 11. Click the Select Elements tool on the Tools toolbar.

W 14. Click the Drawing dropdown arrow on the Draw toolbar, point to Align, and click Align Bottom to line up the graph and map. 12. Click and drag the graph to the left of the parcel map.

13. With the graph still selected, hold down the Shift key and click the land use map so both are selected.

You can stop here or continue with the next exercise. Save your work by clicking Save on the File menu.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 41 Exercise 3: Working with tables

In this exercise, you’ll map population density for the county. A population density map shows where people are concentrated. First, you’ll add population data for each census tract. Then you’ll calculate population density for each tract and map it. If necessary, start ArcMap, navigate to the folder where you saved the map from Exercise 2 (airport_ex), and open 4. Click the General tab and type “Population Density” in the map. the Name text box. Creating a new data frame 5. Click the Size and Position tab. As with the land use map, you’ll start by creating a new data frame to display the data. 1. Switch to layout view, if necessary (click View and click 5 Layout View). 4 2. Click Insert and click Data Frame.

3. In the table of contents, right-click New Data Frame 2 and click Properties.

42 USING ARCMAP 6. Set the X position to 9 and the Y position to 2.5. 10. Click the Population Density data frame on the page so 7. Click OK. it is the only one selected.

8. Hold down the Shift key and click the middle data frame Adding data from ArcCatalog (Land Use) on the page so both frames are selected. You’ll add the layers you need by dragging them from 9. Click Drawing on the Draw toolbar, point to Distribute, ArcCatalog™. and click Make Same Size. 1. Start ArcCatalog by clicking the ArcCatalog button on The data frames are now the same size. the Standard toolbar in ArcMap. Position the ArcCatalog and ArcMap windows so ArcMap is visible behind the ArcCatalog window. ArcCatalog

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 43 2. In ArcCatalog, navigate to the Map folder on the local 7. Point to arterials, hold down the left mouse button, and drive where you installed the tutorial data (the default drag the pointer over the ArcMap layout view installation path is C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map). (anywhere is fine). 3. Click the plus sign next to the Map folder to list the contents. 4. Click the airport geodatabase icon to display the contents in the right panel. 5. In the right panel, click arterials. 7

8. Release the mouse button. All three layers are added to the new data frame. 9. Close ArcCatalog. 6. Hold down the Ctrl key and click tracts and airport_area to select them as well. The layers are highlighted as you 10. Click tracts in the ArcMap table of contents so only it is select them. selected. Right-click tracts and click Zoom To Layer. The map redraws to show all the tracts and centers them in the data frame.

44 USING ARCMAP 11. Right-click the Population Density data frame in the C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map) and double-click the airport table of contents and click Properties. geodatabase. 12. Click the General tab, click the Display dropdown arrow, 3. Click tract_pop (the icon looks like a table). and set the display units to Feet. You can’t change the map units because they are based on the data frame’s coordinate system. Click OK.

E 4. Click Add. The table is added to the Population Density data frame in the table of contents. ArcMap activates the Source tab so you can access the table.

Joining tables The next step is to join the table containing the population data to the census tract data table. You’ll do this using the Adding tabular data census tract ID as the common field. You also need to add the table containing the population 1. Right-click tracts in the table of contents and click Open data to your data frame. Attribute Table to see the existing attributes including the census tract ID. 1. In ArcMap, click the Add Data button. 1

2. Navigate to the Map folder on the local drive where you installed the tutorial data (the default installation path is

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 45 5. Click the dropdown arrow in the next text box and click tract_pop as the table to join to the layer. 6. In the next text box, click TRACT_ID as the field in the table to base the join on. 7. Click OK to join the table to the layer. Click Yes if you are prompted to create an index. Now right-click tract_pop in the table of contents and click Open. The table contains the TRACT_ID field and the population of each tract. Close the tables before proceeding with the join. 3

2. Right-click tracts in the table of contents again, point to Joins and Relates, and click Join. 6

3. Click the dropdown arrow in the first text box and click Join attributes from a table. 7 4. Click the dropdown arrow in the next text box, scroll down, and click TRACT_ID as the field in the layer to base the join on.

46 USING ARCMAP 8. Right-click tracts and click Open Attribute Table. The population value has been added to each tract.

2. In the Add Field dialog box, type “POP_DEN” as the field name. 3. Click the Type dropdown arrow and click Long Integer. 4. Click OK.

2 3

Adding a field to an attribute table To map population density, you’ll need to add a new field to the tracts layer. You’ll use this field to store the population density of each tract. 4 1. Click the Options button at the bottom of the Attributes of tracts window and click Add Field. You should see the new field added to the attribute table. If a message appears indicating the table is in use by The field name you entered will be concatenated with another user, make sure you closed ArcCatalog. tracts, to appear as tracts.POP_DEN.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 47 Calculating attribute values The first part of the formula is entered for you tracts.POP_DEN = . The full formula will look like this: You’ll calculate the population density for each tract by dividing the population by the area of each tract; this will tracts.POP_DEN = [tracts_pop.POPULATION] / give you the number of people per square mile. To do this, ([tracts.Shape_Area] / 27878400). you’ll use the editing functions of ArcMap to edit the Dividing the area by 27,878,400 converts the area of census tract attributes. You can make calculations without each tract, stored in square feet, to square miles. You being in an editing session; however, in that case, there is no can type the formula right into the box or use the buttons way to undo the results. (In Exercise 4, you’ll edit the on the dialog box. In this exercise, you’ll use both. geometry of a feature.) 4. Click tract_pop.POPULATION in the Fields list. 1. Click the Editor Toolbar button on the Standard toolbar. 5. Click the division symbol. The Editor toolbar appears. 1 6. Type a space and a left parenthesis from the keyboard. 7. Click tracts.Shape_Area from the field list. 8. Click the division symbol (same as step 5). 9. Type a space and type “27878400”. 2. Click Editor and click Start Editing. 10. Type a space and a right parenthesis from the keyboard. 11. Click OK.

3. Right-click tracts.POP_DEN and click Calculate Values. 7 The Field Calculator appears. 5

6 9 Q W

48 USING ARCMAP When the dialog box closes, you can see the population Classifying features by quantity density values for each tract in people per square mile in You can now map the tracts based on their population the table. density values to see where people are concentrated in relation to the airport and to major roads. 1. Right-click tracts in the table of contents and click Properties.

12. Click the Editor menu on the Editor toolbar and click 2. Click the Symbology tab. All tracts are currently drawn Stop Editing. using the same symbol (the same solid fill color).

13. Click Yes when prompted to save your edits. 14. Close the Editor toolbar and close the attribute table. For more information on adding and calculating attributes, see Chapter 10, ‘Working with tables’.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 49 3. Click Quantities in the Show box. Graduated colors is 8. Arterials should be at the top of the layers list. If not, automatically highlighted. click arterials in the table of contents and drag it to the 4. Click the Value dropdown arrow and click top of the layers list in the Population Density data tracts.POP_DEN as the field to use to shade the tracts. frame. Click airport_area and drag it so it is just below arterials. Now these layers draw on top of the tracts. 5. Click the Color Ramp dropdown arrow and click the blue color ramp. 45

9. Switch to data view to get a closer look at the tracts. Click View and click Data View. For more on classifying and displaying data, see Chapter 6, ArcMap chooses a classification scheme and the number of ‘Symbolizing features’. classes for you. You can modify these by clicking the Classify button in the Layer Properties dialog box. For now, You’ve now completed Exercise 3. You can continue with just use the default classification. the next exercise or continue at a later time. Be sure to save your work by clicking Save on the File menu. 6. Click OK. 7. Click the Display tab at the bottom of the table of contents.

50 USING ARCMAP Exercise 4: Editing features

You can use ArcMap to edit your data as well as create 3. Right-click arterials, point to Data, and click Export Data. maps. In this exercise you’ll extend the airport road to create a new loop road joining an existing arterial road. This exercise is a brief introduction to editing, which is covered in more detail in Editing in ArcMap. If necessary, start ArcMap, navigate to the folder where you saved the map from Exercise 3 (airport_ex), and open the map.

Exporting data You’ll be working with the Schools data frame. First, make a copy of the arterials data. That way, in case you need to, you can start over again with the original data.

1. Switch to data view by clicking the View menu and 4. Click the Export dropdown arrow and click All features. clicking Data View, if necessary. 5. Click Use the same coordinate system as this layer’s 2. Right-click the Schools data frame in the table of source data. contents and click Activate. 6. Save the new feature class as arterials_new in the airport geodatabase (the default installation path is C:\ArcGIS\ArcTutor\Map\airport.mdb).

4 5

6 2 7

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 51 7. Click OK to export the data. 8. Click Yes when prompted to add the layer to the map.

Zoom in to this area.

Using Export makes a copy of the data itself. If you’d chosen Copy from the menu, you’d be copying the layer, which is only a pointer to the underlying data and 2. Turn off the cnel65 and airport_area layers by information about how the data is displayed. unchecking the boxes next to them in the table of contents so you can more easily see the existing roads. Creating a new feature You edit features in ArcMap using the Editor toolbar. All the layers in a workspace are available for editing within the same editing session. You specify which layer (the “target”) new features will be added to. 1. Click the Zoom In button on the Tools toolbar and zoom 2 in to the area around the existing road and the road you’re adding.

52 USING ARCMAP 3. Click the Editor Toolbar button to display the Editor 2. Check the boxes for Edge and End for arterials_new. toolbar. This specifies that the new line you draw in the arterials_new dataset will snap to existing lines (edges) 3 and endpoints of existing lines. 2

4. Click the Editor menu and click Start Editing.

Setting snapping Snapping lets you specify that new features connect to or align with existing features. 1. Click Editor and click Snapping. 3. Close the Snapping Environment dialog box.

Digitizing a feature 1. Click the Target dropdown arrow and click arterials_new as the feature class you want to create new features in. 2. Click the Sketch tool on the Editor toolbar. 2 1

3. The pointer changes to a crosshair with a circle. Move the mouse pointer over the end of the existing road—the circle snaps to the end.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 53 6. Click Parallel.

4. Click to start the new road. 5. Move the mouse pointer back over the existing road and right-click to display the context menu.

7. Move the mouse pointer in the direction you want the new road to go (up and to the right). Right-click and click Length.

54 USING ARCMAP 8. Type “900” (map units) and press Enter. ArcMap places 10. Click the dropdown arrow in the upper box and click a vertex at the correct location. Arc Length. Click the box to the right and type a length of “400”. In the lower box, click the dropdown arrow and click Delta Angle. Click the box to the right and type “90” (degrees). Click the button next to Right, if necessary. Then press Enter.

9. Right-click again and click Tangent Curve.

ArcMap draws the curve.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 55 11. Move the mouse pointer so it snaps to the existing road, but don’t click the mouse. You want the next segment of the new road to be parallel to the existing road.

13. To finish the road, move the mouse pointer over the road that you want the new road to intersect, and make sure the circle snaps to it. Double-click to end the line. 12. Right-click and click Parallel. The line is constrained to be parallel to the existing road.

56 USING ARCMAP The new road is highlighted in a thick blue line. 2. Click next to NAME on the list of attributes, type “AIRPORT DR”, and press Enter.

3. Close the Attributes window. 4. Click the Editor menu and click Stop Editing. Click Yes when prompted to save your edits. Adding attributes to new features You can also add the name of the new road. 1. Click the Attributes button on the Editor toolbar.

5. Close the Editor toolbar.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 57 6. Right-click arterials_new in the table of contents and 8. Switch to layout view by clicking the View menu and click Label Features. The road you added is labeled with clicking Layout View. You can see that the road has its name. been added to your map. 9. You zoomed in for editing—when you switched to data view—so type “1:100,000” in the Map Scale text box on the Standard toolbar and press Enter to set the map scale.

Use the Pan tool on the Tools toolbar to place the noise contour in the center of the map. You can continue with the final exercise or stop here. If you stop, be sure to save your work by clicking Save on the File menu.

7. Turn the cnel65 and airport_area layers back on by checking their boxes in the table of contents.

58 USING ARCMAP Exercise 5: Working with map elements

In this exercise, you’ll add additional map elements to 3. Right-click the data frame and click Properties. complete your poster and print it. If necessary, start ArcMap, navigate to the folder where you saved the map from Exercise 4 (airport_ex), and open the map.

Adding a background, titles, legends, and scalebars 1. Switch to layout view by clicking the View menu and clicking Layout View, if necessary. 2. Click the Land Use data frame on the page so it’s highlighted. In the table of contents, uncheck the parcels_sel layer so it’s not displayed—that way, the map will show the land use types within the noise contour. 4. Click the Frame tab. Click the Background dropdown arrow and click Sand. Click OK.

2 4

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 59 5. Click Insert and click Title. 8. Drag the title onto the Land Use data frame, as shown below.

6. Type “Land Use within Noise Contour” in the text box 8 and press Enter.

9. Click Insert and click Legend.

7. Click the Text Size dropdown arrow on the Draw toolbar. Click 36 to make the title 36 point.

The Legend Wizard appears. 10. Click Next several times to step through the wizard, accepting the default legend parameters. Click Finish when you’re done.

60 USING ARCMAP 11. Drag the legend to the lower-left corner of the data frame, as shown below. Make it smaller by clicking the upper-right handle and dragging it down and to the left. 12. Click Insert and click Scale Bar.

14. Now do the same for the Population Density data frame. First click to select it. Set the background to Sand, make the title read “Population Density”, and add a legend and scalebar. Place the legend in the upper-left corner of the data frame and place the scalebar in the lower-left corner. 15. Click the Schools data frame to select it and set the background to Olive. 16. You only need one North arrow since all maps are 13. Click Scale Line 1 and click OK. Drag the scalebar oriented in the same direction. Click the North arrow in under the legend and make it smaller. the Schools data frame and enlarge it by dragging the upper-right handle. Then drag the North arrow to the lower-right corner of the page.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 61 3. Click the Frame tab. 4. Click the Drop Shadow dropdown arrow and click Gray 17. Click the New Text tool on the Draw toolbar and click 30%. the top of the page. Type “Proposed Airport Expansion” 5. Type “50” for the X Offset and “-50” for the Y Offset. as the title and press Enter. Set the size to 72 point and make the title bold by clicking the Bold button. Position 6. Click OK. the title at the top and center of the page.

Adding drop shadows 4 You can add drop shadows to most of the graphic elements on the layout page. Add a drop shadow to each data frame. 1. Click the Population Density data frame to activate it. 2. Right-click the Population Density data frame and click Properties. 5 6

62 USING ARCMAP 7. Repeat the steps above to add drop shadows to the 4 Schools and Land Use data frames. When finished, your map should look like this:

4. Click the Border dropdown arrow and click a border size of 3.0 points. Adding a neatline 5. Click OK. Your map should look like this. 1. Click Insert and click Neatline.

2. Click Place inside margins. 3. Type in a gap of 36 points. This places the neatline about one-half inch inside the margin of the page.

QUICK-START TUTORIAL 63 Printing a map 4. Click Portrait for the Paper Orientation. Your map is finished. You can print it if you have a printer connected to your computer. If your printer doesn’t print the full size (34 by 44 inches), you can scale the map down to fit your printer. 1. Click the File menu and click Print. 2. If the map is larger than the printer paper, click Scale Map to fit Printer Paper. (Tile map to printer paper will 4 print the map at full scale on separate sheets of paper so you can paste them together to display the full map.) 3. Click Setup.

5. Click OK on the Page and Print Setup dialog box, then click OK on the Print dialog box to print the map. For more information on adding graphics to your map, see Chapter 7, ‘Working with graphics and text’. For more on map layout and composition, see Chapter 15, ‘Laying out 2 and printing maps’. In this chapter, you’ve been introduced to many of the ArcMap tasks you’ll often use. The rest of this book provides more detail on these tasks and shows you many more tasks you can perform using ArcMap.

64 USING ARCMAP ArcMap basics 3 IN THIS CHAPTER A traditional, printed map is considered to be a representation of a place or • Basics of mapmaking, mapping, entity, such as a subway system, location of minerals, or a city. This is taken and GIS further by defining a map as the fundamental component you work with in ArcMap. • Layers, data frames, and the table of contents As it implies, ArcMap is used to make maps. It is a map-centric software application. In ArcMap, a map document (.mxd) is how a map is stored, • Starting ArcMap and opening a shared, and managed on your computer. This map document contains not map only the traditional cartographic elements of a map, but also the environment, • Using the table of contents or user interface, you use to work with that map. ArcMap is where you can perform your spatial analysis and querying along with editing, 3D analysis, • Data view and layout view data development, and display.

• Moving around the map This chapter will discuss the basic traditional cartographic elements of a map—but most important, the concepts you need to understand an ArcMap • Setting bookmarks map. These include the components of a map document and the basics you need to know to begin to operate this program. • Opening magnifier and overview windows

• Exploring data on a map

• Using the map cache

• Getting help

• Saving a map and exiting ArcMap

• Keyboard shortcuts in ArcMap

65 Basics of mapmaking

Cartography can be described as the graphic principles support- Traditionally, maps have been created to serve two main func- ing the art, science, or techniques used in making maps or charts. tions. The first function has been to store information. Creating a It was developed in a time before the computer and GIS. Thus we map has been a way to record information for future reference. often have a paper-centered view of mapping. However, through- The second function has been to provide a picture to relay out its development—which continues—many critical principles spatial information to a user. have been established to advance cartography, such as Jacques The purpose for designing a map is critical to its design. When Bertin’s visual variables for symbology: size, value, texture, color, designing a map, a map maker needs to know the answers to orientation, and form. He defined these variables to assist some fundamental questions, such as: What is being mapped? someone in representing one symbol differently from another. Who is the audience? How is this map being presented—on its Also, other advancements have been developed through studies own or as part of a report? What medium will be used to display of human psychology and visual perception. this map?

Map formats Generally, maps are considered to be in two formats. One is a general reference map, such as a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topo- graphic map or the map of a city. In this form the map is providing information to convey where things are in relation to each other. The second is a thematic map, where the map is used to convey information about a particular theme or multiple themes, such as land use, population, or health statistics.

Reference Map Thematic Map

66 USING ARCMAP Basic mapping principles There are many kinds of maps, each with general and possibly specific requirements. While a skilled cartographer is usually required to make maps with specific or special requirements, anyone can make good general and informative maps by considering the following simple guidelines. These guidelines have been organized into seven areas that you can use as a checklist for creating or improving your maps. Purpose—Typically, a map does not have more than one purpose. Trying to communicate too much in one map—having more than one purpose for the map—tends to blur the message and confuse the map reader. Using two or more maps, each focused on a single message, is always a better strategy.

Audience—Who will be reading your map? Are you designing a A large, wall-sized map requires larger symbols map for a few readers or for a large audience of hundreds or than those you may use in this book. millions of people? It’s better to target your map to the person least prepared to understand your map’s message. Size, scale, and media—The physical size of a map relative to the geographic extent shown on the map will dictate the scale of the map and determine how you will represent the actual size and number of features shown on the map. Data is often collected at a particular scale. However, if you’re not displaying the data at that scale, be sure your data “fits”. For example, roads typically collected for 1:24,000 mapping will be far more detailed than needed for a smaller scale map—such as 1:2,000,000—so be sure to reduce the number of roads drawn on your map. Media also plays an import role, because a map printed on newspaper will not show fine details clearly, Make sure the data fits the scale of your layout. whereas one printed on high-quality paper will. In addition, Sometimes less is better. the details on a digital map could vary depending on the viewing program. For example, a static map used in a Web page would be designed to encompass less information than one designed for browsing using a program such as ArcReader™.

ARCMAP BASICS 67 Focus—Refers to where the designer wishes the map reader to first focus. Typically, cool colors—blues, greens, and light gray—are used for background information, and warm colors—red, yellow, black—are used to capture the reader’s attention. Integrity—You may want to cross-validate some of your information, such as the names or spelling of some features. And if the data was produced by another organization, it is often customary to give that organization credit on the map.

Balance—How does your map look on the page or screen? Are Color is used to help focus the reader on an the parts of the map properly aligned? The body of the map area or symbol represented on the map. should be the dominant element. Try to avoid large open spaces. Be flexible in where you place elements—for example, not all titles need to go at the top. Should some components on the map be contained within a border? Completeness—A map generally should contain some basic elements, such as a title, legend, scalebar, and North arrow; however, there are exceptions. For example, if a graticule exists, it is not necessary to place a North arrow. Basically, place all the information you think your readers need to fully understand the map. An example of the basic elements to include on a map are shown in the diagram titled ‘Map elements diagram’. It is best to avoid a lot of unnecessary open spaces in Before publishing your map, it is always advised to have your layout. someone else look it over—especially for spelling and overall appearance.

68 USING ARCMAP Map elements Map body—The primary mapped area. You can display more than one image of your primary mapped area within your document. For example, you may want to portray change by showing several images with differing but related information, such as population maps of various years. Your map may also contain a locator map—a smaller-scale map used to help the Example of a locator map reader in understanding where the main area of interest is located—an inset map—used to give more detailed information of an area within the main map that may not easily be understood—or an index map—often used to show where in a series of maps one map exists. All are used to assist in communicating your information to others. In ArcMap each of these mapped areas is referred to as a data frame. Title—Is used to tell the reader what the map represents. This is often placed on a map layout as text. Legend—Lists the symbology used within the map and what it represents. This can be created using the Legend Wizard in the layout—and edited further once created. Scale—Provides readers with the information they need to determine distance. A map scale is a ratio, where one unit on A small-scale map the map represents some multiple of that value in the real world. It can be numeric (1:10,000), graphic (a scalebar), or verbal (one inch equals 10,000 inches). Maps are often referred to as large or small scale. This size reference refers to the ratio (or fraction). For example, a 1:100 scale map is larger than a 1:10,000 map, because 1/100 (0.01) is a larger value than 1/10,000 (0.0001). A smaller-scale map displays a larger area, but with less detail. The scale is inserted in the map layout view. A large-scale map

ARCMAP BASICS 69 Projection—Is a mathematical formula that transforms feature locations from the earth’s curved surface to a map’s flat Grids and graticules surface. Projections can cause distortions in distance, area, ArcMap contains several types of grids and graticules that can be shape, and direction; no projection can avoid some distortion. added to a map layout using the Grids and Graticules Wizard. Therefore, the projection type is often placed on the map to help readers determine the accuracy of the measurement You can place a grid that expresses information they infer from the map. location in geographic coordinates (degrees of latitude and longitude) by For more information on projections, see ‘About coordinate selecting the Graticule type. systems’ in Chapter 4 or Understanding Map Projections. Direction—This is shown using a North arrow. A map may show true north and magnetic north. This element is inserted in the map layout view. Data source—The bibliographic information for the data used to develop the map. By selecting the Measured Grid type, Other map components include (but are not limited to) dates, you can place a grid that expresses pictures, graticules or grids, reports, tables, additional text, location using projected coordinates, neatlines, and authorship. such as Universal Transverse Mercator or State Plane grids. ArcMap allows you to select a coordinate system for the grid that is different from the underlying coordinate system for the data frame.

You can also place a grid that divides a map into a specified number of rows and columns by selecting the Reference Grid type. Often, the row and column labels of a reference grid identify locations listed in a map index.

Other custom grids or military grid reference systems can be added using the Style Manager in ArcMap.

70 USING ARCMAP Map elements diagram

ARCMAP BASICS 71 Mapping and GIS

So how are mapping and GIS related? For starters, GIS has its importing the elevation models, or identifying the new school roots in mapping—both involve maps and attributes, and both locations. use geographic data involving map scales, projections, and How else are mapping and GIS related? GIS is used for display, coordinate systems. analysis, storage, and retrieval. The mapping output is used to There are three basic users for both mapping and GIS—the display and store information. From this a person can retrieve viewer, the maker, and the designer. Before outlining their roles, it information and use that information in analysis. Mapping and must be stated that these users can overlap—a viewer may be the GIS are becoming closer to one another through technological maker, or a maker the designer—or they can all be the same advancements. For example, a map is no longer a static product person. and visualization is not dependent on a printable medium. Viewers Viewer—This person, who can be described as the end user, is have been given the ability to interact with the display. generally the reason for the existence of the map or data. The Basically, the cartographic principles of mapping can be thought viewer is the person using a Web mapping program to of as the rule for output, and GIS can be considered the tool to determine the route from his or her home to the museum, the bring information together. The rest of this chapter will discuss oil company executive who needs to locate potential drilling the map document design in ArcMap and the basics you need to sites, a person planning a mountain hike, or a newspaper know to use the program. reader who is making the association between a new industrial site and his or her home. Designer—The designer can be involved at the beginning, end, and throughout the GIS or mapping product creation process. This person determines what data to use, what tools to use, how to acquire the data, and so on. The designer can be the person who creates the output by defining what questions will be answered and how data is going to be displayed on the map. The map designer could also be the person specifying which symbols to use to represent roads or the project developer who is writing the contract proposal for an environmental assessment using GIS. Maker—This is the person working with the data by editing, creating, acquiring, querying, or analyzing it. The maker is the person who is merging the road dataset, digitizing the rivers, editing the parcels, attaching the address locations, buffering the protected lands, analyzing the population projections,

72 USING ARCMAP Layers, data frames, and the table of contents

You display geographic information on a map as layers, where each layer represents a particular type of feature, such as streams, lakes, highways, political boundaries, or wildlife habitats. A layer doesn’t store the actual geographic data; instead, it references the data contained in coverages, shapefiles, geodatabases, images, grids, and so on. Referencing data in this way allows the layers on a map to automatically reflect the most up-to-date information in your GIS database. The table of contents lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer represent. The check box next to each layer indicates whether it is currently turned on or off, that is, whether it is currently drawn on the map or not. The order of layers within the table of contents is also important; the layers at the top draw on top of those below them. Thus, you’ll put the layers that form the background of your map, such as the ocean, at the bottom of the table of contents.

Table of contents. Click here to add a The data view. Docked Tools toolbar. layer to the map.

The Places layer draws on top of all other layers.

A layer displays geographic features and defines how they’re drawn on the map.

ARCMAP BASICS 73 Layers in the table of contents can be further organized into data frames. A data frame simply groups, in a separate frame, the layers that you want to display together. You always get a data frame when you create a map; it’s listed at the top of the table of contents as “Layers”, but you can change the name to something more meaningful if you like. For many of the maps you make, you won’t need to think much more about data frames; you’ll just add layers to your map and, depending on how you order them in the table of contents, some layers will draw on top of others. You will want to think more about data frames—and adding additional ones—when you want to compare layers side by side or create insets and overviews that hnighlight a particular location or attribute, as shown in the map below. When a map has more than one data frame, one of them is the active data frame. The active data frame is the one you’re currently working with. For example, when you add a new layer to a map, it is added to the active data frame. You can always tell which data frame is active because it’s highlighted on the map and its name is shown in bold text in the table of contents. Of course, if a map has only one data frame, it’s always the active one. Layout toolbar. Floating Tools toolbar.

The active data frame is highlighted with bold text.

Use additional data frames to display layers in separate frames on the map.

Active data frame.

The layout view

74 USING ARCMAP Starting ArcMap Starting ArcMap from the 4 Start menu 2 Starting ArcMap is the first step to exploring your data. You can 1. Click the Start button on the access ArcMap from the Start Windows taskbar. button on the Windows taskbar. 2. Point to Programs. Each ArcMap session can 3. Point to ArcGIS. display one map at a time. You can work with several maps by 4. Click ArcMap. starting additional ArcMap 3 sessions. After you first start ArcMap, you can decide whether or not you want to see the splash screen and Startup dialog box. 1 If you don’t want to see these, you can easily turn them off by choosing Tools > Options > General from the program’s Main menu bar. Starting ArcMap from 1 ArcCatalog Tip 1. Click the Launch ArcMap Starting ArcMap by open- button on the Standard ing an existing map toolbar. Double-clicking a map in ArcCatalog or the Windows Explorer will launch ArcMap and display the map.

Tip Working on one map at a time You can only work on one map at a time in an ArcMap session. ArcMap will close any open map before opening another one.

ARCMAP BASICS 75 The ArcMap window

Frequently used commands, such as Open, Save, Print, Browse a map with Undo, and Add Layers, are on the Standard toolbar. the Tools toolbar.

Toolbars can be docked or floating. The table of contents lists the layers on the map. To see more of the map, drag the table of contents off.

Add map elements with the Draw toolbar.

Use these buttons to quickly switch between data view and layout view.

76 USING ARCMAP Opening a map Opening a map from 1 ArcMap To work on a map, you open it in ArcMap. If you know its 1. Click the Open button on the location on disk, you can Standard toolbar. navigate to it with ArcCatalog 2. Click the Look in dropdown 2 and open it in ArcMap. If you arrow and navigate to the already have ArcMap running, folder that contains the map. you can open it directly within that session. 3. Click the map you want to open. If you’re not sure where your map is located, use ArcCatalog 4. Click Open. 3 to find it by browsing for it in the folders in your database. 4 Because ArcCatalog lets you preview a map before you open it, you’ll always open the right one. A map doesn’t store the spatial data displayed within it. Instead, it stores references to the location of these data Opening a map from 3 sources, such as geodatabases, ArcCatalog coverages, shapefiles, and rasters, on disk. Thus, when 1. Start ArcCatalog if it isn’t you open a map, ArcMap already running. checks the links to the data. If it 2. In ArcCatalog, navigate to can’t find some data—for the folder that contains your instance, if the source data for a map. layer has been deleted or renamed or a network drive is 3. Click the Thumbnails button not accessible—ArcMap lets to look at the maps the folder you locate it. contains. If the data is currently unavail- 4. Double-click the map to open able, you can ignore the broken it in ArcMap. link and display the map without the layer. The layer will still be part of the map and listed in the table of contents; it simply won’t display. 2 4

ARCMAP BASICS 77 Using the table of Showing the table of 1 contents contents 1. Click Window on the Main Every map has a table of menu. contents. The table of contents 2. Click Table Of Contents. shows you what layers the map 2 contains and also how the map presents the geographic features in those layers. Some maps display all the layers in one data frame. Others, such as those with insets and overviews, will have more than Turning a layer on or off one data frame. The table of contents shows how the layers 1. In the table of contents, check are organized into data frames. the box next to the layer’s name. When viewing a map, you’ll use the table of contents primarily The layer should appear on to turn layers on and off. As your map. If you can’t see the 1 you begin building your own layer, it may be hidden by maps, you’ll find that the table another layer or display only of contents is the focal point at a particular scale. for many tasks, such as adding and deleting layers and determining how to draw layers. You can choose to display the table of contents with either the Display, Source, or Selection tabs.

Tip Need to see more of your map? You can drag the table of contents off the ArcMap window.

78 USING ARCMAP Tip Showing a layer’s legend Drawing layers 1. Click the plus or minus sign Double-click a layer in the table of to the left of the layer name in contents to see its properties. From the table of contents to show there you can change how you or hide its legend. draw the layer. 1

Tip Changing colors You can quickly change the color of a particular feature by right- clicking on the color in the table of contents.

Tip Why isn’t my layer drawing? The layer may have a visible scale range set. If you see a gray scalebar underneath the layer’s check box in the table of contents, Showing the contents of it’s not drawing because it’s outside a data frame of a visible scale range. You’ll need 1. Click the plus or minus sign 1 to zoom in or out to see it. to the left of the data frame in If you see a red exclamation point, the table of contents to show the link to the layer’s data source is or hide the list of layers it broken. Right-click the layer, point contains. to Data, and click Set Data Source to fix the link.

ARCMAP BASICS 79 Data view and Switching to data view 1 2 layout view 1. Click the View menu on the Standard toolbar. ArcMap provides two different 2. Click Data View. ways to view a map: data view and layout view. Each view lets The ArcMap window displays you look at and interact with the the active data frame. map in a specific way. When you want to browse the geographic data on your map, choose data view. Data view is an all-purpose view for exploring, displaying, and querying the data on your map. This view hides all the map elements on the layout, such as titles, North arrows, and scalebars, and lets you focus on the data in a single data frame, for instance, to do editing or analysis. Switching to layout view 1 2 When you’re preparing your 1. Click the View menu on the map to hang on the wall, put in a Standard toolbar. report, or publish on the Web, you’ll want to work with it in 2. Click Layout View. layout view. Layout view is for The ArcMap window displays laying out your map. In layout the entire map. view, you’ll see a virtual page upon which you can place and arrange map elements. In layout view, you can do almost everything you can in data view, plus design your map.

You can also use these buttons to quickly switch between the data and layout view.

80 USING ARCMAP Moving around the Zooming in or out Zooming to the full extent of the data map 1. Click the Zoom In or Zoom Out button on the Tools 3. Click the Full Extent button As you work with a map, you toolbar. on the Tools toolbar. can easily change how you 2. Move the mouse pointer over view the data it contains. When the map display and click you’re just browsing a map, once to zoom around a point. you might want to pan and Alternatively, click and drag a zoom around the data to rectangle defining the area investigate different areas and you want to zoom in or out features. When you’re creating on. a map to hang on the wall, displaying data at a specific scale may be important. Most of the tools for navigating Use these buttons your data are found on the to zoom in or out a Tools toolbar. 1 fixed amount. 3

Tip Panning using the scrollbars In data view, you can also pan the Tools toolbar map by dragging the scrollbars. 4 6 Tip Panning Panning and zooming in Moving back or forward maps with more than one 4. Click the Pan button on the one display data frame Tools toolbar. 6. Click the Back or Forward If your map has more than one Extent buttons on the Tools data frame, panning and zooming 5. Move the mouse pointer over toolbar. will occur in the active data frame. the map display and click In layout view, clicking a data and drag the pointer. frame will activate it.

ARCMAP BASICS 81 Tip Zooming to the extent of Selecting layers in the a layer table of contents 1. Right-click the layers you Click a layer to select it. Hold down want to zoom to. the Shift or Ctrl key to select multiple layers. 2. Click Zoom To Layer.

Tip 1 Why doesn’t a layer draw when I zoom in or out? The layer probably has a visible 2 scale range set that prevents the layer from displaying on the map at certain scales. You can clear the scale range by right-clicking the layer in the table of contents, pointing to Visible Scale Range, and clicking Clear Scale Range.

Tip Pausing drawing in ArcMap The Pause Drawing command allows you to temporarily suspend Zooming to a specific 1 all drawing in ArcMap so you can scale make changes to your map, such as changing the symbology of 1. Type the desired scale on the several layers, without having the Standard toolbar. map redraw after each change. The Pause Drawing button is located in the lower left of the view window and works in data view or layout view. You can also press F9 as a shortcut to pausing drawing.

82 USING ARCMAP Setting bookmarks Creating a spatial 2 bookmark A spatial bookmark identifies a particular geographic location 1. Pan and zoom the map to the that you want to save and refer area for which you want to to later. For example, you might create a bookmark. create a spatial bookmark that 2. Click the View menu, point to identifies a study area. That Bookmarks, and click Create. way, as you pan and zoom 3. Type a name for the around your map, you can bookmark. easily return to the study area by accessing the bookmark. 4. Click OK. 1 You can also use spatial bookmarks to highlight areas on your map you want others to see. You can create a spatial bookmark at any time. As a shortcut, you can also create 3 4 bookmarks when you find and identify map features. Spatial bookmarks, however, can only be defined on spatial data; they can’t be defined on an area of Using a spatial bookmark 1 the page in layout view. 1. Click the View menu, point to Each data frame on your map Bookmarks, and click the maintains its own list of name of the bookmark you bookmarks. In layout view, the want to use. list reflects the bookmarks of The bookmarked display the active data frame. appears.

ARCMAP BASICS 83 Creating a spatial bookmark from the Identify Results dialog box 1. Click the Identify button on the Tools toolbar. 4 2. Click the mouse pointer over 1 the map feature to identify. 3. Right-click the identified feature in the Identify Results 3 dialog box. 4. Click Set Bookmark. The bookmark is named after the feature.

Creating a spatial bookmark from the Find dialog box 1. Click the Find button on the Tools toolbar. 2. Fill in the dialog box to find 1 the features you want. 3. Right-click the Value in the Find Results list. 4. Click Set Bookmark. The bookmark is named after 2 the feature.

3 4

84 USING ARCMAP Tip Removing a spatial 1 Removing more than one bookmark bookmark at a time 1. Click the View menu, point to Hold down the Shift key to select Bookmarks, and click more than one bookmark and click Manage. Remove. 2. Click a bookmark. 3. Click Remove.

2 3

ARCMAP BASICS 85 Opening magnifier Opening a magnifier 1 window and setting the and overview view windows 1. Click the Window menu and When you don’t want to adjust click Magnifier. your map display, yet you want You must be viewing the map to see things a bit differently— in data view to display a see more detail or get an magnifier window. overview of an area—open 2. When the magnifier window another window. ArcMap appears, drag it over the data provides two additional ways to to see a magnified view. explore the spatial data on your 3 map: overview and magnifier 3. Right-click the title bar and windows. click Snapshot to lock the view. The magnifier window works like a magnifying glass; as you pass the window over the data, 2 you see a magnified view of the location under the window. Moving the window around Opening an overview 1 does not affect the current map window to pan and zoom display. the map The overview window shows you the full extent of the data. A 1. Click the Window menu and small box in the overview click Overview. window represents the cur- You must be viewing the map rently displayed area on the in data view to display an map. You can move this box overview window. around to pan the map and also shrink or enlarge it to zoom in 2. Drag, shrink, or expand the or out. box in the overview window to change the map display in Both windows operate only in the active data frame. data view.

86 USING ARCMAP Exploring data on Identifying features by 1 a map pointing at them 1. Click the Identify button on Sometimes just looking at a map the Tools toolbar. isn’t enough. You need to 2. Click the mouse pointer over query data to solve problems. the map feature you want to ArcMap lets you explore the identify. data on the map and get the information you need. The features in all visible layers under the pointer will You can point at features to find be identified. out what they are, find features 2 that have a particular characteristic or attribute, examine all the attributes of a particular layer, and measure distances on the map. MapTips also provide a quick way to browse map features. Like ToolTips for toolbar buttons, MapTips pop up as you pause the mouse pointer over a feature. Displaying MapTips 2 3 1. In the table of contents, right- See Also click the layer for which you 4 For powerful ways to explore your want to display MapTips and 2 data, see Chapter 13, ‘Querying click Properties. maps’. 2. Click the Display tab and check Show MapTips. Tip 3. Click the Fields tab. I can’t see the MapTips 4. Click the Primary Display If you can’t see MapTips even after Field dropdown arrow and you’ve enabled them, make sure click the attribute field you that the layer is turned on and the want to display as the features in the layer are not being MapTip. hidden by features in overlapping layers. 5. Click OK. 5 6. Move the mouse pointer over a feature to see the MapTip.

ARCMAP BASICS 87 See Also Viewing a layer’s attribute For more information on working table with attribute tables, see 1. In the table of contents, right- Chapter 10, ‘Working with tables’. click the layer for which you want to display the attribute table. 1 2. Click Open Attribute Table. 2

Tip Finding features with The primary display field particular attributes 1 The primary display field is the 1. Click the Find button on the field that contains the name or Tools toolbar. identifying characteristic of the feature. For example, on a map of 2. Type the string you want to the world, you might set the find in the Find text box. primary display field to the field that contains the country names. 3. Click the In layers dropdown The primary display field is set arrow and click the layer you through layer properties. want to search. 4. Uncheck Find features that are similar to or contain the search string if the string 6 must match exactly. 2 3 5. Search for the string in all 4 fields, in a specific field, or in the primary display field. 5 6. Click Find.

88 USING ARCMAP Tip Measuring distance 23 1 Do you want to measure 1. Click the Measure button on distance in kilometers, the Tools toolbar. miles, meters, or feet? Each data frame can display 2. Use the mouse pointer to distance measurements using draw a line representing the whichever units you need. Set the distance you want to mea- distance units on the General tab of sure. The line can have more the Data Frame Properties dialog than one line segment. box. 3. Double-click to end the line.

The measurement displays here on the status bar.

ARCMAP BASICS 89 Using the map cache to improve geodatabase performance in ArcMap

What is the map cache? Maximizing the map cache’s performance advantages The map cache allows you to temporarily store the features in the current map display extent in ArcMap in your local machine’s In an enterprise environment, consistent use of the map cache in memory. Because retrieving the features from local memory is a ArcMap can significantly improve the overall performance of the fast operation, using the map cache will often result in perfor- system by reducing the number of queries to the geodatabase, mance improvements in ArcMap for common tasks completed on the number of features retrieved from the geodatabase, and the features in databases. overall network traffic. For example, if you are working with data in a multiuser While the advantages of the map cache are most pronounced geodatabase that serves features over a network, features in the when the data source is a multiuser geodatabase, you may also current extent must be retrieved from the source database each benefit from creating a map cache if you’re working with large time your display is updated. Building a map cache, however, can amounts of data over a network or in a geodatabase. reduce the load on your network and the geodatabase since There may be some performance improvement for personal ArcMap instead accesses this information from your computer’s geodatabase feature classes, although it is generally a small gain. RAM. Since features are cached on the client, it cuts down the One case where the map cache may be useful with personal number of queries that the client needs to execute on the server. geodatabase features is when you are editing features with large ArcMap has tools to build and help you work with the map numbers of vertices in the current display extent with snapping cache. These tools are found on the Map Cache toolbar. enabled. Personal geodatabases accessed over a network may also show a performance gain. Using the map cache A map cache is also most useful when you will be working within Drawing large or complex datasets, labeling, editing, selecting a specific area of a map. Work that requires frequent panning and features, retrieving the same features for multiple layers on a map, zooming across a large area will not usually benefit from a map and drawing features using a definition query are some of the cache. common activities that can often benefit from building a map cache. However, the map cache only stores features in geodatabases, so no data from rasters, coverages, or shapefiles is cached. Labeling, for example, can be a slow and costly process for the geodatabase, requiring multiple round-trips to the geodatabase as the label engine attempts to place the maximum number of labels on the map. To learn more about labels, see Chapter 7, ‘Working with graphics and text’.

90 USING ARCMAP Working with the Adding the Map Cache map cache toolbar 1. Click View and point to If you’re working with data Toolbars. stored in a geodatabase, 2. Click Map Cache. building a map cache can often 1 speed up common ArcMap The Map Cache toolbar tasks, such as drawing, appears. selecting, labeling, and editing features. The map cache holds the features in the current map extent in memory on your local machine. A map cache results in faster processing because ArcMap doesn’t have to 2 retrieve data from the server. The Map Cache toolbar contains the tools you’ll need to create and work with the map Sets the minimum scale cache. You can create a map for the auto-cache cache by clicking the Build Map Cache button. You can also use Empties the map cache Clears the auto-cache scale the automatic cache (auto- cache) function to automatically update the map cache whenever Builds the Zooms to the extent you move outside of the map cache of the map cache currently cached extent. Turns on the Shows the extent The auto-cache can be useful if auto-cache of the map cache you are going to be working in a series of different geographic areas and you don’t want to rebuild the cache for each area. It is also convenient when you don’t know the exact bounds of the area you want to cache. Since auto-caching may cost performance too much, you should set an auto-cache minimum scale.

ARCMAP BASICS 91 Tip Building a map cache Canceling the build of a 1. Add data stored in a map cache geodatabase to your map. Because the map cache is stored in your desktop computer’s RAM, 2. Pan or zoom to the area on 2 building a cache for a large area the map that you want to with many features may consume a work with. large amount of memory and can 3. Click the Build Map Cache take a while. You can cancel button on the Map Cache building the map cache by pressing toolbar. the Esc key. The features visible in the current extent are held in Tip memory locally. Zooming to your map 3 cache extent You can quickly return to your map cache extent at any time in your ArcMap session. Click the Zoom to Map Cache button on the Map Setting the auto-cache Cache toolbar. minimum scale

Tip 1. Zoom out just beyond the scale at which you’ll be 1 Using the Show Map Cache working. button You can click the Show Map Cache 2. Click Set Auto-Cache Scale button to find out if you are in the on the Map Cache toolbar. extent of the current cache. If the button turns red, it means you are partially outside the map cache’s extent and are no longer using the 2 map cache.

You can click the Auto-Cache button to turn auto-caching on or off.

92 USING ARCMAP Tip Setting auto-cache Turning off the auto-cache options You might want to turn off the auto- 1. Click View and click Data cache when you begin working at a Frame Properties. fixed display extent and are no longer moving around the map. 2. Click the Map Cache tab. 3. To use the auto-cache, check Tip Automatically create map cache. When is the auto-cache rebuilt? 4. Check the Set minimum 1 When you move around the map scale for auto-cache box. and are still within the cached 5. Type a scale in the box or extent, the cache is not rebuilt. click the Use Current Scale 2 When the display extent is not button to set the current scale completely within the cache, the as the minimum scale. cache will be rebuilt—provided you don’t zoom out beyond the 6. Click OK. minimum auto-cache scale. 3 Tip 4 Setting a minimum auto- 5 cache scale To avoid inadvertently building an auto-cache of your whole geodatabase, set a minimum scale for the auto-cache. The auto-cache won’t be rebuilt if you zoom out beyond the minimum scale. 6

Clearing the auto-cache scale 1. Click the Clear Auto-Cache 1 Scale button on the Map Cache toolbar.

ARCMAP BASICS 93 Tip Seeing the extent of the Why isn’t the Show Map cached area Cache button available? 1. Click the Show Map Cache 1 The Show Map Cache button is button on the Map Cache enabled only when you have built a toolbar. map cache and your map’s current extent intersects the extent of the The currently cached area map cache. will flash on the map. If the Show Map Cache Tip button is red, part of your The area outside current display extent is the rectangle is not Working outside the cached outside the cached area. within the current extent cache extent, so the If any part of your current display 2. Optionally, if you plan to work Show Map Cache extent is outside the cached area, at this extent, click the Build button is red. you are no longer using the data Map Cache button to build a cached on your computer. To use new cache or click the Auto- the map cache again, you’ll need to Cache button to use the auto- build a new cache, use auto-cache, cache. or return to the cached extent.

Tip A green Show Map Cache button indicates that you are Zooming to your map completely within the cached extent and are using cached data. cache extent You can quickly return to your map cache extent at any time by clicking the Zoom to Map Cache button on the Map Cache toolbar. A red Show Map Cache button indicates that you are partially outside the cached extent. You are no longer using cached data.

When the Show Map Cache button is unavailable, you are completely outside the cached extent. You are no longer using cached data.

94 USING ARCMAP Getting help Getting help in the 2 1 ArcMap window A quick way to learn what ArcMap can do is to get help 1. Click the What’s This? button. about the buttons and menu 2. With the Help pointer, click commands you see on the the item in the ArcMap interface. After clicking the window about which you What’s This? button, you can want more information. click an item in the window to 3. Click anywhere on the display a popup description of screen to close the Help it. description box. You can also get help in some dialog boxes. When you click the What’s This? button in the upper-right corner and click an item in the dialog box, a description of the item pops up. Sometimes a dialog box will also have a Help button on the bottom; clicking it opens a Help topic with detailed information Getting help in a dialog 1 about the task you’re trying to box accomplish. 1. Click the What’s This? button. Much of the information in this book is available in the ArcGIS 2. With the Help pointer, click Desktop Help system. The Help the item in the dialog box topics are organized around the about which you want more main tasks you want to com- information. plete as well as the concepts 3. Click anywhere on the 2 behind the tasks. screen to close the Help You can look up general Help description box. topics in the Help Contents. You can search the Index for specific tasks and issues. You can also use the Find tab to look up Help topics that have specific words or phrases.

ARCMAP BASICS 95 Tip Using the Help Contents Tips for buttons and menus to get help 2 When you pause the mouse pointer 1. Click the Help menu and over a button, the button’s name click ArcGIS Desktop Help. appears in a small box called a ToolTip. When you position the 2. Click the Contents tab. 3 mouse pointer over a button or 3. Double-click a book to see a menu command, a description of 4 list of the topics in that what it does appears in the status category. bar. Double-clicking an open book closes its list. Tip 4. Click the topic you want to Another way to get help in read. a dialog box Sometimes a dialog box will also have a Help button on the bottom; clicking it opens a Help topic with detailed information about the task Searching the Index for you’re trying to accomplish. 2 help 1. Click the Help menu and click ArcGIS Desktop Help. 2. Click the Index tab. 3 3. Type the subject about which 4 you want information. 4. Double-click the topic you want to read. If several topics are related to your selection, the Topics Found dialog box appears. Simply double-click the topic you want to read.

96 USING ARCMAP Finding Help topics 2 containing specific words 1. Click the Help menu and click ArcGIS Desktop Help. 3 4 2. Click the Search tab. 5 3. Type the word that should be contained in the topics you want to find. 4. Click List Topics. 5. Double-click the topic you want to read.

ARCMAP BASICS 97 Saving a map and Saving a map 1 exiting ArcMap 1. Click the Save button on the Standard toolbar. After you finish working on a If you haven’t saved the map map, you can save it and exit before, you’ll need to provide ArcMap. You save a map as a a name for it. document and store it on your hard disk. If you haven’t saved the map before, you’ll need to name it, preferably with a name that adequately describes its contents. ArcMap automatically appends a file extension (.mxd) to your map document name. The data displayed on a map is not saved with it. Map layers reference the data sources in your GIS database. This helps to keep map documents relatively small in size. So if you Saving a map as a new plan to distribute your map to map others, they’ll need access to 1 both the map document and the 1. Click the File menu and click data your map references. Save As. In general, it’s a good idea to 2. Navigate to the location to save your map periodically save the map document. 2 while editing it just in case 3. Type a filename. something unexpected happens. 4. Click the Save as type dropdown arrow and click ArcMap Documents. Tip 5. Click Save. Opening a map will close the current one In ArcMap, you work with one map at a time. If you need to work with more than one, start another ArcMap session. 3 4 5

98 USING ARCMAP Tip Saving a map as a map Differentiating a map template template from a map 1. Click the File menu and click 1 document Save As. Map templates have a .mxt file extension. Map documents have a 2. Navigate to the location to 2 .mxd file extension. save the map template. 3. Type a filename. Tip 4. Click the Save as type Saving a map with thumb- dropdown arrow and click nail images ArcMap Template. Thumbnails are small images that 5. Click Save. provide an overview of the geographic data in your map. Thumbnails appear in ArcCatalog and when you add data in Thumb- nails view in ArcMap. To save a 3 thumbnail for your map, in 4 5 ArcMap click File and click Map Properties. Check the Save thumbnail image with map box, then save the map. Exiting ArcMap 1. Click the File menu and click See Also Exit. See Using ArcCatalog for more 2. Click Yes to save any information on thumbnails. changes, No to discard any changes, or Cancel to See Also continue working on your map. For more information on creating maps, see Chapter 4, ‘Displaying 2 data in maps’. 1

ARCMAP BASICS 99 Keyboard shortcuts in ArcMap

Accessing ArcMap menu commands Layers that are dragged and dropped between data frames and ArcMap sessions are copied; hold down Ctrl while dragging and Menu Command Shortcut dropping to move layers between data frames and ArcMap File New Ctrl + N sessions. File Open Ctrl + O Data frames that are dragged and dropped are moved; hold down File Save Ctrl + S Ctrl while dragging and dropping to copy them. File Exit Alt + F4 Layers that are dragged and dropped inside a data frame are moved; hold down Ctrl while dragging and dropping to copy Edit Undo Ctrl + Z them. Edit Redo Ctrl + Y Use drag and drop to move layers in and out of a group layer Edit Cut Ctrl + X within a data frame. Edit Copy Ctrl + C Refreshing or suspending map drawing Edit Paste Ctrl + V Press F5 to refresh and redraw the display. Edit Delete Delete Press F9 whenever you want to suspend or pause drawing so Help ArcGIS Desktop Help F1 you can make changes to your map without having the map Help What’s This? Shift + F1 redraw after each change. Press F9 again to resume drawing.

To access the Main menu, press Alt and use the arrow keys to Navigating the table of contents with the keyboard move through the menus; press Enter to make a selection. F3 or clicking inside the table of contents puts the keyboard Use Esc to close a menu or dialog box. focus on the table of contents so you can navigate and interact Docking and undocking with it. Esc or clicking the map puts the keyboard focus on the map. Hold down Ctrl while dragging a toolbar or dockable window to prevent it from docking. Home selects the first item in the table of contents. End selects the last item in the table of contents. Dragging and dropping Up/Down arrows move through the items in the table of contents. You can drag and drop or copy and paste multiple layers in the Left/Right arrows or the + and - keys expand or contract selected table of contents and between ArcMap sessions. You can also items. They also switch between the tabs at the bottom of the drag and drop or copy and paste data frames between ArcMap table of contents when they have keyboard focus. sessions.

100 USING ARCMAP Spacebar turns drawing of the selected layer(s) on or off. Using mouse shortcuts in the table of contents Ctrl + Spacebar turns all the layers in the data frame on or off Ctrl + click on an expansion control (+/-) to expand or contract when a single layer is selected in the table of contents. If the all the items at that level. If any items are currently selected, only selected layer is part of a group layer or a layer such as an the selected items are expanded or collapsed. ArcIMS image service layer, all the members of that layer will be Ctrl + click on a check box to turn all the layers on or off at that turned or on off. If multiple layers are selected, Ctrl + Spacebar level. If any items are currently selected, only the selected items works like Spacebar by itself and toggles only the selected layers are turned on or off. on or off. When dragging layers, hovering over an expansion control with F2 renames the selected item. the drop cursor expands or collapses any item. F12 or Enter opens the selected item’s property dialog box. Right-clicking features, layers, and data frames always opens a Shift + F10 (or the Application key) opens the context menu for context menu. the selected item. Use Shift + F1 or F1 to obtain context help when an item has keyboard focus or when the properties dialog box tab or a table of contents tab is selected. F11 activates a selected data frame, or hold down Alt and click a data frame to activate it. When there are multiple data frames in the map, use Ctrl + Tab to cycle through each data frame and activate it.

Selecting items in the table of contents Ctrl + click selects or deselects multiple layers or data frames. Shift + click selects all layers or data frames between two layers or data frames within the same table of contents level.

ARCMAP BASICS 101

Displaying data

Section 2

Displaying data in maps 4 IN THIS CHAPTER Before you sit down to create a map, you need to think about its purpose. What do you want your map to show? Will the map be displayed by itself, or • Creating a new map will it be part of a larger presentation? Who is the audience for the map? Answering these and other similar questions will help you determine how to • Adding layers organize and present the information on your map—for instance, what level • Adding coverages, shapefiles, and of detail you need to show; what colors and symbols you should use to draw geodatabases features; and whether you need to create an interactive map people use at the computer, one you simply print out and display on a wall, or both. • Adding data from the Internet The first step to creating a map is to locate the data you want to put on it. • Adding data from a GIS server Finding data may be as simple as using ArcCatalog to browse your organization’s GIS database or the spatial data distributed with ArcMap. The • Adding TINs as surfaces Internet is also an excellent resource for finding data—you can add data SM • Adding CAD drawings directly from the Internet using the Geography Network Web site at www.geographynetwork.com. Many government agencies distribute data • Adding x,y coordinate data to the public at minimal or no cost. Commercial data vendors also package data for a wide variety of applications from business to natural resources. If • Adding route events you have special data requirements, you might create your own data (see • Creating and adding a new feature Editing in ArcMap) or contact one of the many service bureaus or GIS class consulting companies that can produce data for you. Even if you don’t think you have any spatial data, you just might. • About coordinate systems

• Specifying a coordinate system

• Referencing data on a map

105 Creating a new Creating a new map from the Startup dialog box map 2 1. Start ArcMap. No matter what kind of map you 2. Click to create a new empty want to make, you begin the map, create a map from a same way—by creating a new template, or browse for an map document. You can either existing map. create an empty map with nothing on it or use a map 3. Click OK. template as a starting point. Map templates typically contain a predefined page layout that arranges map elements such as North arrows, scalebars, and logos on the virtual page. This 3 means you can just add your data and immediately print the map. Templates can also contain data (as layers), special symbols and styles, custom Creating a new empty toolbars, and macros such as map 1 VBA forms and modules. 1. Click the New button on the ArcMap comes with many Standard toolbar to create a predefined templates to choose new empty map. from when making your maps. If you have a map open Also, any map you make can be already, you’ll be prompted to saved as a template. Templates save your changes. provide an ideal method for defining the standard maps your organization needs.

106 USING ARCMAP Tip Using a map template Organizing templates 1. Click the File menu and click 1 You can create your own templates New. and organize them into folders on your computer. These folders 2. Click the tab that corre- appear as tabs on the New dialog sponds to the type of map box (lower right). Create folders in you want to make. the \Bin\Templates folder where The tabs you see will depend you’ve installed ArcGIS. on how you’ve organized custom templates. 3. Click the template you want. Some of the templates included with ArcMap contain data. You can add your data right on top. 4. Click Document to create a 2 new map document. 5. Click OK. 3

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 107 Adding layers Adding a layer from ArcCatalog Geographic data is represented 3 on a map as a layer. A layer 1. Start ArcCatalog from the might represent a particular Start menu. 4 type of feature, such as 2. Arrange the ArcCatalog and highways, lakes, or wildlife ArcMap windows so you can habitats, or it might represent a see both on the screen. particular type of data, such as 3. Navigate to the layer you a satellite image, a computer- want to add to the map. aided design (CAD) drawing, or a terrain elevation surface in 4. Click and drag the layer from a Triangulated irregular ArcCatalog. network (TIN). 5. Drop the layer over the map You don’t need to know much display in ArcMap. about data to add a layer to a The layer is copied to the map. Simply drag one from map. Any subsequent edits ArcCatalog—or copy and paste made to the layer on disk will one from another map—onto not be reflected on this map. the map you’re working on. The layer will draw as it was previously symbolized. 5 A layer doesn’t store geographic data itself; instead, it references the data stored in Adding a layer from the 12 coverages, shapefiles, rasters, Add Data button and so on. Thus a layer always reflects the most up-to-date 1. Click the Add Data button on information in your database. If the Standard toolbar. you don’t have a layer, you can 2. Click the Look in dropdown easily create one as described arrow and navigate to the on the following pages. For folder that contains the layer. example, you might create 3. Click the layer. 3 several layers that highlight different aspects of your data 4. Click Add. and distribute them to others in The new layer appears on your organization. your map. 4

108 USING ARCMAP Tip Adding a layer from 6 7 To see a layer on a map, another map you must have access to 1. Open the map that contains its data source the layer you want to copy. Even though you have access to a layer on disk, it won’t draw on 2. In the table of contents, right- your map unless you also have click the layer and click Save access to the data source the layer As Layer File. is based on. 3. Click the Look in dropdown arrow and navigate to the Tip folder where you want to save the layer. Adding a layer from the Catalog 4. Type a name for the layer. When you add a predefined layer to 5. Click Save. 2 your map from the Catalog, a copy is placed on the current map. Your 6. Click the Open button on the current map will not change if the Standard toolbar to open the 3 original layer is modified. map you want to add the layer to. 7. Click the Add Data button. 8. Click the Look in dropdown arrow and navigate to the folder that contains the layer. 9. Click the layer. 10. Click Add. 5

4 8

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 109 Adding coverages, Adding data from ArcCatalog shapefiles, and 3 1. Start ArcCatalog from the geodatabases Start menu. 4 When you don’t have a 2. Arrange the ArcCatalog and predefined layer at your ArcMap windows so that you disposal, you can create one can see both on the screen. directly from a data source such 3. Navigate to the data source as a shapefile. To create a layer, you want to add to the map. add the data source to your map; ArcMap creates a new 4. Click and drag the data layer that references the data source from ArcCatalog. source. 5. Drop the data source over Once a layer is part of a map, the map display in ArcMap. you can decide whether or not ArcMap creates a new layer to display it, the scale at which on the map that references it should be visible, what the data source. features or subset of features to display, and how to draw those features. You can also join other tabular information you have 5 about features to the layer and group layers so they appear as one layer on the map. Adding data in ArcMap 1 2 The data you display on a map 1. Click the Add Data button on comes in a variety of types— the Standard toolbar. such as raster, vector, and tabular—and can be stored in 2. Click the Look in dropdown different formats. If your data is arrow and navigate to the stored in a format supported by folder that contains the data source. ArcMap, you can add it directly 3 to your map as a layer. If your 3. Click the data source. data isn’t in a supported format, 4. Click Add. you can use the data conversion utilities in the ArcToolbox™ ArcMap creates a new layer or other third-party data on the map that references 4 conversion products to convert the data source. practically any data you have and display it on a map.

110 USING ARCMAP Tip Displaying a subset of Creating a layer in the features in a layer ArcCatalog that meet some criteria In addition to creating a layer on the fly in ArcMap, you can create 1. In the table of contents, right- one in ArcCatalog. click the layer and click Properties. 2. Click the Definition Query Tip tab. More than one layer can reference the same data 3. Type an expression or click source Query Builder. When you create a layer, you The Query Builder lets you 1 specify a data source that the layer create an expression to references. identify the particular features in the layer you want to display. For example, you 2 See Also might choose to display only For more information on how to those cities with a population draw a layer once you’ve added it greater than 1,000,000. to a map, see Chapter 6, ‘Symbolizing features’. 4. Click OK.

See Also For more information on the syntax for building a Definition Query expression, see Chapter 13, 3 ‘Querying maps’.

See Also For more information on adding raster data to your map, see Chapter 9, ‘Working with rasters’. 4

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 111 Adding data from Adding data from an the Internet Internet site 1. Click the File menu, point to The Internet is a vast resource Add Data from Internet, and 1 for geographic data. The Add click Add Website. Data from Internet option in 2. Type the URL address of the ArcMap allows you to go Web site you wish to access. directly to any Web site you choose, using a browser to 3. Click OK. explore Metadata Explorer sites. An Internet browser opens Generally, the data you add to giving you access to the 2 your maps is accessed directly location you entered. From from the organization providing here you can search the site the data. for the data you want to add 3 An example of a widely used to your map. source is the Geography Network (www.geographynetwork.com). The Geography Network is a Adding data through the global community of data Geography Network providers committed to making geographic content available to 1. Click the File menu, point to the public. Published from sites Add Data from Internet, and 1 around the world, it gives you click Add Data from immediate access to the latest Geography Network. maps, data, and related services 2. Browse the Geography over the Internet. Use the Network to find the data you Geography Network to search want. for and explore maps and other geographic content. When you The Geography Network find what you want, add it allows you to search, for directly to your maps in example, by data provider, ArcMap. data type, and geographic extent. Once you find data, In some cases there will be a you can read a description of lock symbol on the Add to it, view it over the Internet, ArcMap button. This indicates and add it to your map in it is a service with which you ArcMap. need to be registered in order to use the data.

112 USING ARCMAP Adding data from a GIS server

You can use data available on the Internet or over a network because the geographic features are directly accessible by directly in your maps. Any data being served over a network or ArcMap. the Internet, using ArcIMS® or ArcGIS Server, can be added to ArcMap as a layer. The ability to work with Internet data is built The ArcGIS Server layer into ArcMap and doesn’t require any additional software. To An ArcGIS Server provides a Map Service layer. This layer is learn more about connecting to a GIS server, see Using associated with a single dataframe in an actual map document ArcCatalog. Once you are connected to a GIS server, you can (.mxd or .pmf). Like the ArcIMS Image and ArcMap Image Service browse through its available data. You can add the data to layers, the Map Service layer is received as an image ArcMap as a layer—by either dragging and dropping from representation of the existing ArcMap map document. ArcCatalog or by using Add Data in ArcMap. When you work with data being served from a GIS server, you Using data from a GIS server in ArcMap don’t download the data to your computer; you work with a live service over the Internet or network. When you draw a layer GIS data served using a GIS server looks like any other layer on based on a GIS service, ArcMap automatically retrieves the data your map. There are a few differences depending on how the host for the service over the Internet or network. This saves you from decided to serve the data. When you add either Image Service having to store and manage the data yourself, but it also means layer to ArcMap, you’ll see a new group layer containing feature that the layer will become unavailable if you go offline (unless class layers in your table of contents. This layer has been set up you export the data locally). and saved by its creator using the symbology and organization he or she determined to be most useful; however, you can The ArcIMS server layers customize its appearance by turning on or off the individual feature class layers or by renaming them. You can also use the ArcIMS provides three types of map services that are opened as Identify tool with these layers. layers in ArcMap: an Image Service, an ArcMap Image Service, A Feature Map Service layer is more like the regular layers you and a Feature Map Service. The layers provided from an Image may have worked with in ArcMap. It allows you to do a little more Service and an ArcMap Image Service are essentially snapshots customization than the Image Service layers, including changing of a map on a server, which are delivered to you as an image. the drawing order, spatial selection, and symbology. These snapshots are sent as compressed JPEG, PNG, or GIF files. The Image Service layer is created within ArcIMS. In the case of Any of the services can exist as a background to your own data. the ArcMap Image Service layer, there is an ArcMap component To learn more about ArcGIS server connections, see the ArcGIS embedded with ArcIMS that allows ArcIMS to serve up maps Desktop Help system. created from the ArcMap documents (.mxd or .pmf), allowing you to retrieve maps that use the advanced cartographic and open To learn more about ArcIMS or ArcGIS Server, check the products data access capabilities of ArcMap. A Feature Map Service layer page on www.esri.com or support.esri.com. receives actual vector features, providing additional functionality

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 113 Tip Adding data from a GIS 1 2 Connecting to a GIS server server If the GIS server you need is not 1. Click the Add Data button on listed, you can use either Add the Standard toolbar. ArcGIS Server or Add ArcIMS Server to connect to a new server. 2. Click the Look in dropdown arrow and navigate to the GIS Servers folder. Tip 3. Double-click the server with Why is there a red “x” on data you want to access. 3 my GIS server? The red “x” implies that the If you don’t see the server connection needs to be refreshed. you want, double-click Add You can do this by double-clicking ArcGIS Server or Add ArcIMS the connection. Server. For more information on connecting to a GIS server, see Using See Also ArcCatalog. For more information on connect- 4. Click the Details button so ing to a GIS server, see Using you can see the details of the 4 ArcCatalog. types of map servers or server objects to which you can connect. 5 5. Click the name to choose the one you want to use. 6 6. Click Add. ArcMap creates a new layer on the map that references the data source.

GIS server layers are displayed with tree lines joining the contained layers.

114 USING ARCMAP Adding TINs as Adding TIN data from surfaces ArcCatalog 3 1. Start ArcCatalog from the Data that varies continuously Start menu. across an area—elevation, 4 rainfall, and temperature—is 2. Arrange the ArcCatalog and often represented on a map as a ArcMap windows so you can surface. Surface data comes see both on the screen. from a variety of sources and in 3. Navigate to the TIN data many formats. Aerial photo- source you want to add to the graphs, radar, sonar, and similar map. sources generate information used to build surfaces. This 4. Click and drag the TIN data data is processed into formats, from ArcCatalog. such as SDTS raster profiles, 5. Drop the TIN data over the digital elevation models map display in ArcMap. (DEMs), DTED grids, vector ArcMap creates a new layer coverages, and raw text files, all on the map that references of which you can convert into the TIN data source. TINs that display as surfaces on your map. A TIN is built from a series of 5 irregularly spaced points with values that describe the surface at that point—for example, an Adding TIN data in elevation. From these points, a 1 2 network of linked triangles is ArcMap constructed. Adjacent triangles, 1. Click the Add Data button on sharing two nodes and an edge, the Standard toolbar. connect to form the surface. 2. Click the Look in dropdown A height can be calculated for arrow and navigate to the 3 any point on the surface by folder that contains the TIN interpolating a value from the data source. nodes of nearby triangles. In addition, each triangle face has 3. Click the desired TIN. a specific slope and aspect. You 4. Click Add. can display any one of these ArcMap creates a new layer surface characteristics—slope, 4 on the map that references aspect, and elevation—or the the TIN data source. internal structure of the TIN.

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 115 Adding CAD Adding a CAD drawing drawings from ArcCatalog 3 1. Start ArcCatalog from the If your organization has existing Start menu. CAD drawing files, you can use 4 2. Arrange the ArcCatalog and these immediately on your ArcMap windows so you can maps. You don’t need to see both on the screen. convert the data, but you do need to decide how you plan to 3. Navigate to the CAD drawing use the data. you want to add to the map. If you simply want to see the 4. Click and drag the CAD CAD drawing with your other drawing from ArcCatalog. data, you can add the CAD 5. Drop the CAD drawing over drawing as a layer for display the map display in ArcMap. only. The entities will draw as defined in the CAD drawing file. ArcMap creates a new layer Alternatively, if you want to on the map that references control how entities draw on the CAD drawing. the map or perform geographic analysis, you need to add the CAD data as features ArcMap can work with—specifically, 5 point, line, or polygon features. When you browse for a CAD drawing to add to your map, Adding a CAD drawing in 1 2 you’ll see two representations ArcMap of the data: a CAD drawing file and a CAD dataset. Use the 1. Click the Add Data button on the Standard toolbar. drawing file for display only and the dataset for display and 2. Click the Look in dropdown geographic analysis. arrow and navigate to the folder that contains the CAD CAD drawing files typically drawing. store different types of entities on different layers in a drawing 3. Click the CAD drawing. 3 file. One layer might contain 4. Click Add. building footprints, another streets, a third well locations, ArcMap creates a new layer and a fourth textual annotation. on the map that references 4 CAD drawing files, however, u the CAD drawing.

116 USING ARCMAP do not restrict the type of Adding a CAD dataset for 1 entities you can have on a display and analysis drawing layer. Thus building footprints might be on the same 1. Click the Add Data button on drawing layer as streets. When the Standard toolbar. working with a CAD drawing as 2. Click the Look in dropdown features, you’ll likely add arrow and navigate to the several ArcMap layers from the folder that contains the CAD same CAD drawing file and dataset. adjust what features display in those layers. 3. Double-click the CAD dataset and click the CAD feature you want to add. 4. Click Add. Only the subset of features in the layer will display.

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 117 Adding x,y Adding a table with x,y coordinate data coordinates 1. Click Tools on the Main menu You don’t always have to have and click Add XY Data. a data source, such as a 1 2. Click the table dropdown shapefile, to add data to your arrow and click a table that map. If you have some tabular contains x,y coordinate data. data that contains geographic If the table is not on the map, locations in the form of x,y click the Browse button to coordinates, you can add this access it from disk. to a map as well. 3. Click the X Field dropdown Sets of x,y coordinates describe arrow and click the field discrete locations on the earth’s 2 containing x coordinate surface, such as the location of values. fire hydrants in a city or the points where soil samples were 4. Click the Y Field dropdown collected. You can easily collect arrow and click the field 3 4 x,y coordinate data using a containing y coordinate global positioning system values. (GPS) device. 5. Click Edit to define the In order to add a table of x,y coordinate system and units coordinates to your map, the represented in the x and y table must contain two fields, fields. one for the x coordinate and The x,y coordinates will be one for the y coordinate. The automatically transformed to values in the fields may match the coordinate system represent any coordinate of the dataframe. system and units, such as 5 latitude and longitude or 6. Click OK. meters. Once you have added the data to your map, the layer behaves just as any other feature layer. 6 For instance, you can decide whether or not you want to display it, symbolize it, set the visible scale, or display a subset of features that meet some criteria.

118 USING ARCMAP 1. Click Add Route Events from Adding route the ArcMap Tools menu. events 2. Click the Route Reference dropdown arrow and click A route event is an attribute the route reference layer. that describes a portion of a route or a single location on a Alternately, click the Browse 1 route. Route events are button and navigate to the route reference feature class. organized into tables based on a common theme. For example, 3. Click the Route Identifier route event tables for highways dropdown arrow and click might include speed limits, year the route identifier field if of resurfacing, present condi- necessary. tion, signs, and accidents. 4. Click the Event Table 2 Route events use route and dropdown arrow and click measure information to refer- the event table. 3 ence the attributes of particular Alternately, click the Browse locations in a route feature button and navigate to the class. event table. 4 There are two types of route 5. Click the Route Identifier 5 events: point and line. Point dropdown arrow and click events occur at precise loca- the route identifier. 6 tions along on a route. They are 6. Click the type of events the referenced to a location along a route event table contains. route using a single measure value. Line events describe 7. For point events, click the 7 portions of routes. They differ Measure dropdown arrow from point events in that they and click the Measure field. use two measure values to For line events, click the 8 describe the measure location From-Measure dropdown of the event. arrow and click the from- A route event table has at least measure field. Click the To- two fields: an event key and Measure dropdown arrow 9 and click the to-measure one or more measure locations. field. The event key field identifies the route to which an event 8. Optionally, click the Offset belongs. A measure location is dropdown arrow and click either one or two values the offset field. describing the positions on the 9. Click Advanced Options. u route where the event occurs.

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 119 Tip 10. Click all of the advanced dynamic segmentations you Route identifier field want applied to the route The Add Route Events dialog box event source. will pay attention to a route layer’s route identifier field. 11. Click OK. 12. Click OK. Tip Q Displaying route events Right-click an event table in the table of contents and click Display Route Events.

Tip Layer files You can save event layers as a layer file (.lyr). The next time you bring this file into ArcMap, the dynamic segmentation process will W automatically be performed for you.

120 USING ARCMAP Creating and Creating a new 1 adding a new geodatabase 1. Click the ArcCatalog button feature class in the ArcMap Standard toolbar to open ArcCatalog. It is a three-step process to create and add a new feature 2. Click a folder or create a new class to your ArcMap docu- folder to create the geodata- ment. The first step is to create base in. a new geodatabase or select an 3. Right-click the folder, point to existing one. You then create New, then click Personal your new feature class, which is Geodatabase. contained in the geodatabase. 3 Both of these steps are per- 4. The folder name is already formed in ArcCatalog. highlighted so you can change the name to some- The final step is to add this thing more appropriate. feature class to your ArcMap project. You can either add this feature by dragging and dropping it from the ArcCatalog window onto the ArcMap window or by selecting the Add 4 Data button in the ArcMap window and choosing the new feature class file.

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 121 See Also Creating a new feature For information on how to create a class new shapefile or table, see Using 1. Right-click the geodatabase ArcCatalog. where you want to create the feature class. Point to New, then click Feature Class. 2. Enter a name for the feature. 1 3. Choose the type of feature class to create. 4. Click Next. 2 5. Specify the database storage configuration. Choosing Default is often sufficient. 6. Click Next. 3 7. Click Shape under Field Name. 8. Under Field Properties, choose the Geometry Type by 5 clicking in the space beside it and clicking the option you want from the dropdown menu. If you do not choose a Geometry Type, the default is 4 Polygon. 9. Click Finish. 7 To add this layer to ArcMap, you can click and drag it as previously described in 6 ‘Adding a layer from 8 ArcCatalog’.

122 USING ARCMAP About coordinate systems

The features on a map reference the actual locations of the Do you need to display your data with a projected objects they represent in the real world. The positions of objects coordinate system? on the earth’s spherical surface are measured in degrees of latitude and longitude, also known as geographic coordinates. If your spatial data references locations with latitude and While latitude and longitude can locate exact positions on the longitude—for example, decimal degrees—you can still display it surface of the earth, they are not uniform units of measure; only on your map. ArcMap draws the data by simply treating the along the equator does the distance represented by one degree of latitude–longitude coordinates as planar x,y coordinates. If your longitude approximate the distance represented by one degree of map doesn’t require a high level of locational accuracy—if you latitude. To overcome measurement difficulties, data is often won’t be performing queries based on location and distance or if transformed from the three-dimensional geographic coordinate you just want to make a quick map—you might decide not to system to the two-dimensional planar surface in a projected transform your data to a projected coordinate system. coordinate system. Projected coordinate systems describe the If, however, you need to make precise measurements on your distance from an origin (0,0) along two separate axes—a map, you should choose a projected coordinate system. When horizontal x-axis representing east–west and a vertical y-axis displaying and performing analysis with datasets, they should be representing north–south. in the same coordinate space and in the same projection. If two Because the earth is round and maps are flat, getting information datasets are in different coordinate systems, the values of the from the curved surface to a flat one involves a mathematical coordinates are on different scales. Errors will occur when formula called a map projection. A map projection transforms comparing such datasets because they will represent different latitude and longitude to x,y coordinates in a projected coordinate locations. system. Reasons for using a projected coordinate system This process of flattening the earth will cause distortions in one or more of the following spatial properties: distance, area, shape, • You want to make accurate measurements from your map and and direction. No projection can preserve all these properties and, be sure that spatial analysis options you use in ArcMap as a result, all flat maps are distorted to some degree. Fortunately, calculate distance correctly. Latitude–Longitude is a good you can choose from many different map projections. Each is system for storing spatial data but not very good for viewing, distinguished by its suitability for representing a particular querying, or analyzing maps. Degrees of latitude and portion and amount of the earth’s surface and by its ability to longitude are not consistent units of measure for area, shape, preserve distance, area, shape, or direction. Some map projections distance, and direction. minimize distortion in one property at the expense of another, • You are making a map in which you want to preserve one or while others strive to balance the overall distortion. As a more of these properties: area, shape, distance, and direction. mapmaker, you can decide which properties are most important and choose a projection that suits your needs. • You are making a small-scale map such as a national or world map. With a small-scale map, your choice of map projection

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 123 determines the overall appearance of the map. For example, For information on projecting rasters on the fly, see Chapter 9, with some projections, lines of latitude and longitude will ‘Working with rasters’. appear curved; with others they will appear straight. • Your organization mandates using a particular projected What type of map projection should you choose? coordinate system for all maps. Here are a few things to consider when choosing a projection: What is an on-the-fly projection? • Which spatial properties do you want to preserve? • Where is the area you’re mapping? Is your data in a polar ArcMap can perform what is commonly known as an on-the-fly region? An equatorial region? projection. This means ArcMap can display data stored in one projection as if it were in another projection. The new • What shape is the area you’re mapping? Is it square? Is it pseudoprojection is for display and query purposes only. The wider in the east–west direction? actual data is not altered. Data is projected on the fly anytime a • How big is the area you’re mapping? On large-scale maps, dataframe contains a layer whose coordinate system is defined as such as street maps, distortion may be negligible because something different from the coordinate system definition of the your map covers only a small part of the earth’s surface. On dataframe. A dataframe’s coordinate system can be defined by small-scale maps, where a small distance on the map adding data with a defined coordinate system or by manually represents a considerable distance on the earth, distortion setting the coordinate system (by accessing the dataframe’s may have a bigger impact, especially if you use your map to properties). compare or measure shape, area, or distance. ArcMap will not project data on the fly if the coordinate system Answering these questions will determine which map projection for the dataset has not been defined. A dataset with an undefined and thus which projected coordinate system you’ll want to use to coordinate system will simply be displayed in its native display your data. coordinate system. The coordinate system for any dataset can be defined using ArcCatalog. The first layer added to the dataframe defines its coordinate Equal area projections preserve area and are system. This is true whether the data is projected or geographic. also called equivalent projections. Most thematic maps should use an equal area For example, if the first layer added contains a Lambert Conformal projection. The Albers Equal Area Conic projected coordinate system, all other layers will project on Conic projection is commonly the fly to match this. Similarly, if the first layer added to the used for the United States; dataframe contains data that uses a WGS84 geographic common projections for the world are Equal Area coordinate system, all other layers will adjust to match this. Even Cylindrical and Sinusoidal. data that uses a projected coordinate system will unproject on the fly. Map projections can generally be classified according to which spatial attribute they preserve (distance, area, shape, or direction). 124 USING ARCMAP Conformal projections preserve angles and are useful for navigational charts and weather maps. Shape is preserved for small areas, but the shape of a large area, such as a continent, will be significantly distorted. Common conformal projections are the Lambert Conformal Conic and the Mercator.

Azimuthal projections preserve direction from one point to all other points. This property can be combined with preserving either area, angles, or distance. Thus, it is possible to have an Equal Area Azimuthal projection, such as Lambert, or an Equidistant Azimuthal projection.

Equidistant projections preserve distances, but no projection can preserve distances from all points to all other points. Instead, distance can be held true from one point (or a few points) to all other points or along all meridians or parallels. If you will be using your map to find features that are within a certain distance of other features, you should use an equidistant map projection.

Compromise projections minimize overall distortion but preserve none of the four properties. The Robinson projection, for example, is neither equal area nor conformal but is aesthetically pleasing and useful for general mapping.

For more information on coordinate systems, see Understanding Map Projections.

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 125 Specifying a Finding out which coordinate system your coordinate system data is currently If all the data you want to displayed with display on your map is stored in 1. Right-click the dataframe that the same coordinate system— you want to determine the for example, you’re using your coordinate system of and organization’s database—you click Properties. can just add it to a map and not consider whether the layers will 2. Click the Coordinate System overlay properly; they will. If, tab. however, you’ve collected data The details of the current from a variety of sources, you’ll dataframe coordinate system need to know what coordinate display in the dialog box. system each dataset uses to 1 ensure ArcMap can display them together. When you add a layer to an 2 empty dataframe, that layer sets the coordinate system for the dataframe; you can change it later if necessary. As you add subsequent layers, they are automatically transformed to the dataframe’s coordinate system as long as there’s enough information associated with the layer’s data source to determine its current coordinate system. If there isn’t enough information, ArcMap will be unable to align the data and display it correctly. In this case, you’ll have to supply the necessary coordinate system information yourself. ArcMap expects coordinate system information to be stored with the data source. For each u

126 USING ARCMAP layer in a geodatabase, this Displaying data with a information is part of the layer’s predefined coordinate metadata. For coverages, system shapefiles, and rasters, it’s stored on disk in a separate file 1. Right-click the dataframe that named after the data source but you want to set the coordi- with a .prj file extension—for nate system of and click example, streets.prj. These files Properties. are optional files; thus you may 2. Click the Coordinate System still need to define the coordi- tab. nate system for one of these data sources. You can create a 3. Double-click Predefined. .prj file with ArcCatalog. 4. Navigate through the folders If no coordinate system until you find the coordinate information is associated with a system you want and click it. data source, ArcMap will 5. Click OK. 1 examine the coordinate values to see if they fall within the All layers in the dataframe range: -180 to 180 for x-values will now be displayed with 2 and -90 to 90 for y-values. If that coordinate system. they do, ArcMap assumes that these are geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude. If the values are not in this range, ArcMap simply treats the values as planar x,y coordinates.

Tip 3 Changing the coordinate system of a dataframe Changing the coordinate system of 4 a dataframe does not alter the coordinate system of the source data contained in it. 5

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 127 See Also Modifying the parameters For more information on of a coordinate system coordinate systems, see 1. Right-click the dataframe Understanding Map Projections. whose coordinate system 2 3 you want to modify and click Properties. 2. Click the Coordinate System tab. 3. Click Modify. 4. Adjust the coordinate system properties as appropriate. 1 5. Click OK. 6. Click OK on the Data Frame Properties dialog box.

128 USING ARCMAP Tip Setting the units for Do you want to see meters, reporting lengths and miles, or feet? displaying coordinates When you measure lengths or find places by their coordinates, you 1. Right-click the dataframe and can choose which units you want to click Properties. use. Set the Display Units property 2. Click the General tab. as needed. 3. Click the Map dropdown arrow and click the Tip appropriate units. Why can’t I set the map The map units option is only units? available when your data Map units are a property of the has no coordinate system coordinate system defined with information associated with your data. You can change the map it. 1 units by modifying the coordinate system. Right-click the dataframe 4. Click the Display dropdown containing your data and click the arrow and click the 2 Coordinate System tab. Here you appropriate units. can modify the parameters of the 5. Click OK. coordinate system.

3 4

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 129 How to reference data on a map

ArcMap can reference data that is stored in databases (personal folder structure that must be traversed. If layers in a map do not or ArcSDE®) or as files on a disk. If you plan to distribute your meet that criterion, they will not be saved with relative maps to others or if the location of your data has changed, you pathnames, but will instead retain their full pathname. You can may need to change how your map references data so others will reference relative paths by clicking the File menu, Map Properties, not need to repair layers. ArcMap has several options for then Data Source Options. referencing file-based data: full paths, relative paths, or Universal Naming Convention (UNC) paths. UNC paths

Full paths An example of a UNC path is \\GISServer\GIS\Project1\Boundary.shp. Using UNC paths allows An example of a full (absolute) path is you to make a map referencing data on a computer on your C:\GIS\Project1\Boundary.shp. To share maps saved with paths organization’s network so the map can be shared with others to data with the full path option, everyone who uses the map without requiring that they map the network computer as a disk must either do so on the same computer or have the data on their drive on their local machine. The network computer is referenced computer in exactly the same folder structure. directly by name in the path. One thing to keep in mind is that a personal geodatabase may Relative paths have data stored within a feature dataset, which means its path An example of a relative path is \Project1\Boundary.shp. Relative will contain that additional information. For example, paths in a map specify the location of the data contained in the C:\GIS\Project1\FieldData.mdb\stations\Feb10 indicates that there map, relative to the current location on disk of the map document is a stations feature dataset with a Feb10 feature class. Paths to (.mxd file) itself. Since relative paths don’t contain drive names, data that resides on a database server contain the connection they enable the map and its associated data to be moved to any properties—server name, database, username, and possibly the disk drive without the map having to be repaired. As long as the password—the feature dataset name, and the feature class name. same directory structure is used at the new location, the map will still be able to find its data by traversing the relative paths. Relative paths allow you to share maps that you made with data on your local F:\ drive, for example, with people who only have a C:\ drive. This also allows you to easily move the map and its data to a different hard drive on your computer or give the map and its data to others to copy to their computer. Data referenced by a relative path can be in the same folder as the map or in a folder above or below the folder containing the map. To reference data in a folder that’s above the folder containing the map, a relative path will contain \..\ for each level up in the

130 USING ARCMAP Referencing data Storing relative on a map pathnames to data 1. Click the File menu and click When you add a layer to your Map Properties. map, ArcMap references the 2. Click Data Source Options. data source the layer is based on. When you save the map, 3. Click Store relative path the data references are stored names. 1 with it. The next time you open 4. Click OK. your map, ArcMap locates the data based on the references. If 5. Click OK on the Map ArcMap can’t find a data Properties dialog box. source, you’ll need to either locate the data source yourself or ignore the reference, in which case the layer won’t be drawn. If you plan on distributing your maps to others, they’ll need access to the data referenced on it. If they have access to the data—for example, data stored on a server—they can simply update the references to the data if necessary. If they don’t have access to the data, you’ll probably have to distribute the data with your map. 2 To help make it easier to distribute data with your map, ArcMap allows you to store relative pathnames to data 5 sources referenced on a map. This lets you, for example, distribute your map and data in the same directory. The 4 references stored in the map are 3 correct regardless of where they are placed on disk.

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 131 Repairing and Repairing broken data updating data source links 1. Locate the layer with the links broken link in the table of 1 contents. It will have a red When you first open a map, exclamation mark next to it. ArcMap searches for the data referenced by the layers on the 2. Right-click the layer, point to map. If it can’t find the data— Data, and click Set Data for example, because the data Source. has been moved—the layer 3. Click the Look in dropdown won’t display. arrow and navigate to the You can immediately tell which location of the data source. layers on your map have broken 4. Click the data source. links because you’ll see a red exclamation mark next to their 5. Click the Add button. names in the table of contents. The link to the data source is 2 If you know the new location of now updated. the data, you can repair the link. 3 You can also update the link to a layer’s data source. You might want to do this when, for example, you want to retain the layer’s display properties but use an updated attribute table. 4 For more information, see ‘Changing a layer’s source data’ in Chapter 5.

Tip 5 Storing relative pathnames to data If you plan on distributing your maps to others, you might choose to reference data using relative pathnames. See the topics ‘How to reference data on a map’ and ‘Referencing data on the map’ in this chapter for more information.

132 USING ARCMAP Updating a link to a data source 1. In the table of contents, right- click the layer and click Properties. 2. Click the Source tab. 3. Click Set Data Source. 4. Click the Look in dropdown arrow and navigate to the data source. 5. Click the data source. 6. Click Add. 1

DISPLAYING DATA IN MAPS 133

Working with layers 5 IN THIS CHAPTER You can think of a layer as a specific way to display and work with • Description of a layer file geographic data. Layers exist within maps and can be saved independently of maps in a database or as a layer file (.lyr). In fact, many • Layer property functionality organizations save layers for their staff to access rather than providing • Adding layers direct access to the organization’s geographic data. This helps to ensure that those accessing the data are viewing the same information. • Changing a layer’s text As you saw in the previous chapter, it is easy to create layers just by • About the drawing order adding data to your map. As you add different kinds of data to your map, ArcMap knows how to create specific kinds of layers by knowing what • Copying layers kinds of functionality that data can support. Thus, there are different types • Removing layers from the map of layers—for example, shapefiles are used to create feature layers; CAD data can be used to create feature layers and a special kind of layer called • Grouping layers a CAD layer. Adding raster data (or bitmaps) to a map will result in a • Saving a layer to disk raster layer. The diagram on the next page shows types of layers and what ArcMap can do with them. • Accessing layer properties

• Displaying a layer at specific scales

• Creating a transparent layer

• Changing a layer’s source data

• Changing the appearance of the table of contents

• Using data frames to organize layers

135 Description of a layer file

This diagram shows the variety of data that can be used to create different types of layers.

136 USING ARCMAP Layer property functionality

Display effects Table The Display tab controls how your data is displayed as you move A table includes descriptive information that is stored in rows and in the view. Options include making a layer transparent, adding columns in a database and can be linked to map features. Each MapTips and hyperlinks, and restoring excluded features. row represents an individual entity, record, or feature, and each column represents a single field or attribute value. Selection symbol Select interactively The Selection tab allows you to set how features in a specific layer will look when they are selected. Selection property changes This function allows you to make selections using the Select in a specific layer override the default Selection Options settings. Features tool.

Symbology Extent definition This appears on the Source tab and shows the bounding extent This tab offers methods for representing your data. Options of your data along with its source and coordinate system. include drawing features in one symbol, proportional symbols, categories, quantities, color ramps, or charts. Level and Symbol Field display properties These tabs, specific to coverage, PC ARC/INFO®, Spatial ® The Fields tab provides characteristics about attribute fields. You Database Engine™ (SDE ) 3.x, and vector product format (VPF) can also create aliases, format numbers, or make fields invisible. annotation, allow you to adjust annotation display properties. Annotation for these formats, however, is read-only. Definition Query CAD Drawing Layers This tab allows you to display a subset of your data that meets some criteria without altering the data. With the Query Builder, This tab, which is specific to CAD data, allows you to specify you can create an expression to display particular features of a which CAD drawing layers are visible. layer. CAD Transformations Joins and Relates This tab is specific to CAD layers. It allows you to transform a This tab allows you to join (include within ArcMap) or relate CAD layer so it matches your coordinate system. (associate) data to the layer’s attribute table. You can also remove Topology rules and errors joins or relates. These functions are specific to topology layers. The Feature Labeling Classes tab lists the feature classes in the topology and their The Labels tab allows you to turn on a layer’s labels; build label ranks. The Rules tab shows and describes which topology rules expressions; manage label classes; and set up the labeling are imposed on your data. The Errors tab allows you to generate a options, which include label placement and symbology. summary of the errors found in the participating feature classes.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 137 Adding layers Adding a layer file in 1 ArcMap Adding a layer is as straightfor- ward as adding other data. A 1. Click the File menu and click Add Data, or click the Add layer file contains the file 2 extension .lyr and is identified Data button on the Standard by a diamond-shaped icon. toolbar. 2. Click the Look in dropdown arrow and navigate to the Tip folder containing your layer 3 Dragging and dropping file. If you drag and drop the layer file 3. Click the layer file. onto the table of contents, it will be drawn according to the place in the 4. Click Add. table of contents where you ArcMap adds the layer to 4 dropped it. However, if you drag and drop the layer into the window, your table of contents using it will be placed in the table of the special properties it was contents according to the default saved with. layer placement. The default layer placement (top to Adding a layer file from bottom) typically is: ArcCatalog 1. Annotation 1. Start both ArcCatalog and 2. Features 4 i. Point ArcMap. ii. Line 2. Arrange the ArcCatalog and iii. Polygon ArcMap windows so you can iv. TIN see both on your screen. v. Raster 3. In ArcCatalog, navigate to the When adding a new layer, it will layer file you are interested automatically be placed above a in. similar feature type. For example, a 4. Click and drag the file from new line feature will be placed ArcCatalog. above the other line features. 5 5. Drop the file on the ArcMap window. ArcMap adds the layer to your table of contents using the special properties it was saved with.

138 USING ARCMAP Changing a Changing the name of a 3 layer’s text layer 1. In the table of contents, click A few pieces of descriptive text the layer to select it. display beside each layer in the 1 table of contents. One text 2. Click again over the name. string is the layer’s name. The This will highlight the name others describe what the and allow you to change it. features in the layer represent— the meanings of the symbols in 3. Type the new name and the legend. press Enter. By default, when you add data NOTE: This does not change to a map, the resulting layer is the actual filename. named after its data source. Often, the name of the data source is abbreviated. You can give a layer a more meaningful name without changing the name in the source data. This will make it easier to understand what layers are on the map. Changing the map 3 When you draw the features of feature label a layer, you use the attribute 1. In the table of contents, click values in a particular field to the text you want to change. symbolize them. These attribute values appear by default next to 2. Click again over the text the symbol in the table of string. 1 contents. As they don’t usually This will highlight the string provide a good label descrip- and allow you to change it. tion for the features in your layer either, you’ll likely want to 3. Type the new description and change them as well. press Enter.

Tip Using a shortcut to rename layers You can press the F2 key to rename a layer that is selected in the table of contents.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 139 About the Moving a layer to change drawing order its drawing order 1. In the table of contents, click The order of layers in the table and drag the layer up or 2 of contents determines how down. layers are drawn on a map. A black bar indicates where Within a data frame, the layers the layer will be placed. This listed at the top will draw over bar indents to reflect the 1 those listed below them, and so position in the layer hierarchy on, down the list. You can where the drop will occur. easily move layers around to adjust their drawing order or 2. Release the mouse pointer to organize them in separate data drop the layer in its new frames. However, no matter position. where the annotation layers or selections are in the table of contents, they will always draw after features.

Tip Ordering your data before it’s in the table of contents For data of the same type, the order in which you clicked the layers in the Add Data dialog box or in ArcCatalog is the order they appear in the table of contents, with the first layer clicked being first in the table of contents.

140 USING ARCMAP Copying layers Copying a layer between data frames A quick way to build maps that reference the same data source 1. Right-click the layer or layers you want to copy to another is to copy and paste layers 1 within a map or between maps. data frame and click Copy. For example, suppose you want 2. Right-click the data frame 2 to show the change in popula- you want to copy the layer or tion for an area over time. You layers into and click Paste can add a layer to a map and Layer(s). display it using one population You can also drag and drop a attribute, then copy the layer to layer from one data frame to another map, or another data another. frame in the same map, and display it using the second If you want to move your population attribute. layer instead of copying it while you drag and drop, Copying layers from a map to hold down the Ctrl key when disk is a convenient way to let you drop the layer. others access the layers you’ve created. Once you’ve defined how to draw a layer, that information is saved with the Copying a layer to 2 3 layer. Thus, anyone who adds another map the layer to a map will see it exactly as you created it. For 1. Right-click the layer or layers information on copying a layer you want to copy to another to disk, see ‘Saving a layer to data frame and click Copy. disk’ in this chapter. 2. Click the Open button on the 1 Standard toolbar and open Tip the map you want to copy the layer or layers into. Opening one map document at a time 3. Right-click the data frame You can work on only one map per you want to copy the layer ArcMap session, although you can into and click Paste Layer(s). run multiple ArcMap sessions If you don’t want to close your concurrently. Double-clicking a original map, open another map in ArcCatalog or Windows ArcMap session. Explorer always opens that map in its own ArcMap session.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 141 Removing layers Removing a layer from the map 1. In the table of contents, right- click the layer or layers you When you no longer need a want to remove. layer on your map, you can 2. Click Remove. delete it. Deleting a layer from a map doesn’t delete the data source on which the layer is 1 based. 2

Tip Deleting a data source You can delete a data source, such as a coverage, in ArcCatalog.

Tip Selecting more than one layer at a time While you’re clicking, you can hold down the Shift or Ctrl key to select Removing several layers multiple layers. 1. In the table of contents, click the first layer you want to remove. 1 2. Hold down the Shift or Ctrl key and click to select additional layers. 2 3. Right-click the selection and click Remove. 3

142 USING ARCMAP Grouping layers Creating a group layer 1. Right-click the data frame in When you want to work with which you want to create a several layers as one layer, you 1 group layer. gather them together into a 2 group layer. For example, 2. Click New Group Layer. suppose you have two layers A new group layer appears on a map representing railroads in the table of contents. and highways. You might choose to group these layers together and name the resulting layer “transportation networks”. A group layer appears and acts like an individual layer in the table of contents. Turning off a group layer turns off all its component layers. The properties of the group layer override Grouping layers in the any conflicting properties of its constituent layers. For example, table of contents a visible scale range set on a 1. Hold the Ctrl key and layer will be overridden by a highlight multiple layers in visible scale range set on the the table of contents. group layer. If you need to, you can even create groups of 2. Right-click one of the chosen group layers. layers. 1 You can still work with the 3. Click Group. individual layers in the group. A new group layer appears 3 For instance, you can change in the table of contents how an individual layer is containing the selected drawn, adjust the scale at which layers. it is displayed, and control whether it is drawn as part of the group. You can change the drawing order of the group and add and remove layers as needed.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 143 Tip Adding layers to a group 2 Changing the drawing layer order of layers in a group 1. Double-click the group layer The layers listed at the top of a in the table of contents to group layer are drawn over those display its properties. 3 beneath it. You can also drag and drop the layer to a new position to 2. Click the Group tab. change the drawing order of the 3. Click Add. group. 4. Click the Look in dropdown 4 arrow and navigate to the 5 Tip data source you want to add Using ArcCatalog to create to the group. group layers 5. Click the data source. You can also create your group layer in ArcCatalog. 6. Click Add. Note: If the layer you want to 6 See Also add to a group is already on the map, you can drag and For information on how to draw drop it in the group. the individual layers in a group, see, Chapter 6, ‘Symbolizing features’. Changing the layer order 2 in a group layer 1. Double-click the group layer in the table of contents to 3 display its properties. 2. Click the Group tab. 3. Click the layer you want to 4 move. 4. Click the appropriate arrow button to move the layer up or down. 5. Click OK.

144 USING ARCMAP Displaying the properties 2 of a layer in a group layer 1. Double-click the group layer in the table of contents to 3 display its properties. 2. Click the Group tab. 4 3. Click the layer for which you want to display properties. 4. Click Properties. You can now modify the layer’s properties—for example, you can change the drawing properties. 5. Click OK. 5

Tip Removing a layer from a 2 Removing several layers group layer from a group layer 1. Double-click the group layer Hold down the Shift or Ctrl key to in the table of contents to select more than one layer in the 3 display its properties. group. 4 2. Click the Group tab. 3. Click the layer that you want to remove. 4. Click Remove. 5. Click OK.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 145 Saving a layer to 1. In the table of contents, right- click the layer and click Save disk As Layer File. 2. Click the Look in dropdown One of the main features of a arrow and navigate to the layer is that it can exist as a file location where you want to in your GIS database. This save the layer. makes it easy for others to access the layers you’ve built. 3. Optionally, change the layer name. When you save a layer to disk, you save everything about the 4. Click Save. layer. When you add the layer to another map, it will draw exactly as it was saved. This is 1 very convenient when others at your organization need to make maps but don’t know how to 2 represent or access the data in your database. All they need to do is add the layer.

Tip About layer filenames The filename you provide when you save a layer to disk does not have to be the same as its name on the 4 current map. The layer name on the map, not the layer filename, will be displayed whenever the layer is added to another map. 3

Tip Passing layers to others Don’t forget, the layer file is just a link to the actual data source. So if you are passing the layer to others, be sure they also have the data referred to in the layer.

146 USING ARCMAP Accessing layer Displaying layer properties properties 1. In the table of contents, right- You control all aspects of a click the layer and click layer with its properties. From Properties. here, you can define how to 2. Click the tab containing the draw the layer, what data source properties you want to adjust. the layer is based on, whether to label the layer, and what 3. When finished, click OK. attribute fields the layer contains. The Layer Properties dialog box is different for different layer types. See the layer file diagram at the beginning of this chapter 1 to determine the properties of 2 your layers.

Tip Displaying layer properties You can also double-click a layer in the table of contents to display its properties.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 147 Displaying a Setting the minimum 2 layer at specific visible scale for a layer 1. Right-click the layer in the scales table of contents and click Properties. As long as a layer is turned on in the table of contents, 2. Click the General tab. ArcMap draws it, regardless of 3. Click Don’t show layer when the map scale. As you zoom zoomed. 3 out, it may become harder to 4 distinguish features in layers 4. Type a minimum scale for the that contain more detailed layer. information. While you can turn If you zoom out beyond this off a layer, this may be inconve- scale, the layer will not be nient, especially if your map visible. contains several layers and you 5. Click OK. change scale frequently as you work. 5 To help you automatically display layers at the appropriate scale, you can set a layer’s visible scale range to define Setting the maximum 2 the range of scales at which visible scale for a layer ArcMap draws the layer. Whenever the scale of the data 1. Right-click the layer in the frame is outside the layer’s table of contents and click visible scale range, the layer Properties. won’t draw. In this way, you 2. Click the General tab. can control how the map looks 3. Click Don’t show layer when at various scales. zoomed. 3 For example, you can hide a 4. Type a maximum scale for detailed layer that might the layer. otherwise clutter your map 4 when you zoom out. You can If you zoom in beyond this also progressively display more scale, the layer will not be detailed layers as you zoom in visible. on an area, that is, as the scale 5. Click OK. of the data frame gets larger. 5 Setting a visible scale range is u

148 USING ARCMAP especially useful if you are Setting a visible scale creating a map for others to use based on the current because it makes browsing the scale map easier. 1 1. Adjust the data frame display 2 to the appropriate scale. Tip 2. Right-click the layer for which How can I tell if a layer is you want to set a visible not drawing because of a scale. 3 visible scale range? If a layer isn’t drawing because it 3. Point to Visible Scale Range has a visible scale range set, you’ll and click Set Maximum Scale see a gray scalebar under the or Set Minimum Scale. layer’s check box in the table of contents.

Clearing a layer’s visible scale 1. Right-click the layer for which you want to clear a visible 1 scale range. 2. Point to Visible Scale Range and click Clear Scale Range. 2

WORKING WITH LAYERS 149 Creating a Setting the layer’s transparent layer transparency 1. Right-click the layer and click Giving a layer transparency is Properties. an easy way to show varying 2. Click the Display tab. and overlapping information. One situation in which transpar- 3. Enter the transparency value, ency might be useful is if you in percent, you wish this layer needed to see the information to be displayed with. displayed in two overlapping 4. Click OK. polygon layers. Similarly, another use is to allow you to If you are uncertain how see an image under a polygon transparent you want the layer. layer, click Apply before OK, 1 and keep changing the To learn about raster transpar- transparency value before ency see Chapter 9, ‘Working you close the Properties 2 with rasters’. dialog box.

150 USING ARCMAP Changing a Updating source data in a 2 layer’s source layer 1. Right-click the layer and data point to Properties. The properties saved within a 2. Click the Source tab. layer file can be applied to other 3. Click Set Data Source. data sources at times. This data needs to be in the same format 4. Identify the new data source, with the same attribute and click Add. information. 5. Click OK. You might do this when using updated census data, for 3 example. This data will be in the same format; therefore, the data should display using the same layer properties as the previous 5 data. You might also change source data to allow for a consistent presentation between counties using data with the same table and feature classes.

See Also For more information on referencing and changing source data links, see Chapter 4, ‘Displaying data in maps’. 4

WORKING WITH LAYERS 151 Tip Showing the Display, Using the table of contents Source, and Selection 2 Source tab tabs This tab displays the layers organized by data source. This is 1. Click the Tools menu on the especially helpful if you have many Standard toolbar and click 3 data layers. You can also look here Options. to see what data you need to gather 2. Click the Table Of Contents when passing a layer or map tab. document along. 3. Check the boxes to show the Display, Source, and Selec- Tip tion tabs. Using the table of contents 4. Click OK. Selection tab This allows you to override the global selection properties. The Selection choices can also be located at Selection > Set Selectable 4 Layers.

Tip Where are the table of Viewing the data source contents tab choices in the table of contents saved? Your choice of tabs is saved with 1. Click the Source tab in the the application, not the map table of contents. document. However, when you save a map document it will remember the table of contents tab you were last working with.

152 USING ARCMAP Changing the Setting the text font for appearance of the layers 1. Click the Tools menu on the table of contents Standard toolbar and click 2 Options. You can adjust the look of the table of contents to suit your 2. Click the Table Of Contents needs. For example, you might tab. change the text size and font so 3. Uncheck Use Windows it makes a greater visual impact Desktop Settings. or is easier to read. You also 1 might want to change the shape 4. Click the Font dropdown of the lines and patches that arrow and click the font you want to use. represent the features on a map. 3 The table of contents has three 5. Click the Size dropdown 4 tabs at the bottom: a Display arrow and click the font size. 5 tab, Source tab, and a Selection 6. Click OK. tab. The Display tab shows the drawing order of the layers and allows you to change the order. The Source tab sorts layers by where they’re stored on disk. The Selection tab shows a list of the layers in the active data 6 frame and lets you check the ones you want to make selectable. Seeing the Source tab is useful Setting the line and patch for layer symbology during editing, when you edit 3 all layers in a given folder or 1. Click the Tools menu on the database. If you’re not planning Standard toolbar and click on using your map for editing, Options. you can hide the Source tab. You can’t change the drawing 2. Click the Table Of Contents order of layers from the Source tab. 4 tab. 3. Click the Line or Area dropdown arrow and click the appropriate shape. 4. Click OK.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 153 Using data frames Adding a data frame 1 to organize layers 1. Click the Insert menu. 2. Click Data Frame. 2 A data frame is simply a frame on your map that displays The new data frame will layers. When you create a map, appear in the table of it contains a default data frame contents and in the center of listed in the table of contents as the layout when in layout Layers. You can immediately view. add layers to this data frame or give it a more meaningful name. The layers in a data frame display in the same coordinate system and may overlap. When you want to display layers separately and not have them overlap—for example, to compare layers side by side or create insets and overviews that highlight an area—add Making a data frame additional data frames to your active map. 1. Right-click the data frame in 1 When a map has more than one the table of contents. data frame, one of them is the active data frame. The active 2. Click Activate. data frame is the one you’re You can also click the frame currently working with—for in layout view to activate it. instance, adding layers to or panning and zooming. The active data frame is highlighted on the map in layout view or is the displayed data frame in data view. The name of the active data frame is also shown in bold text in the table of contents. 2 Once on a map, a data frame acts like any other map element. You can change its size, move it around, or delete it.

154 USING ARCMAP Tip Removing a data frame A map always has one data 1. Right-click the data frame in frame the table of contents that you 1 A map must have at least one data want to remove. frame on it. You can’t delete the last data frame on a map. 2. Click Remove. 2 In layout view, you can select the data frame and press the Delete key on the keyboard.

Tip Rotating the data in a Rotating using a specific data frame angle 1. Click View on the Standard If you want to rotate your data toolbar, point to Toolbars, and frame by a specific angle, you can click Data Frame Tools. type in the angle on the Data Frame Tools toolbar. 2. Click the Rotate Data Frame 1 tool. 3. Click and drag the mouse over the data frame to rotate its contents. Rotating the data in this manner does not alter the original source data, just its display in the data frame. 3 2

You can also type an angle here.

WORKING WITH LAYERS 155

Symbolizing features 6 IN THIS CHAPTER Choosing how to represent your data on a map may be the most important • A map gallery mapmaking decision. How you represent your data determines what your map communicates. • Drawing all features with one symbol On some maps, you might simply want to show where things are. The easiest way to do this is to draw all the features in a layer with the same • Drawing features to show catego- symbol. On other maps, you might draw features based on an attribute ries, such as names or types value or characteristic that identifies them. For example, you could map • Managing categories roads by type to get a better sense of traffic patterns or map the wildlife habitat suitability of a particular bird species, ranking suitability from least • Ways to map quantitative data to most. • Standard classification schemes In general, you can draw map features: • With a single symbol • Setting a classification • To show a category such as a type (unique values maps) • Representing quantity with color, graduated or proportional • To represent a quantity such as population (graduated color, graduated symbols, and charts symbol, and dot density maps) • To show multiple attributes that are related (multivariate and chart • Drawing features to show multiple attributes maps) You can also draw images and rasters, TINs representing a three- • Drawing TINs as surfaces dimensional surface, or CAD drawing files. • Drawing CAD layers Browse the map gallery on the next few pages to see the various ways you can symbolize your data. • Working with advanced symbolization

157 A map gallery

Single symbol map Unique values map

Drawing your data with just a single symbol gives you a sense of On a unique values map, you draw features based on an attribute how features are distributed—whether they are clustered or value, or characteristic, that identifies them. In the map above, dispersed—and may reveal hidden patterns. each land use type is drawn with a specific color. Typically, each In the map above, you can easily see where people live and unique value is symbolized with a different color. Drawing conclude that some areas are more densely populated based on features based on unique attribute values shows the following: the number of cities clustered together. • How similar features are distributed—whether they are grouped or dispersed • How different feature types are located in relation to each other • How much of one category there is compared to other categories

158 USING ARCMAP Graduated color map Graduated symbol map

When you need to map quantities or amounts of things, you Another way to represent quantities is to vary the size of the might choose to use a graduated color map. On a graduated color symbol a feature is drawn with. The graduated symbol map above map, colors correspond to the values of the particular attribute. uses a larger symbol to show earthquakes with a larger Graduated color maps are most useful for showing data that is magnitude. Similar to graduated color maps, graduated symbol ranked (for example, 1 to 10, low to high) or has some kind of maps are most useful for showing ranks or a progression of numerical progression (for example, measurements, rates, values. However, instead of using color to represent the percentages). differences in values, the size of the symbol varies. The map above uses different shades of color—in a graduated When making a graduated symbol map, it is important to choose color ramp—to represent different amounts of people. Here, the range of symbol sizes carefully. The largest symbols need to darker shades indicate a greater number of people. be small enough that neighboring symbols don’t completely cover one another. At the same time, the range in size from the smallest to the largest needs to be great enough that the symbol for each class is distinct.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 159 Multivariate map Chart map

The maps on the previous pages display one attribute, or Chart maps allow you to symbolize multiple attributes on one characteristic, of the data—for example, a type or an amount. map to communicate the relationship among different attributes. Multivariate maps display two or more attributes at the same time. Chart maps display bar and pie charts over features. The map The map above illustrates the level of human impact on the above illustrates the volume and type of goods distributed by an natural landscape of Australia. Major habitat types are shown exporter throughout Asia. with unique colors, and the level of disturbance for each habitat Pie charts show relationships between parts and the whole and is shown with a graduated symbol. The larger the symbol, the are particularly useful for showing proportions and ratios. Bar higher the human impact is on the particular habitat. charts compare amounts of related values and are well suited to showing trends over time. Stacked bar charts can show the relative relationship between data as well as allow for absolute comparisons.

160 USING ARCMAP Density map Raster map

Mapping the density of features lets you see where things are Much of the most readily available geographic data is in the form concentrated. This helps you find areas that require action or of rasters. A raster can represent almost any geographic feature, meet some criteria. For example, the map above shows where the though most rasters you’ll work with in ArcMap will probably be highest concentrations of crimes occur in a city. Using this map, scanned maps, photographs of the earth’s surface, or DEMs. You the city may choose to increase the number of police patrols in might add an aerial photograph to your map to provide a realistic the areas of high density. background to your other data, or you might use satellite imagery One way to map density is with a dot density map. This type of to add up-to-the-minute information about weather conditions or map symbolizes features using dots drawn inside polygons to flood levels. You can even use a raster as a guide for editing—for represent a quantity. Each dot represents a specific value. For example, you might scan in a map and digitize features from it. example, on the crime map, each dot might represent two For more information on displaying raster data, see Chapter 9, incidents of crime. When creating a dot density map, you specify ‘Working with rasters’. how many features each dot represents and how big the dots are. You may need to try several combinations of amount and size to see which one best shows the pattern.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 161 TIN surface map Computer-aided design map

One of the ways you can represent a continuous surface, such as You can integrate CAD drawings into your maps seamlessly, terrain elevation or temperature gradient, is to display the surface without having to convert these files into other GIS formats. This as a TIN. TINs can be shown with color-shaded relief. This type is particularly useful if your organization has existing CAD data. of map displays elevation ranges in graduated colors, and it For example, some departments in your organization may be using shades ridges, valleys, and hillsides using a simulated light a CAD package to help manage facilities and other infrastructure. source. The shading adds a realistic effect that makes the surface You can let ArcMap draw these layers as they appear in the CAD look as though you are viewing it from high above. The combined package, or you can override their symbology and draw them as use of color for elevation and shading for surface morphology you wish. results in a highly informative, yet easy to interpret, view of the surface.

162 USING ARCMAP Drawing all Drawing a layer using a 2 features with one single symbol 1. In the table of contents, right- symbol click the layer you want to 3 draw with a single symbol Often, seeing where something and click Properties. is—and where it isn’t—can tell 4 you exactly what you need to 2. Click the Symbology tab. know. Mapping the location of 3. Click Features. features reveals patterns and trends that can help you make Because Single symbol is better decisions. For example, a the only option, ArcMap business owner might map automatically selects it. where his or her customers live 4. Click the Symbol button to to help decide where to target change the symbol. u his or her advertising. The easiest way to see where features are is to draw them using a single symbol. You can Click Description if you want an additional draw any type of data this way. description of your layer to appear in your legend. When you create a new layer, You can press the Ctrl and Enter keys together in ArcMap by default draws it the Description for Legend dialog box to insert a with a single symbol. line break in your description. For more information on working with legends, see Chapter 15, ‘Laying out and printing maps’.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 163 Tip 5. In the Symbol Selector dialog 5 box, click a new symbol or Changing the symbol change specific properties of To change the symbol that features the symbol. are drawn with quickly, click the symbol in the table of contents to 6. Click OK on the Symbol display the Symbol Selector. Selector dialog box. 7. Type a label for the feature. Tip The label appears next to the Changing the color symbol in the table of To change the color of a symbol contents. quickly, right-click the symbol in 8. Click OK. the table of contents to display the Color Selector.

8 7

164 USING ARCMAP

ch06-symbolizing features.pmd 164 02/28/2005, 2:53 PM Drawing features to Drawing a layer showing 2 45 show categories unique values 1. In the table of contents, right- such as names or click the layer you want to types draw showing unique values 3 and click Properties. A category describes a set of 2. Click the Symbology tab. features with the same attribute value. For example, given parcel 3. Click Categories. data with an attribute describ- ArcMap automatically selects ing land use, such as residen- the Unique values option. tial, commercial, and public 4. Click the Value Field drop- areas, you can use a different down arrow and click the symbol to represent each land field that contains the values use. Drawing features this way you want to map. allows you to map features and what category they belong to. 5. Click the Color Scheme This can be useful if you’re dropdown arrow and click a 6 87 targeting a specific type of color scheme. Double-click a symbol feature for an action or policy. 6. Click Add All Values. For instance, a city planner to change it. might use the land use map to This adds all unique values target areas for redevelopment. to the list. Alternatively, click the Add Values button to In general, look for these kinds choose which unique values of attributes when mapping by to display. category or unique value: 7. If you want to edit the default • Attributes describing the label so more descriptive name, type, or condition of a labels appear in your legend feature. and the table of contents, • Attributes that uniquely click a label in the Label identify features; for column and type the label example, a county name you want. attribute could be used to 8. Click OK. draw each county with a unique color. You can let ArcMap assign a symbol to each unique value based on a color scheme you u

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 165 choose, or you can explicitly Drawing features by 2 5 6 assign a specific symbol to a referencing specific specific attribute value. symbols in a style To draw features with specific symbols based on attribute 1. In the table of contents, right- 3 values, you need to create a click the layer you want to style beforehand that contains draw showing unique values 4 and click Properties. symbols named after the attribute value they represent. 2. Click the Symbology tab. For example, if you have a 3. Click Categories. dataset that categorizes roads as either major or minor, then 4. Click Match to symbols in a you would need to have line style. symbols within that style 5. Click the Value Field drop- named “major” and “minor”. down arrow and click the ArcMap will match the attribute field that contains the values value to the line symbol name you want to map. to draw the feature. Features 6. Click the Match to symbols in 7 9 that don’t have a matching line Style dropdown arrow and 8 symbol won’t be drawn. This click the style that contains way of drawing features is symbol names that match especially useful if you want to attribute values. If the style draw your data the same way you want is not displayed in on different maps. the list, click Browse to search for it on disk.

See Also 7. Click Match Symbols. This adds all unique values For more information on creating that have a matching symbol styles, see Chapter 8, ‘Working in the style. Alternatively, click with styles and symbols’. the Add Values button to choose which unique values to display. 8. If you want more descriptive labels to appear in the legend and the table of contents, click a label in the Label column and type the label you want. 9. Click OK.

166 USING ARCMAP Reversing the sort of 2 3 unique values 1. In the table of contents, right- click the layer whose unique values you want to sort and click Properties. 2. Click the Symbology tab. 3. Click the Value column to 4 show a context menu. 4. Click Reverse Sorting to reverse the alphanumeric sorting of the entire list of classes. 5. Click OK.

Tip Ordering unique values 2 Moving values within a list 1. In the table of contents, right- Clicking the arrow buttons within click the layer whose unique the Values list only moves the values you want to reorder values within a heading. To learn and click Properties. more about using headings, see ‘Adding headings’ in this chapter. 2. Click the Symbology tab. 3. Click the value you want to move up or down in the list. 4 4. Use the up and down arrows to either promote or demote the value in the list. 3 5. Click OK.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 167 Managing Combining two or more 2 categories categories into one 1. In the table of contents, right- If you’re drawing features by click the layer drawn with category, the number of unique values you want to categories you display will combine categories for and affect what patterns are click Properties. revealed on the map. Most 2. Click the Symbology tab. people can discern between five and seven categories for a If you don’t already see given layer. The more advanced categories in the scrolling list, 3 the audience, the more catego- follow the steps for ‘Drawing ries it will be able to identify a layer showing unique 4 and the more easily it can values’ earlier in this chapter. interpret complex patterns. 3. Click the first of the values Conversely, a less advanced you want to combine. Hold audience may benefit more from down the Shift or Ctrl key and a map with fewer categories. click the additional values 6 5 When displaying your data, that you want to combine. you can control how you 4. Right-click over the values organize and display categories and click Group Values. The for a layer. If you want to selected values will now be display fewer categories, you combined into one category. can combine similar categories into one category to help make 5. If you want more descriptive the patterns more apparent—for labels to appear in your example, combine two detailed legend and the table of land use categories into a more contents, click a label in the general one. However, the Label column and type the trade-off is that some informa- label you want. tion will be lost. 6. Click OK. Alternatively, instead of reducing the number of categories, you might want to organize individual categories into groups that you define. This allows you to work with and view them as a group. u

168 USING ARCMAP In addition, a map reader will Ungrouping combined see the groups listed in the categories table of contents. 1. Right-click a combined You can also organize your category in the scrolling list. unique values by adding headings. For example, if you 2. Click Ungroup Values. were working with a land use The symbols for each of the 1 dataset, you could create a set ungrouped values are the of broad land use category same as when they were 2 headings and organize similar grouped. categories of values into them. You might have a heading of Commercial and include land uses, such as light industry, heavy industry, and retail, within that heading. Headings appear in the legend and in the table of contents.

Tip Deleting groups ArcMap will automatically delete groups that contain no attribute values in them.

Tip Renaming groups Click the group heading in the table of contents and type a new name.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 169 Tip Adding headings 2 Ordering unique value 1. In the table of contents, right- headings click the layer drawn with You can arrange the headings for unique values for which you unique values. Just select a heading want to organize categories and use the arrow keys to move it. in groups and click Properties. 2. Click the Symbology tab. If you don’t already see 3 categories in the scrolling list, follow the steps for ‘Drawing a layer showing unique values’ earlier in this chapter. 3. Click the first value you want to move to a new heading. Hold down the Shift or Ctrl key and click the additional 7 values that you want to move to that heading. 4 4. Right-click a selected value, point to Move to Heading, 6 and click New Heading. 5 5. Type a name for the new heading. 6. Click OK. A new heading now appears 7. Click OK on the Layer in the table of contents with Properties dialog box. the values you selected grouped in it.

170 USING ARCMAP Ways to map quantitative data

Quantitative data is data that describes features in terms of a Should you map individual values or group them quantitative value measuring some magnitude of the feature. in classes? Unlike categorical data, whose features are described by a unique attribute value such as a name, quantitative data generally When you map quantitative data, you can either assign each describes counts or amounts, ratios, or ranked values. For value its own symbol or you can group values into classes using example, data representing precipitation, population, and habitat a different symbol for each class. suitability can all be mapped quantitatively. If you’re only mapping a few values (less than 10), you can assign a unique symbol to each value. This may present a more Which quantitative value should you map? accurate picture of the data, since you’re not predetermining which features are grouped together. More likely, your data Knowing what type of data you have and what you want to show values will be too numerous to map individually and you’ll want will help you determine what quantitative value to map. In to group them in classes, or classify the data. A good example of general, you can follow these guidelines: classified data is a temperature map you might find in a • Map counts or amounts if you want to see actual measured newspaper. Instead of displaying individual temperatures, these values as well as relative magnitude. Use care when mapping maps show temperature bands, where each band represents a counts as the values may be influenced by other factors and given range in temperature. could yield a misleading map. For example, when making a map showing the total sales figures of a product by state, the Ways to classify your data total sales figure is likely to reflect the differences in population among the states. How you define the class ranges and breaks—the high and low values that bracket each class—will determine which features fall • Map ratios if you want to minimize differences based on the into each class and thus what the map will look like. By changing size of areas or number of features in each area. Ratios are the classes you can create various maps. Generally, the goal is to created by dividing two data values. Using ratios is also make sure features with similar values are in the same class. referred to as normalizing the data. For example, dividing the 18- to 30-year-old population by the total population yields Two key factors for classifying your data are the classification the percentage of people aged 18–30. Similarly, dividing a scheme you use and the number of classes you create. If you value by the area of the feature yields a value per unit area, or know your data well, you can manually define your own classes. density. Alternatively, you can let ArcMap classify your data using standard classification schemes. The standard classification • Map ranks if you’re interested in relative measures and actual schemes are natural breaks, quantile, equal interval, defined values are not important. For example, you may know a feature interval, and standard deviation. These are described on the with a rank of 3 is higher than one ranked 2 and lower than following pages. one ranked 4, but you can’t tell how much higher or lower.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 171 Standard classification schemes

Natural breaks (Jenks) Classes are based on natural groupings inherent in the data. ArcMap identifies break points by picking the class breaks that best group similar values and maximize the differences between classes. The features are divided into classes whose boundaries are set where there are relatively big jumps in the data values. Number of features

Value Quantile Each class contains an equal number of features. A quantile classification is well suited to linearly distributed data. Because features are grouped by the number in each class, the resulting map can be misleading. Similar features can be placed in adjacent classes, or features with widely different values can be put in the same class. You can minimize this distortion by increasing the number of classes. Number of features

Value

172 USING ARCMAP Equal interval This classification scheme divides the range of attribute values into equal-sized subranges, allowing you to specify the number of intervals while ArcMap determines where the breaks should be. For example, if features have attribute values ranging from 0 to 300 and you have three classes, each class represents a range of 100 with class ranges of 0–100, 101–200, and 201–300. This method emphasizes the amount of an attribute value relative to other values, for example, to show that a store is part of the group of stores that made up the top one-third of all sales. It’s best applied to familiar data ranges such as percentages and temperature. Number of features

Value Defined interval This classification scheme allows you to specify an interval by which to equally divide a range of attribute values. Rather than specifying the number of intervals as in the equal interval classification scheme, with this scheme, you specify the interval value. ArcMap automatically determines the number of classes based on the interval. The interval specified in the example below is 0.04 (or 4 percent). Number of features

Value

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 173 Standard deviation This classification scheme shows you how much a feature’s attribute value varies from the mean. ArcMap calculates the mean value and the standard deviations from the mean. Class breaks are then created using these values. A two-color ramp helps emphasize values above (shown in blue) and below (shown in red) the mean. Number of features

Value

174 USING ARCMAP Setting a Setting a standard 2 45 6 classification classification method 1. In the table of contents, right- When you classify your data, click the layer that shows a you can either use one of the quantitative value for which 3 standard classification schemes you want to change the ArcMap provides or create classification and click custom classes based on class Properties. ranges you specify. If you want 2. Click the Symbology tab. to let ArcMap classify the data, simply choose the classification 3. Click Quantities. scheme and set the number of 4. Click the Value dropdown classes. If you want to define arrow and click the field that your own classes, you can contains the quantitative manually add class breaks and value you want to map. set class ranges that are appropriate for your data. 5. To normalize the data, click Alternatively, you can start with the Normalization dropdown Q one of the standard classifica- arrow and click a field. tions and make adjustments as ArcMap divides this field into needed. the Value to create a ratio. 87 Why set class ranges manu- 6. Click Classify. ally? There may already be 7. Click the Method dropdown certain standards or guidelines arrow and click the classifica- for mapping your data. For tion method you want. example, temperature maps are often displayed with 10-degree 8. Click the Classes dropdown temperature bands. Or you arrow and click the number might want to emphasize of classes you want to features with particular values, display. for example, those above or 9. Click OK on the below a threshold value. Classification dialog box. Whatever your reason, make sure you clearly specify what 10. Click OK on the Layer the classes mean on the map. Properties dialog box.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 175 Tip Inserting your own class 2 Adjusting the range using breaks and setting a the Classification dialog range box 1. In the table of contents, right- Moving the blue vertical bars on the histogram changes the range. click the layer for which you You can also type new breaks in the want to set class breaks and Break Values list on the right side click Properties. of the Classification dialog box. 2. Click the Symbology tab. If you have not already set a Tip classification method, follow Switching to a manual the steps in ‘Setting a classification scheme standard classification Anytime you insert, delete, or move method’ earlier in this class breaks, the classification chapter. scheme automatically switches to 3. Click the Range you want to manual, no matter what scheme edit. you started with. Make sure to click the Range, not the Label. 35 Tip 4. Type a new value. This sets Seeing summary statistics the upper value of the range. Statistics such as Minimum, Maximum, Sum, and Standard 5. Click OK. Deviation appear on the Classifica- tion dialog box. If you check Show Mean, the mean is plotted on the Deleting a class break histogram; checking Show Std. Dev. superimposes standard 1. Click Classify from the deviation lines on the histogram. Symbology tab of the Layer Properties dialog box.

Tip 2. Click the class break you want to delete. Snapping to data values Checking Snap breaks to data The selected break is values uses actual data values as highlighted. 3 class breaks when you insert or 3. Right-click over the histo- move a class break. This option is gram and click Delete Break. only available when using a manual classification method.

176 USING ARCMAP Tip Excluding features from Seeing more data values the classification plotted on the histogram 1. Click Classify from the Increase the number of columns Symbology tab of the Layer 2 shown to see more data values in Properties dialog box. the histogram. 2. Click Exclusion.

Tip 3. Double-click the field you’re using to draw the layer. Loading, verifying, and saving SQL expressions 4. Click an operator. You can click Load to add an 5. Click Get Unique Values and existing expression into the Data double-click the value you Exclusion Properties dialog box. want to exclude. You can also check for errors in your expression by clicking the 6. Click OK to execute the Verify button. If you want to reuse expression and exclude your expression in another query, values. click Save.

See Also For more information on building 3 query expressions, see Chapter 13, ‘Querying maps’. 4 5

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 177 Representing Symbolizing data with 245 Q 6 quantity with color graduated colors 1. In the table of contents, right- When you want your map to click the layer you want to communicate how much of draw showing a quantitative 3 something there is in a feature, value and click Properties. you need to draw those 2. Click the Symbology tab. features using a quantitative measure. This measure might be 3. Click Quantities. a count; a ratio such as a ArcMap automatically selects percentage; or a rank such as Graduated colors. high, medium, and low. 4. Click the Value dropdown You can represent quantities on arrow and click the field that a map by varying colors—for contains the quantitative example, you might use darker value you want to map. shades of blue to represent higher rainfall amounts. 5. To normalize the data, click the Normalization dropdown Right-click a class to W Before you display your data, arrow and click a field. see additional options, you may need to classify it in such as sorting and order to group features with ArcMap divides this field into number formatting. similar values into discrete the Value to create a ratio. classes that are displayed with 6. Click Classify. 8 7 the same symbol. After choos- 7. Click the Method dropdown ing a classification scheme and arrow and click the classifica- specifying the number of tion method you want. classes you want to show, you can add more classes, delete 8. Click the Classes dropdown classes, or redefine class arrow and click the number ranges. of classes you want to display. It’s always a good idea to examine your data before you 9. Click OK on the map it. For instance, you may Classification dialog box. find that you have a few 10. Click the Color Ramp extremely high or low values or dropdown arrow and click a null values where no data ramp to display the data is available. These values can with. 9 skew a classification and thus the patterns on the map. u 11. Click OK on the Layer Properties dialog box.

178 USING ARCMAP You may choose to exclude Creating your own color 2 these values before you ramp for a layer classify your data. 1. In the table of contents, right- You may also want to normalize click the layer that shows a your data before you map it. quantitative value and click When you normalize data, you 3 Properties. divide it by another attribute to create a ratio. Often, ratios are 2. Click the Symbology tab. easier to understand than the 3. Click Quantities. raw data values. For example, 4 dividing total population by 4. Double-click the top symbol 6 area yields the number of in the list and set the start 5 people per unit area, or density. color for the ramp. Dividing a store’s sales figure 5. Double-click the bottom by the total sales for all stores symbol and set the end color. yields a percentage of sales at that store. 6. Optionally, double-click any middle symbol to set its color. In addition, normalizing data Q minimizes differences in values This lets you create a based on the size of areas or multipart color ramp. Appearance after the top, middle, and numbers of features in each 7. Click all the middle symbols bottom colors have been set. area. When mapping total you’ve set the color of. values with graduated colors, By selecting one or more varying sizes of areas may alter middle symbols, the color of 8 the map’s appearance or those symbols is included in obscure uniform distributions. the new ramp. Otherwise, 7 Therefore, normalizing data is a ArcMap only uses the top common practice when mapping and bottom symbols. quantities for areas. 8. Right-click a symbol and click Ramp Colors. See Also 9. Optionally, if you want to use Resulting ramp goes from red to For more information on creating the new color ramp on yellow to green. and managing styles, see another layer, right-click the Chapter 8, ‘Working with styles Color Ramp dropdown and and symbols’. click Save to style to save your new ramp to your default style. 9 10. Click OK.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 179 Representing Representing quantity 245 7 quantity with with graduated symbols 1. In the table of contents, right- graduated or click the layer you want to proportional draw showing a quantitative value and click Properties. 3 symbols 2. Click the Symbology tab. You can represent quantities on 3. Click Quantities and click a map by varying the symbol Graduated symbols. size you use to draw features. 4. Click the Value dropdown For example, you might use arrow and click the field that larger circles to represent cities contains the quantitative with larger populations. value you want to map. When you draw features with 5. To normalize the data, click graduated symbols, the the Normalization dropdown quantitative values are grouped arrow and click a field. into classes. Within a class, all features are drawn with the ArcMap divides this field into 6 E same symbol. You can’t discern the Value to create a ratio. the value of individual features; 6. Type the minimum and 9 8 you can only tell that its value maximum symbol sizes. is within a certain range. 7. Click Classify. Proportional symbols represent data values more precisely. The 8. Click the Method dropdown size of a proportional symbol arrow and click the classifica- reflects the actual data value. tion method you want. Q For example, you might map 9. Click the Classes dropdown earthquakes using proportional arrow and click the number of circles, where the radius of the classes you want. circle is proportional to the magnitude of the quake. 10. Optionally, click Exclusion to remove unwanted values The difficulty with proportional from the classification—for symbols arises when you have example, null values or too many values; the differ- extreme outliers. ences between symbols may become indistinguishable. In 11. Click OK on the Classifica- addition, the symbols for high tion dialog box. values can become so large as 12. Click OK on the Layer W to obscure other symbols. Properties dialog box.

180 USING ARCMAP Tip Representing quantity 2 4 5 Changing the symbology with proportional and background of symbols graduated symbols 1. In the table of contents, right- Click the Template button to choose another marker. If you click click the layer you want to Background, you can choose the fill draw showing a quantitative 3 symbol that will be used behind value and click Properties. your graduated symbols. 2. Click the Symbology tab. 3. Click Quantities and click Tip Proportional symbols. Why don’t the symbols get 4. Click the Value dropdown bigger when I zoom in? arrow and click the field that If you want your graduated contains the quantitative symbols to get bigger when you value you want to map. zoom in, set a reference scale. 6 7 Right-click the data frame and click 5. To normalize the data, click Set Reference Scale. Your symbols the Normalization dropdown will appear at the same size on arrow and click a field. screen as they are when your map ArcMap divides this field into How the proportional symbols appear on your map is printed. the Value to create a ratio. when the Background is 6. Optionally, click Background yellow with a black outline Tip and Min Value to change the and the Min Value symbol is blue with a black outline What color should my symbol properties and symbols be? background of the propor- All the symbols should be the same tional symbols. color. Make sure they contrast 7. Click OK. enough to be seen easily.

Proportional symbols appear in Tip the legend and table of contents as a stack of progressively Formatting numbers in larger blue circles. your class range labels You can set the number format properties for the class range labels—which appear in the legend and table of contents—by clicking the Label column heading and clicking Format Labels.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 181 Tip Representing quantity 2 45 Using proportional symbol with proportional appearance compensation symbols when values are Checking Appearance Compensa- measurements on a map tion in the Symbol box turns on Flannery compensation, a 1. In the table of contents, right- technique that adjusts larger click the layer you want to 3 symbol sizes upward to account for draw showing a quantitative the fact that map readers tend to value and click Properties. underestimate the larger sizes of 2. Click the Symbology tab. circular symbols. 3. Click Quantities and click Proportional symbols. Tip 4. Click the Value dropdown Changing the symbology arrow and click the field that and background of contains the quantitative proportional symbols value you want to map. Click the Min Value button to 5. To normalize the data, click 6 choose another marker for your the Normalization dropdown proportional symbols. If you click arrow and click a field. Background, you can choose the fill symbol that will be used behind ArcMap divides this field into your proportional symbols. the Value to create a ratio. 6. Click the Unit dropdown arrow and click a unit. Tip What if the maximum value 7. Click Square or Circle as the symbol. Optionally, change symbol is too large? the color of the symbol and If the symbol for the maximum click Background to change value fills the space on the dialog the background of the box, it will probably be too big on proportional symbols. the map. Try reducing the symbol size for the minimum value, 8. Click Radius or Area. normalizing the data, or excluding For example, click Radius if some values. If it’s still too large, your data represents the 7 9 8 use graduated symbols instead. distance an earthquake was felt from its epicenter. Click Area if the value represents an area. 9. Click OK.

182 USING ARCMAP Representing Drawing a dot density 2 56 quantity with dot map 1. In the table of contents, right- densities click the layer you want to draw showing a quantitative Another method of represent- value using dot densities and 4 ing quantities is with a dot click Properties. density map. You can use a dot 3 density map to show the 2. Click the Symbology tab. amount of an attribute there is 3. Click Quantities and click Dot within an area. Each dot density. represents a specified number of features, for example 1,000 4. Click the field or fields under people or 10 burglaries within Field Selection that contain an area. the quantitative values that you want to map. Dot density maps show density graphically, rather than showing 5. Click the arrow button to add density value. The dots are fields to the field list. 7 8 9 distributed randomly within 6. Double-click a dot symbol in each area; they don’t represent the field list to change its actual feature locations. The properties. closer together the dots are, the 7. Type the dot size or click the higher the density of features in slider to adjust the size. that area. Using a dot density map is similar to symbolizing 8. Type the dot value or click with graduated colors, but the slider to adjust the value. instead of the quantity being 9. Check Maintain Density to shown with color, it is shown preserve the dot density. by the density of dots within an area. When checked, as you zoom in, the dot size will increase When creating a dot density so a given area will visually map, you specify how many appear as dense. Otherwise, features each dot represents the dot size will remain and how big the dots are. You constant. u may need to try several combinations of dot value and dot size to see which one best shows the pattern. In general, you should choose value and u

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 183 size combinations that ensure 10. Optionally, click Properties the dots are not so close as to to set the dot placement form solid areas that obscure options and use Masking. the patterns or so far apart as to 11. Click OK. make the variations in density hard to see. In most cases, you’ll only map one field using dot density maps. In special cases, you may want to compare distributions Q of different types and may choose to map two or three fields. When you do this, you should use different colors to distinguish between the attributes. W You have two options for placing dots within an area. Non-fixed Placement—the default option—indicates that How the dot density map appears the dots will be placed when the dots are black and the randomly each time the map is Background has a gray county refreshed, while Fixed boundary outline and a sand Placement freezes the placement background of dots, even if the map is refreshed.

Tip Dot density appears in the Excluding values legend and table of contents as You can click the Exclusion button a square patch with randomly placed dots. to type or load a SQL expression to exclude any values you don’t want to be mapped.

184 USING ARCMAP Representing Drawing pie charts 25 quantity with 1. In the table of contents, right- click the layer you want to charts draw showing quantitative values with charts and click Pie charts, bar charts, and Properties. stacked bar charts can present 3 large amounts of quantitative 2. Click the Symbology tab. data in an eye-catching fashion. 3. Click Charts and click Pie. 4 For example, if you’re mapping 4. Click the fields under Field population by county, you can Selection that contain the use a pie chart to show the quantitative values that you 7 percentage of the population by want to map. age for each county. Choosing more than one Generally, you’ll draw a layer field shows the relationship with charts when your layer has to the whole. a number of related numeric attributes that you wish to 5. Click the arrow button to add E 86 compare. Use pie charts when fields to the field list. you want to show the relation- 6. Click the Color Scheme ship of individual parts to the dropdown arrow and click whole. Use bar charts to show the colors you want to use or 9 relative amounts, rather than a double-click a symbol in the proportion of a total. Use list to change its properties. stacked charts to show relative amounts as well as the relation- 7. Check the box to prevent the Q ship of parts to the whole. charts from overlapping. 8. Click Size. Tip 9. Click the Variation Type you Using symbol appearance want. You can either draw all compensation in pie charts pies the same size or vary Checking Appearance Compensa- the size based on the sum of tion on the Pie Chart Size dialog the attributes or a particular box turns on Flannery compensa- attribute value. tion, a technique that adjusts larger 10. Type a size or click the W symbol sizes upward to account for arrows to set the size. the fact that map readers tend to underestimate the larger sizes of 11. Click OK. circular symbols. 12. Click OK.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 185 Tip Drawing bar or column 2 5 Using charts effectively charts Charts are most effective when 1. In the table of contents, right- mapping no more than 30 features. click the layer you want to Otherwise, the patterns on the map draw showing quantitative will be difficult to see. It’s best to values with bar or column use five categories or less on a chart; if you want to show more charts and click Properties. 3 categories, a series of maps 2. Click the Symbology tab. showing each category will work 4 3. Click Charts and click Bar/ better. Column. 7 4. Click one or more fields Tip under Field Selection that Choosing colors for your contain the quantitative charts values that you want to map. Since the wedges or bars in a chart represent categories, not relative 5. Click the arrow button to add amounts, draw the bars or wedges fields to the field list. W 8 6 using different colors rather than 6. Click the Color Scheme shades of one color. dropdown arrow and click the colors you want to use. Tip You can double-click an Q Excluding values individual symbol in the list to You can click the Exclusion button change its properties. to type or load a SQL expression to 7. Check the box to prevent the exclude any values you don’t want charts from overlapping. to be charted. Click Properties to 8. Click Size. switch between 9. Type a maximum length or bars and columns. click the arrows to set the length. 10. Click OK. 9 11. Click OK.

186 USING ARCMAP Tip Drawing stacked charts 25 Charting negative values 1. In the table of contents, right- Avoid using pie or stacked bar click the layer you want to charts with data containing draw showing quantitative negative values because those values with stacked charts values won’t show up. and click Properties. 3 2. Click the Symbology tab. Tip 3. Click Charts and click 4 Specifying a length for Stacked. stacked charts You can specify a maximum length 4. Click the fields under Field 7 for your stacked charts in the Selection that contain the Chart Size dialog box. If you check quantitative values that you the Fixed Length box, all your want to map. charts will be the maximum length. Choosing more than one field shows the relationship to the whole. W 8 6 5. Click the arrow button to add fields to the field list. 6. Click the Color Scheme dropdown arrow and click Q the colors you want to use. You can double-click an individual symbol in the list to change its properties. Click Properties to 7. Check the box to prevent the switch between charts from overlapping. bars and columns. 8. Click Size. 9. Type a maximum length or click the arrows to set the 9 length. 10. Click OK. 11. Click OK.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 187 Drawing features Drawing a layer to show 2 4 5 both categories and to show multiple quantities attributes 1. In the table of contents, right- Geographic data usually has a click the layer you want to 3 number of different attributes draw showing multiple that describe the features it attributes and click represents. While you’ll Properties. commonly use one of the 2. Click the Symbology tab. attributes to symbolize the 3. Click Multiple Attributes. data—for example, showing categories or quantities—you ArcMap automatically selects may sometimes want to use Quantity by category. more than one. 4. Click the first Value Fields For example, you might display dropdown arrow and click the a road network using two field that contains the values attributes: one representing the you want to map. 6 Q 7 type of road and the other 5. Click the Color Scheme representing the traffic volume dropdown arrow and click a along it. In this case, you could color scheme. 8 use line colors to represent the different types of roads and 6. Click Add All Values. also use line width to indicate 7. Click Symbol Size or Color traffic volume along each road. Ramp, depending on how When you symbolize your data you want to symbolize the using more than one attribute, quantitative value. This you create a multivariate example shows Symbol Size. display. Symbolizing your data 8. Click the Value dropdown this way can allow you to arrow and click the quantita- display more information; tive value you want to map. however, it can also make your Set other options as de- map more difficult to interpret. scribed in the ‘Representing Sometimes it might be better to quantity’ sections of this create two separate displays chapter. than to try to display the 9 information together. 9. Click OK. 10. Click OK.

188 USING ARCMAP Drawing TINs as Drawing a color-shaded 2 4 surfaces relief surface 1. In the table of contents, right- TINs represent continuous click the TIN layer that you surfaces, such as terrain want to draw and click 3 elevation or temperature Properties. gradient. The surface is 2. Click the Symbology tab. represented as a set of facets formed by connecting data By default, ArcMap displays points at nodes to create the face elevation and adjacent triangles. Typically, breakline edges of the TIN. 5 you display a TIN using color- 3. Click an entry in the Show list shaded relief to depict eleva- to see its symbolization tion. Shaded relief simulates the properties. sun’s illumination of the earth’s surface. Adding color to this 4. Modify the symbolization lets you easily see the ridges, properties as necessary. For valleys, and hillsides and their example, set a new color respective heights. Seeing the ramp or change the number data this way can help explain of classes. why other map features are 5. Click the Add button to draw where they are. additional elements of the You can display any one of TIN—for example, nodes. 6 three surface characteristics— 6. Click the renderer that elevation, slope, and aspect— represents the TIN feature on your map, and you can also you want to draw. 7 8 simulate shaded relief. 7. Click Add. Geographic features that cross 8. Click Dismiss when you are the surface, such as a river, finished adding renderers. road, or shoreline, can be explicitly represented in a TIN The list will update to show with a breakline. These features what you want to draw. u form the edges of triangles and, therefore, influence the surface at their location. Since the underlying triangulation defines the surface, you might want to take a closer look at it. You can also display the internal u

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 189 structure of a TIN—for example, 9. Click an element in the Show nodes and breaklines— list. independently or on top of the 10. Click the Up or Down arrow shaded relief display. to change its draw order. 9 The TIN features at the top of Tip the list will draw on top of How are slope and aspect those below them. measured? 11. Click OK. Slope values range between 0 and Q 90 degrees, where 0 indicates no slope. Aspect is also measured in degrees. North is 0 degrees, east is 90 degrees, south is 180 degrees, and west is 270 degrees. You can type descriptive text to W Tip display next to an edge or node Making TINs look more 3D symbol in the legend or the table of contents. Otherwise, no text will Checking the Show hillshade appear next to the symbol. illumination effect in 2D display box makes a TIN dataset look more 3D when it’s displayed in 2D because it simulates the sun’s illumination of the earth’s surface.

See Also You can click the Classify button to change the method of classification of the elevation, slope, or aspect. For more information on classifying data, see ‘Setting a classification’ in this chapter.

See Also To learn how to symbolize raster datasets, see Chapter 9, ‘Working with rasters’.

190 USING ARCMAP Drawing CAD Displaying a CAD 2 layers drawing file 1. In the table of contents, right- You can display CAD drawings click the CAD drawing layer on your map just like other data and click Properties. types. You can decide which 2. Click the Display tab. CAD layers to draw and how to draw the entities on the layer. 3. Click and drag the sliders to adjust the CAD display. Depending on how you added the CAD data to your map, you 4. Click the Drawing Layers tab. 3 have two display options: 5. Check the CAD layers that • If you added the CAD you want to display. drawing file for display only, 6. Click OK. you can only choose which CAD layers to show or hide. ArcMap draws all entities according to the color specified in the drawing file. You can’t override this 4 drawing behavior. • If you added the CAD drawing as features—point, line, or polygon—you can use the Symbology tab of the Layer Properties dialog box to access all the 5 symbolization options available to other feature layers.

See Also For more information on adding CAD layers, see ‘Adding CAD drawings’ in Chapter 4.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 191 Tip Drawing CAD features as 2 Adjusting transparency points, lines, or polygons You can use the Effects toolbar to 1. In the table of contents, right- adjust the transparency of CAD click the CAD dataset and layers. click Properties. 2. Click the Symbology tab. See Also 3 The drawing options avail- For more information on symboliz- able to you are the same as ing the features in a CAD dataset, for other feature layers. see ‘Drawing features to show categories such as names or types’ 3. Modify the drawing proper- in this chapter. ties as necessary. See the previous topics in this chapter for more detailed instructions. 4. Click the Drawing Layers tab. 5. Check the CAD layers that 4 you want to display. 6. Click OK.

192 USING ARCMAP Working with advanced symbolization

ArcMap provides a few other tools that let you control how your data frame will appear onscreen at the same size in relation layers draw. You can: to each other as in your printed map. • Draw layers transparently. When a reference scale is set, all feature symbology, labels, and • Set a data frame reference scale for symbols to see how they graphics in the current data frame will be scaled relative to the will look at their true size on screen or paper. reference scale. However, you can disable scaling for individual layers: double-click the layer, click the Display tab, and uncheck • Use symbol level drawing to control the order in which feature Scale symbols when a reference scale is set. Since geodatabase symbology is drawn. annotation and dimension features have their own reference • Use variable-depth masking to hide parts of layers. scales, they are not affected by a data frame reference scale. Adding transparency Using symbol level drawing Transparency can be used for any symbolization type, but it is Symbol level drawing allows you to achieve special cartographic especially useful for drawing raster layers with other layers on effects by giving you control over the drawing order of feature your map. This allows you to see the raster layer while still symbology. You specify the order that symbols and symbol viewing underlying layers. For more information on using layers for multilayer symbols are drawn on your map, overriding transparency with rasters, see Chapter 9, ‘Working with rasters’. the default ArcMap drawing sequence. With symbol level drawing, the drawing order is based on each feature’s symbol and Setting a data frame reference scale the position of that symbol in the symbol level drawing order. With a reference scale, you define the scale at which text and Symbol level drawing parameters may be set individually for each symbols will appear at their true size. If you zoom in or out, the feature layer or group layer. text and symbols will change scale along with the display. Using symbol level drawing is useful for achieving some Symbols and text will appear larger as you zoom in on your data graphical effects that can give your maps a polished cartographic frame and smaller as you zoom out on your data frame. Setting a look. You can use symbol level drawing to symbolize overlapping reference scale is like freezing the symbol and text sizes used in and intersecting line features with cased line symbols. For your data frame; the way they look at the reference scale is example, on a large-scale reference map with intersecting streets, maintained at all scales. Unless you explicitly set a reference you can create high-quality representations of streets. Where scale, the current scale is your reference scale. streets intersect, you can blend the symbology for connectivity; One reason to set a reference scale is if you want the detail in otherwise, you will represent an overpass. You can work with Join your data frame to look the same onscreen in data view as it will and Merge to achieve these cartographic connectivity effects. when you print it out. If you’re going to print a map, you should You can work in default view or switch to advanced view to gain set a reference scale to maintain a quality appearance. Let’s say additional control over symbol level drawing. Advanced view you are creating a map for publication that will be printed at a breaks each symbol into its component layers and allows you to scale of 1:25,000. If you set your data frame’s scale to be 1:25,000 enter numeric values to specify where each symbol layer will be and choose Set Reference Scale, the symbols and text sizes in

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 193 positioned in the draw order. More combinations are possible in The mask is created by identifying a margin—the area between advanced view than default view. the feature and the edge of the mask—and using an outline method. The outline methods include: Working with variable-depth masking • Exact—The mask is created to represent the shape, including Variable-depth masking is a drawing technique for hiding parts of internal holes, and will follow characters exactly. one or more layers. • Convex Hull—The mask is created to represent the shape, not You can use any polygon feature class as a mask. Using the including internal holes. For example, it will represent words, ArcMap Advanced Drawing Options dialog box, you can set the not each letter within a word. layers affected by the mask and those that are not. The masking • Box—The mask represents the shape as a rectangular settings are created at the data frame level and are saved as part bounding box. of the map document (.mxd). One common use for masking is to clarify the legibility of a map Using a masking layer that is densely packed with text and feature symbology. You can You can use any polygon feature class to create masks. This create a polygon mask layer based on an annotation layer, then feature class must be added to your map as a layer in the table of mask out some feature symbology to make the map more contents. readable. With variable-depth masking, only some layers are hidden by the masks. For example, on a contour map, you might From a data frame’s Advanced Drawing Options dialog box, you create text masks that mask out sections of contour lines but do can turn the masking on or off by checking or unchecking the box not mask out the elevation shading appearing behind those to Draw, using masking options specified below. layers. The masking layers can also be set up to mask one or more layers. Masking will be maintained on any of the ESRI-supported map Each layer to be masked can be checked in the Masked Layers list export formats. when the mask layer is highlighted in the Masking Layers list.

Creating a masking layer You can use any polygon feature class as a masking layer; however, you may want to create specific masks from the symbology or annotation of a layer. The ArcGIS toolbox provides the Feature Outline Masks tool to perform this task. This tool works on the associated symbology of a layer. Therefore, this tool uses a layer opened in ArcMap or a saved layer file (.lyr). The output is a polygon feature class saved within a geodatabase.

194 USING ARCMAP Drawing a layer transparently 3 1. Click the View menu, point to Toolbars, and click Effects. 2 The Effects toolbar appears. 2. Click the layer dropdown 4 arrow and click the layer you want to appear transparent. 3. Click the Adjust Transpar- ency button. 4. Drag the slider bar to adjust the transparency.

Fire station layer before (left) and after adjusting transparency

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 195 Setting a reference scale for symbols 1. Set the scale of the data 1 frame to the scale you want to use as the reference scale. 2. Right-click the data frame in the table of contents, point to Reference Scale, and click Set Reference Scale.

Clearing a reference scale 2 1. Right-click the data frame in the table of contents, point to Reference Scale, and click Clear Reference Scale.

With (left) and without (right) a reference scale set

196 USING ARCMAP Tip Turning on symbol level Using a shortcut to turn on drawing symbol level drawing 1. In the table of contents, right- In the table of contents, right-click click the layer or group layer the feature layer or group layer you want to draw using and click Use Symbol Levels. Symbol Levels and click Properties. Tip 2. Click the Symbology tab. Upgrading a map created If you’re working with a group 1 in ArcGIS 8 that uses layer, click the Group tab. advanced drawing options You need to upgrade maps created 3. Click the Advanced button 2 in ArcGIS 8 that use symbol level and click Symbol Levels from drawing to be able to use ArcGIS 9 the dropdown list. advanced drawing options. Right- If you’re working with a group click the data frame, click Ad- layer, click the Symbol Levels vanced Drawing Options, and click button. the button to upgrade the map. 4. Check Draw this layer using the symbol levels specified 3 Tip below. What symbology types can 5. Click OK. use symbol level drawing? Symbol level drawing is available for features symbolized with Single Symbol, Unique Values, Graduated 4 Colors, and Graduated Symbols. Join and Merge are only available for multilevel symbols. It helps to use unique values when drawing intersecting features.

Tip Using symbol level drawing Symbol level drawing may result in slower drawing. You can turn it on or off by right-clicking a layer in the table of contents and clicking Use Symbol Levels. 5

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 197 Tip Setting symbol levels in Quickly opening the default view Symbol Levels dialog box 1. Open the Symbol Levels 2 You can add the Set Symbol Levels dialog box for your layer or command to the layer or group group layer and turn on layer context menu to open the symbol level drawing. 3 Symbol Levels dialog box directly. 4 This way, you can also apply your If you’re working in advanced changes without having to close view, click Switch to Default dialog boxes. You can find the View. command in the Layer category of 2. Double-click a symbol to the Customize dialog box. change its properties. 5 3. Change the symbol drawing Tip order by moving symbols up Using keyboard shortcuts and down in the symbol list with Join or Merge with the arrows or drag and In default view, hold down Ctrl and drop. click the check boxes to turn Join or Merge on or off for all symbols Symbols at the bottom of the in the list. If symbols are selected, list are drawn before symbols 6 Join or Merge is toggled only for at the top. the selected symbols. 4. Check the Join box next to a symbol to achieve a blending Symbols drawn with no Symbols drawn with joins joins or merges. and no merges. Tip effect for all features drawn with the symbol. Getting help about symbol level drawing 5. Check the Merge box next to You can click the About Symbol a symbol to blend that Levels button on the Symbol Levels symbol with the symbol dialog box to learn more about directly above it in the symbol symbol level drawing. You can also list. Use Merge to achieve a see the ArcGIS Desktop Help. blending effect for features Symbols drawn with drawn with different symbols. joins and merges. 6. Click OK to close the Symbol Levels dialog box. 7. Click OK to apply these changes to your layer.

The blue circles highlight road intersections that are symbolized with various join and merge options.

198 USING ARCMAP Tip Setting symbol levels in Working in advanced view advanced view Use advanced view if you need 1. Open the Symbol Levels 2 3 more control over symbol level dialog box for your layer or drawing. All settings are preserved group layer and turn on when you switch from default to symbol level drawing. advanced view, but some may be lost going from advanced to default If you’re working in default view. view, click Switch to Ad- vanced View. Advanced View contains a matrix of symbols Tip and their layers. Setting options for 2. Double-click a symbol to advanced view change its properties. In advanced view, you can click a 3. Type numbers into the Layer column heading to sort the column columns to set the drawing or change the row height. order. Layers with lower level numbers are drawn before 4 layers with higher level numbers. A layer with a level number of 0 will be drawn first. In advanced view, drawing order is determined by the values you type in the columns, not the order of the symbol list. 4. If you have multilayer symbols, you can click the arrow in the Symbol column and view the layers. When you click a layer of a multilayer symbol, its cell in the Layer column is selected so you can enter a value to set its drawing order. 5 5. Click OK to close the Symbol Levels dialog box. 6. Click OK to apply these changes to your layer.

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 199 Creating a masking layer 1. Click the Show/Hide ArcToolbox button on the 1 Standard toolbar to show ArcToolbox. 2. Expand the Cartography Tools. 2 3. Expand the Masking Tools. 4. Double-click the Feature 3 4 Outline Masks tool. 5. Click the Input Layer dropdown arrow and click a layer, or click the Browse button to choose a layer file. 6. Type the name and location for the Output Feature Class, 5 or click the Browse button to create it. 6 7. Type a value in the Refer- 7 ence Scale parameter. 8 If you’re using an annotation layer, the reference scale will 9 automatically be set. Q 8. Click the Spatial Reference W Query button to set or change the spatial reference. 9. Type a value in the Margin E parameter and click the Margin dropdown arrow and select a unit of measure. 10. Click the Mask Kind dropdown arrow and click a mask kind. If using a point or annotation layer, you have three choices; otherwise, the default is Exact. 11. Optionally, check Create masks for unplaced annotation. 12. Click OK.

200 USING ARCMAP Using a masking layer 1. Click Add Data to add the 1 masking layer to the data frame. 2. Right-click the data frame in the table of contents and click Advanced Drawing Options. 3. Check Draw using masking options specified below. Uncheck if you want to turn 2 off masking. 4. Click the layer you want to use as a mask in the Masking list. 5. Check the layers you want to have affected by the mask in the Data Frame Layers list. 6. Click OK. 3

4 5

SYMBOLIZING FEATURES 201

Working with graphics and text 7 IN THIS CHAPTER Maps convey information about geographic features, and adding graphics or text can often enhance your map’s overall presentation. For example, you • Working with graphics might add a few graphics or pieces of text to draw attention to particular features. In this manner, you could outline a study area with a polygon, point • Drawing points, lines, and circles out potential locations for new stores, or label city streets with their names. • Moving, rotating, and ordering Because text serves many different mapping purposes, ArcMap offers graphics several different kinds of text: graphic text, labels, and annotation. For • Aligning, distributing, and example, on a map of Africa, you might add some text that indicates the grouping graphics general location of the Sahara Desert. You could also use text to describe individual features on your map by showing the name of each major city. • Storing graphics as annotation In this chapter, you’ll learn how to create and work with graphics and text. • Working with text in ArcGIS You’ll also learn about the different types of text available in ArcMap and in which situations you should use each kind of text. • Working with labels

• Specifying the text of labels

• Building label expressions

• Prioritizing and positioning labels

• Converting labels to annotation

• Working with annotation

• Using text formatting tags

203 Working with graphics

Adding graphics to your map if you want controlled multiuser editing, or if you need to store your graphics in a geodatabase. Adding graphics to your map can clarify the information that it conveys about the geographic features that are present and the Remember that graphics aren’t features. Graphics have no geographic phenomena that are at work. For example, you may associated attribute table and, therefore, cannot be queried as add circles on top of the data on your map to draw attention to easily as geographic features. particular features, outline a study area with a polygon, or add lines that point to potential locations for new stores. Working with graphic text Adding text to your map is another way to improve how your map Working with graphics communicates its message. You can use many of the graphic ArcMap contains a set of tools that works on graphics and tools to display and edit text that is added to the layout view. For graphic text. These tools are found on the Draw toolbar. You can more information on text, see ‘Working with text in ArcGIS’ in this use the tools on the Draw toolbar to create and edit graphics. You chapter. can quickly draw new squares, lines, circles, and polygons, for example, and change how they appear just by clicking tools. In fact, you can convert map elements, such as a legend, to graphics so you can edit their properties and position them more easily. You can also align and distribute multiple graphics or move a graphic above or below another graphic on the page. One advantage to graphics is that you can easily manage different geometry types together. Graphics can be placed either in layout view, along with cartographic elements, such as scalebars and North arrows, or in data view so the graphics resize with your data as you change the extent of your map. For more information on working in layout view with other types of map elements, such as neatlines and pictures, see Chapter 15, ‘Laying out and printing maps’. Graphics are generally map specific, which means that you will probably want to store your graphics in individual map documents (.mxd files). However, the geodatabase does support the storage of graphics in annotation feature classes. Use this option if you want to use the same set of graphics in many maps,

204 USING ARCMAP Adding a graphic Drawing points, Drawing tools lines, and circles 1. On the Draw toolbar, click the type of graphic you want to New Circle Select Elements Points, lines, circles, polygons, add. (See the tools in the and rectangles are among the table to the right.) New Curve Edit Vertices graphic shapes you’ll use to 2. Move the mouse pointer over New Ellipse Rotate highlight features in your data the display and click to add New FreeHand Fill Color and draw cartographic elements the graphic. on your layout. Once you’ve New Line Line Color added a graphic to your map, Some graphics require more you can move it, resize it, than a click. For example, New Marker Marker Color change its color, align it with you’ll need to click and drag New Polygon Zoom to Selected Elements other graphics, and so on. the mouse to add a rectangle. If you want to add a graphic as New Rectangle part of the map layout, add it in layout view. If you want the graphic to display with your data, add it in data view. For Changing the size of a example, suppose you want to graphic draw a circle representing a buffer around a feature. Instead 1. Click the Select Elements of drawing the circle over the button on the Draw toolbar dataframe in layout view, draw it and click the graphic you Click and drag a selection handle directly over your data in data want to resize. to resize the graphic. Use the Shift view. Then, as you pan and 2. Move the mouse pointer over key to resize as a square or the Ctrl zoom your data, the circle pans one of the blue selection key to maintain the aspect ratio. and zooms with it. handles and click and drag the handle. Tip Keeping tools active You can make the graphics Deleting a graphic construct tools stay active after you complete a graphic by changing the 1. Click the Select Elements options found on the Symbols/ button on the Draw toolbar Graphics tab of the Advanced and click the graphic you ArcMap Settings utility. This want to delete. application is installed in the 2. Press the Delete key on the Utilities folder of the ArcGIS keyboard. directory.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 205 Tip Editing vertices of a 1 2 Adding graphics to a graphic dataframe while in layout 1. Click the Select Elements view button on the Draw toolbar When you add a graphic to a map and click the graphic you while in layout view, ArcMap will, want to edit the vertices of. by default, add it to the layout. To add the graphic to a dataframe, 2. Click the Edit Vertices button click the Select Elements button on on the Draw toolbar. 3 the Draw toolbar and double-click If this button is unavailable, the dataframe. Then click a you can’t edit the vertices of drawing tool to add a graphic to the selected graphic. the dataframe. 3. Right-click over the line and click Add Vertex to add a Tip vertex, or right-click over a Working with color vertex and click Delete Vertex If you don’t find the exact color you to delete it. Click and drag a want in the array of colors on the vertex to move it. Color Palette, you can mix your own. Click More Colors to open the Color Selector and mix with the sliders. Using the Draw toolbar to 1 make quick symbol changes 1. In layout view, click the Select 2 Elements button on the Draw toolbar and click the graphic you want to modify. 2. Click the appropriate shortcut button on the Draw toolbar. 3 3. Click the new property. Your changes are immediately applied.

206 USING ARCMAP Tip Changing the color or Displaying the Graphics symbol of a graphic toolbar 1. Click the Select Elements The Graphics toolbar provides button on the Draw toolbar quick access to frequently used 2 and double-click the graphic tools for manipulating graphic to display its properties. elements. To display it, click the View menu, point to Toolbars, and The properties vary depend- click Graphics. ing on the type of graphic you’ve selected. See Also 2. To change the fill color, click the Fill Color dropdown For more information on adding arrow and click a new color. other elements, such as scalebars and North arrows, see Chapter 15, 3. Click OK. ‘Laying out and printing maps’. 3

Setting the default symbol properties for new graphics created with the Draw toolbar 2 1. On the Draw toolbar, click Default Symbol Properties. 2. Click the appropriate button to set the symbol properties for that type of graphic element. 3. Click OK. 3

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 207 Tip Converting features to Why convert features to graphics graphics? 2 1. Right-click the layer in the You can convert the features in a table of contents that you layer to graphics that can be want to convert to graphics moved, resized, and edited on the and click Convert Features to map. This option is useful if you Graphics. want to change the location of features relative to each other for 2. Click all to convert all cartographic purposes such as features or selected to 3 generalization but you don’t want convert the selected features. to edit the source data that your layer represents. 3. Click the Target dropdown arrow and click the target you want to add the graphics to— 4 the location where the graphics will be stored. The default target saves the graphics into your map document. 4. Click OK.

208 USING ARCMAP Selecting Selecting graphics one at graphics a time 1. Click the Select Elements You can work with a graphic button on the Draw toolbar. when it is selected. You can, for 2. Move the mouse pointer over example, change its size, color, the graphic you want to or shape. By selecting more select and click the graphic. Move the mouse pointer over the graphic than one graphic, you define a and click it. Hold down the Shift key and click selected set that you can work ArcMap draws selection to add to the current selected graphics. with as a group. For example, handles around the selected you might align, move, or delete graphic. them. You select graphics with the Select Elements tool. Select an Selecting all graphics individual graphic by clicking it, 1. Click the Edit menu and click or select a group by dragging a Select All Elements. rectangle around the graphics. Hold down the Shift key while selecting to add graphics to or remove graphics from the current selection. You can tell when a graphic is 1 selected because ArcMap draws selection handles around it. When more than one graphic is selected, one graphic has blue handles and the others have green handles. Zooming to selected The blue handles indicate the graphics dominant graphic, or the one 2 that ArcMap will use, for 1. Select the graphics you want example, to align other to zoom to. graphics with. 2. Click the Zoom to Selected To change the dominant Elements button on the Draw graphic, hold down the Ctrl toolbar. key and click the selected The map display extent graphic that you want as the zooms to the selected dominant one. graphics.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 209 Moving, rotating, Moving a graphic and ordering 1. Click the Select Elements button on the Draw toolbar graphics and click the graphic you want to move. Much of the work you do while building your map involves 2. Click and drag the selected Move the mouse pointer over the arranging graphics and other graphic to its new position. graphic and click and drag it. elements on it. For instance, you might want to orient graphics around the associated Nudging a graphic features in a data frame or position map elements, such as 1. Click the Select Elements titles, neatlines, and North button on the Draw toolbar arrows, on the layout. and click the graphic you want to move a small ArcMap provides a number of amount. tools that let you position and orient graphics. You can move 2. On the Draw toolbar, click graphics by dragging them with Drawing, point to Nudge, and the mouse or, when you need click the direction you want to 2 more precise control, you can nudge the graphic. nudge them up, down, left, or The graphic moves one pixel right. You can also position in the nudge direction. graphics to a coordinate location you specify. You can move one graphic on top of Positioning a graphic at a another one, rotate it, and flip it horizontally or vertically. specific location 2 1. Click the Select Elements Tip button on the Draw toolbar 3 and double-click the graphic Specifying coordinates you want to position. You can position a graphic to a location that you specify. In layout 2. Click the Size and Position view, you are specifying x,y tab. coordinates relative to the lower- 3. Type an X and Y position. left corner of the layout. In data view, you are specifying x,y 4. Click OK. coordinates in the units your data is stored in. 4

210 USING ARCMAP Tip Ordering a graphic Working with a graphic in a 1. Click the Select Elements dataframe while in layout button on the Draw toolbar view and click the graphic you If you want to work with a graphic want to place in front of or in a dataframe while in layout view, behind other graphics. click the Select Elements button on the Draw toolbar and double-click 2. On the Draw toolbar, click 2 the dataframe. Then click the Drawing, point to Order, and appropriate tool to modify the click the ordering option. graphic in the dataframe.

Tip Rotating by 90 degrees To rotate a graphic by 90 degrees left or right, click Drawing on the Draw toolbar, point to Rotate or Flip, and click Rotate Left or Rotate Right. Rotating a graphic The x indicates the rotation point. Tip 1. Click the Select Elements Right-clicking to reveal the button on the Draw toolbar graphics context menu and click the graphic you You can right-click a graphic or a want to rotate. group of selected graphics to open the graphics context menu, which 2. Click the Rotate button on includes shortcuts to many the Draw toolbar. graphics operations. 3. Position the mouse pointer over the x, which indicates the rotation point, and move it as necessary. As you drag the mouse to rotate, ArcMap draws an outline of the graphic. 4. Click and drag the mouse to rotate the graphic.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 211 Tip Flipping a graphic Displaying the Graphics horizontally or vertically toolbar 1. Click the Select Elements The Graphics toolbar provides button on the Draw toolbar quick access to frequently used and click the graphic you tools for manipulating graphic want to flip. elements. To display it, click the View menu, point to Toolbars, and 2. On the Draw toolbar, click click Graphics. Drawing, point to Rotate or Flip, and click Flip Horizon- tally or Flip Vertically. 2

Making graphics the same size 1. Click the Select Elements button on the Draw toolbar and select the graphics you want to make the same size. 2. Click Drawing on the Draw toolbar, point to Distribute, and click Make Same Size. 2

212 USING ARCMAP Aligning, Aligning graphics distributing, and 1. Click the Select Elements button on the Draw toolbar grouping and select the graphics you graphics want to align. 2. The dominant graphic has Most of the time you’ll prob- blue selection handles ably just drag a graphic where around it. To change the you want it to be. However, you dominant graphic, press and can arrange them more precisely hold the Ctrl key and click the when you need to. graphic you want as the You can align graphics with dominant one. other graphics—using the 3. Click Drawing on the Draw Before After Align Left sides, middles, or top or bottom toolbar, point to Align, and edges. You can arrange graph- click the alignment you want. ics so they are equidistant from each other—distributing them either vertically or horizontally. Once you’ve arranged the Distributing graphics graphics, you may want to 1. Click the Select Elements Before group them together so you can button on the Draw toolbar move them as a group and and select the graphics you maintain their alignment. want to distribute. 2. Click Drawing on the Draw Tip toolbar, point to Distribute, What do the blue selection and click the distribution handles indicate? method you want. After Distribute When you have more than one The graphics are distributed graphic selected, the blue handles with equal spacing between indicate the dominant graphic, or the centroid of each graphic. the one that ArcMap will use, for example, to align other graphics with. To change the dominant graphic, hold down the Ctrl key and click the selected graphic that you want to be dominant.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 213 Tip Grouping graphics Displaying the Graphics 1. Click the Select Elements toolbar button on the Draw toolbar The Graphics toolbar provides and select the graphics you 2 quick access to frequently used want to group. tools for manipulating graphic elements. To display it, click the 2. Click Drawing on the Draw View menu, point to Toolbars, and toolbar and click Group. click Graphics. The individual graphics now form a group. Tip Right-clicking to reveal the graphics context menu You can right-click a graphic or a group of selected graphics to open the graphics context menu, which includes shortcuts to many graphics operations.

Tip Grouping grouped graphics Ungrouping graphics You can also group graphics that are already grouped. 1. Click the Select Elements button on the Draw toolbar and click the graphics you want to ungroup. 2 2. Click Drawing on the Draw toolbar and click Ungroup. Each graphic formerly in the group is now independent.

214 USING ARCMAP Joining graphics 1. Select the polygon graphics on the map you want to join. You can join two or more 2. Click Drawing on the Draw polygon graphics you’ve drawn toolbar, point to Graphic on your map to form a new Operations, and click the graphic that is a combination of method you want to use. the input graphics. The graphic The graphics will be joined. operations you can perform are: 2 • Union—joins all graphics into one large graphic. Where the graphics overlap, the boundaries are removed. • Intersect—creates a new graphic from the shared area of the input graphics. • Remove Overlap—creates a new graphic from the nonoverlapping areas of two input graphics. Input graphics Results of graphic operations • Subtract—creates a new graphic by subtracting the overlapping area of one graphic from another.

Union Subtract

Intersect Remove Overlap

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 215 Storing graphics Creating an annotation as annotation group 2 1. On the Draw toolbar, click 3 Storing your graphics as Drawing and click New 4 annotation in groups or feature Annotation Group. classes helps you organize 2. Type a name for the annota- them. For example, you could 5 tion group. store all the graphics you use to annotate a particular layer in 3. Optionally, choose the layer the same annotation group or the annotation group is feature class. associated with. Annotation provides more 4. Optionally, set a reference control over how graphics draw scale. 6 in relation to each other. 5. Optionally, set the range of Annotation can be used to scales in which the annota- draw graphics only when a tion group is visible. particular layer is visible, for example. Only graphics in 6. Click OK. geographic space can be stored as annotation. You choose the annotation Setting the active target where your annotation is annotation target 1 saved. You can create annota- 1. On the Draw toolbar, click tion groups, which are useful 2 Drawing and point to Active for organizing a large number of Annotation Target. graphics because you can turn them on and off individually. 2. Click the name of the The Draw toolbar lets you annotation group to which create new annotation targets you want new annotation to for map document annotation. be added. The Your map will always have a target saves the graphics into target—an annota- your map document. tion group that cannot be The target can be an annota- removed or deleted. tion group or an annotation If you want to use your feature class. If the annota- annotation in other maps or tion target is stored in a have multiple users editing in geodatabase, you need to an enterprise system, store it in start editing to add graphics a geodatabase in an u to it.

216 USING ARCMAP annotation feature class. You Adding new graphics to can create new annotation an annotation group feature classes in ArcCatalog. 1. Set the active annotation For more information on target. annotation and geodatabases, see ‘Working with text in 2. Add graphics to your map. ArcGIS’ and ‘Working with annotation’ in this chapter.

Tip Moving graphics between Which graphics can be annotation groups stored as annotation? 1. Click the Select Elements 1 Only text or graphics that are in button on the Draw toolbar geographic space can be stored as and click the graphic or annotation. Layout graphics and graphics you want to move map elements, such as scalebars between annotation groups. and North arrows, cannot be stored as annotation. 2. Click the Edit menu and click Cut. You can also right-click the graphic and click Cut. Tip 3. Set the active annotation Managing annotation target to the annotation groups 2 group where you want to You can turn annotation groups on or off, create new groups, delete move the graphic. 4 groups, and edit annotation group 4. Click the Edit menu and click properties on the Annotation Paste. Groups tab of the Data Frame Properties dialog box. The graphic is pasted slightly to the right and below the graphic’s original position. Tip Creating new geodatabase annotation targets The Draw toolbar is used to create new map document annotation targets. For new geodatabase annotation targets, use ArcCatalog to create new annotation feature classes. See Building a Geodatabase for more information.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 217 Working with text in ArcGIS

Adding text to your map annotation stores its own position, text string, and display properties. Compared to labels, annotation provides more Maps convey information about geographic features, yet flexibility over the appearance and placement of your text because displaying only features on a map—even with symbols that you can select individual pieces of text and edit them. You can convey their meaning—isn’t always enough to make your point. use ArcMap to convert labels to annotation. In fact, most maps will not be useful without at least some textual information. Annotation can be further divided based on where you store it— in a map document or in a geodatabase. Map document In general, there are different kinds of text you can add to your annotation is in data space and organized into groups, stored in map. First, descriptive text can be placed near individual map map documents, and edited with the graphic tools on the Draw features. For example, your map shows the name of each major toolbar. Geodatabase annotation is also in data space but is city in Africa. You can also add just a few pieces of text to draw stored in a geodatabase as text or graphics and edited using the attention to a particular area of the map, such as adding text to ArcMap editing tools. indicate the general location of the Sahara Desert. Finally, you can add text that improves the presentation of your map. For In ArcGIS, some types of annotation can be displayed but not example, a map title provides context; you might consider adding edited. These types include ArcInfo Workstation coverage, other information, such as map author, data source, and date. SDE 3.x, CAD, and VPF annotation. Annotation in these formats is read-only, but ArcGIS provides tools to convert to geodatabase Using different kinds of text annotation and map document annotation, both of which are editable formats. Because text serves so many different mapping purposes, ArcGIS offers several different types. The main types are labels, Graphic text is useful for adding information on and around your annotation, and graphic text. A label is a piece of text in ArcMap map that exists in page space—as opposed to annotation, which that is automatically positioned and whose text string is based on is stored in geographic space. If you want to place text feature attributes. Labels offer the fastest and easiest way to add information on your map page that does not move as you zoom descriptive text to your map for individual features. For example, and pan on your map, you should use graphic text. Graphic text you can turn on dynamic labeling for a layer of major cities to can only be added to ArcMap in layout view. quickly add city names to your map of Africa. Because labels are always based on attribute fields, they can only be used to add Options for storing your text feature descriptive text. Before you begin working with text, you should take a moment to The second main option when working with text is to use understand the text storage options in ArcGIS. annotation. Annotation can be used for describing particular First, labels are not stored, at least not in the sense that features as well as to add general information to the map. You can annotation and graphic text are stored. Labels are generated use annotation, much like labels, to add descriptive text for many dynamically and only labeling properties are stored—the settings map features or just to manually add a few pieces of text to used to create labels on the fly. If you are working in a map, your describe an area of your map. Unlike labels, each piece of

218 USING ARCMAP labeling properties will be saved when you save your map What kind of text should I use? document (.mxd). Labeling properties can also be stored in layer files (.lyr). Use layer files, for example, to transfer labels between The type of text that you should use is based on where you are two maps without having to set up labeling again in the new map. starting from with your text and how you want to use text on your map. If you only want to add a few pieces of text and what you ArcGIS provides two main options for storing annotation. want to identify might not be based on attributes, then you can Geodatabase annotation is stored in a geodatabase in annotation just use graphic text or map document annotation. feature classes. You can think of geodatabase annotation as a special type of geographic feature, stored together with other If, however, you want to have much feature-descriptive text, then geographic data in a geodatabase. Like point, line, and polygon you may want to use a different method. If you already have the feature classes, annotation feature classes can be used in many text, such as if you have some existing coverage annotation you different maps. want to use in a new map, then you can simply add the text layer to ArcMap. You can use labels if you want to add text based on Map document annotation is stored in map documents in your feature attributes. annotation groups within each dataframe. Choose map document annotation if you only want to use your text in one particular If you are starting from scratch with your features and text, then map. You can use annotation groups to organize map document you can create a new feature class and a feature-linked annotation, or you can put all of your annotation into a single annotation class. You’ll be able to build your annotation annotation group that automatically exists in every automatically as you create your data. map document dataframe. Graphic text is always stored in a map document. Like map document annotation, graphic text is added to a particular map. Graphic text is stored on the map layout page and cannot be organized into groups. Keep in mind that both annotation and graphic text are forms of graphics, and you can use the tools on the Draw toolbar to create and edit these types of text. In addition, specific tools are available in ArcMap for working with geodatabase annotation. For more information on creating and editing geodatabase annotation, see Building a Geodatabase or Editing in ArcMap.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 219 Adding text at a point Adding text Text tools on the Draw toolbar 1. Click the New Text button on Text serves a variety of the Draw toolbar. purposes on a map, and New Text Select Elements ArcMap supports three types 2. Click the mouse pointer over New Splined Text Edit Vertices of text that you can use: labels, the map display and type the annotation, and graphic text. To text string. Label Rotate add labels to your map based The text will be horizontal. Callout on an attribute value, see ‘Displaying labels’ in this New Polygon Text chapter. New Rectangle Text ArcMap has several tools for creating new annotation and New Circle Text graphic text on your map. You can enter horizontal text, text that curves, and text that has a callout or leader line. To speed the task of adding descriptive Adding text along a text for features, you can use curved line the Label tool to click a feature 4 and automatically add text to 1. Click the New Splined Text annotate it. Once you have text button on the Draw toolbar. 23 on your map, you can use the 2. Click the mouse pointer over tools on the Draw toolbar to the map to add vertices along change its position, appear- which the text should be ance, and text string. splined. Click the Edit Vertices button on the Draw toolbar to edit the vertices of the splined text. This section focuses on 3. Double-click to end the line. creating and editing map document annotation and 4. Type the text string. graphic text. While you can follow these steps to create and edit geodatabase annotation, there are powerful, easy-to-use editing tools in ArcMap designed specifically for working with geodatabase annotation. If you are working with geodatabase annotation, see Editing in ArcMap for instructions on creating and u

220 USING ARCMAP editing text stored in this Adding text with a callout format. box and leader line 3 When using the tools on the 1. Click the Callout button on Draw toolbar to add text, unless the Draw toolbar. 2 you specify otherwise, new text will be added to the 2. Click a start point for the You can click and drag the endpoint of the callout to annotation group of your leader line. Drag the mouse position it correctly. dataframe. You can change this pointer and release the by setting the Active Annota- mouse button where you tion Target. To learn more about want the callout and text to this, see ‘Storing graphics as be placed. annotation’ earlier in this 3. Type the text string. chapter.

Tip Specifying default text Adding text that flows symbol properties within a graphic 1 You can set the default symbol properties for new text by clicking 1. Click one of the Paragraph Drawing on the Draw toolbar and Text tools on the Draw clicking Default Symbol Properties. toolbar. Choose between New Polygon, New Rect- angle, and New Circle. 2 2. Using your mouse pointer, 3 click and drag to create the graphic shape. Then, double- click to complete the shape. 3. Double-click the graphic to change the text and modify its display properties.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 221 Tip Adding text by clicking a 2 Adding text to a dataframe feature while in layout view 1. In the table of contents, right- When you add graphic text to a click the layer you want to map while in layout view, ArcMap label and click Properties. will, by default, add it to the layout. To add text to a dataframe, click the 2. Click the Labels tab. Select Elements button on the Draw 3. Click the Label Field toolbar and double-click the 3 dropdown arrow and click the dataframe. Click the New Text tool field you want to use as a to add graphic text to the label. dataframe. 4. Click OK. Tip 5. On the Draw toolbar, click the Label button. Setting the active annotation target You may have to click the You can change the target location dropdown arrow to choose where your text is stored. For more the Label button. 4 information, see ‘Storing graphics 6. Click Place label at position as annotation’ earlier in this clicked. chapter. If you click Automatically find best placement, ArcMap finds See Also the best location for the label. You can add text to your map by 7. Click Choose a style and 6 annotating selected features. For click the label style you want. more information, see Editing in 7 ArcMap and Building a 8. Click the mouse pointer over Geodatabase. the feature you want to label. ArcMap labels the feature.

5 8

222 USING ARCMAP Tip Changing the font, color, Changing text with the Draw toolbar Using the Draw toolbar with and size of text with the geodatabase annotation Draw toolbar Bold To add text to a geodatabase 1. Click the Select Elements annotation feature class with the Italic tools on the Draw toolbar, you button on the Draw toolbar and click the text elements must first start an edit session and Underline set your active annotation target to you want to edit. the geodatabase annotation feature 2. Click the appropriate button Change font color class. on the Draw toolbar to modify a particular characteristic of Change font size Tip the text. Accessing the text Change font Properties dialog box You can also right-click a text element and click Properties to open the Properties dialog box. Changing text properties 1. Click the Select Elements See Also tool on the Draw toolbar and 2 For more information on creating double-click the text element text symbols, see Chapter 8, you want to edit. ‘Working with styles and symbols’. 2. Type a new text string. 3. Click Change Symbol to modify additional properties. 3 4. Click OK on all dialog boxes.

Editing a text string 1 1. Click the New Text button on the Draw toolbar. 2. Click the existing piece of text you want to edit. 3 3. Type a new text string and press the Enter key.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 223 Working with labels

What is labeling? features are tightly clustered together, some features may not be labeled. As you zoom in on your map, more labels will Generally, labeling is the process of placing descriptive text onto dynamically appear. or next to features on your map. In ArcGIS, labeling refers specifically to the process of automatically generating and Controlling which features are labeled placing descriptive text for map features. A label is a piece of text on the map that is derived from one or more feature attributes. Dynamic labeling is a fast and easy way to add text to your map, Labels are not selectable, and you cannot edit the display and this holds true even for complicated maps. Simply turn on properties of individual labels. labeling for your layer or layers, and as you pan and zoom around your map, ArcMap dynamically adjusts the labels to fit the Labeling is useful to add descriptive text to your map for many available space. To gain more precise control over which features features. Labeling can be a fast way to add text to your map, and are labeled and where labels are placed, you need to work with it avoids you having to manually add text for each feature. In more advanced labeling properties. Specifically, you can adjust addition, ArcMap labeling dynamically generates and places text which features are labeled and where labels are placed with for you. This can be useful if your data is expected to change or respect to features. you are creating maps at different scales. There are three ways to control which features are labeled: Annotation is an alternative to labeling. If you only want to add descriptive text for a few features, if you want to reuse your text • Set the label priority, which controls the order that labels get and make it appear in the same place all the time, or if you do not placed on the map. have attributed features, it will be better to add your text as • Set label weights and feature weights to establish a ranking annotation. Labeling your features is a good way to create system for labels when there is a conflict—that is, overlap— annotation. To learn more about adding text as annotation, see on the map with other labels or features. ‘Adding text’ earlier in this chapter or Editing in ArcMap. • Use label classes to be able to specify different labeling Displaying dynamic labels properties, including priority, weights, and placement properties, for features in the same layer. To display labels for a layer, you simply specify the attribute or Label priority, label weights, and feature weights work together to attributes of the feature you want to base your labels on—for control which features are labeled. These settings also affect example, a street name or soil type—then turn on labeling. where labels are placed. ArcMap automatically places labels on or near the features they describe. You can also control the font, size, and color of the text Consider a map of Europe on which you are labeling both country to help differentiate labels for different types of features. A map of names and cities. Depending on the scale of your map, there may Europe, for example, could have both country and major city not be room for all features to be labeled. You decide that the labels, each displayed with a different text symbol. country labels are more important than the city labels. To make your map labels reflect this, you first change the label priority to When you turn on dynamic labeling, ArcMap places as many make sure that country labels are placed before city labels. labels on the map as possible without any overlap. In areas where

224 USING ARCMAP Label priority can work on a layer-by-layer basis, but you can Converting labels to annotation also specify label priority within layers by further dividing a layer’s labels into label classes. For example, you could divide If you need exact control over where a given label is placed on your city labels into two label classes: major cities and secondary your map, you should convert your labels to annotation. Text cities. Then, because major city labels are more important, you stored as annotation is editable, which means that you can select could give the major city labels a higher priority and a higher label and move individual pieces of text, as well as change their display weight than the secondary labels. properties (font, size, color, and so on). For example, you might want to convert labels to annotation so you can manually move a You can further refine your map by adjusting the feature weights few pieces of text to make room for one piece that ArcMap was of your city label classes. The general rule with weights is that a unable to place due to space constraints. When you convert feature cannot be overlapped by a label with an equal or lower labels to annotation, ArcMap provides you with a list of all the weight. Continuing with the example, you could increase the labels that weren’t placed and lets you interactively place them feature weights of your major cities class from None to High, on your map as needed. For more information, see ‘Converting which is the highest weight. Doing this will result in a map where labels to annotation’ in this chapter. labels can overlap secondary city symbols but not major city symbols. To learn more about label priority and label and feature weights, see ‘Prioritizing and positioning labels’ in this chapter. To learn more about label classes, see ‘Displaying labels’ in this chapter.

Controlling where labels are placed To control where labels are placed, you should use label placement properties. Like label priority and weights, these settings work on a layer basis, or you can use label classes to subdivide features in the same layer and assign them different placement properties. Label placement properties let you specify where each label is placed on the map with respect to the feature being labeled. ArcMap has different label placement options for point, line, and polygon labels. In addition, installing and enabling the Maplex for ArcGIS extension will give you a different, enhanced set of label placement properties. To learn more about label placement properties, see ‘Prioritizing and positioning labels’ in this chapter.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 225 The Labeling toolbar and the Label Manager The Labeling toolbar is where you start labeling in ArcMap. From here you can control the labeling process and open the Label Manager, which lets you view and change labeling properties for all the labels in your map. Additional controls are added to the Labeling menu when you install the Maplex for ArcGIS extension. See Using Maplex for ArcGIS for more information.

Open the Label Manager. Change label and feature weights.

Show unplaced labels.

Set labeling options. Lock the current size and Change priority location of labels. order of labels.

Lists the map’s layers and label classes. Specify a single field or expression used to generate label strings. Click a layer to manage its label Change label appearance. classes. Set additional label appearance properties.

Click a label Set label placement class to view properties and options. and edit its properties.

Work with the Use label styles. Label Classes list.

Set a visible scale range for labels. Use an SQL expression to label certain features.

226 USING ARCMAP Making a map with labels 4. Turn on labeling for your layer’s default label class. Follow these steps to create a high-quality map with labels: 1. Start ArcMap and create a new map or open an existing one. If necessary, add the data you want to label to your map. 2. Add the Labeling toolbar to ArcMap.

Check the box next to the label class that you want to label.

5. Create additional label classes in the Label Manager if you want to specify different labeling properties for the features in your layer.

3. Open the Label Manager.

Label Manager button

Click a layer on the left panel and add a new label class to it on the right panel.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 227 6. Use the Label Manager to polish your map by changing the that the most important features on your map are labeled and label expression, label text symbol, and label placement that their labels are in the best positions. options.

Label Weight Ranking dialog box

8. Convert your labels to annotation if you want to be able to Work with the right panel of the Label Manager when formatting your labels. position some pieces of text manually or if you want the text to always appear in the same position. For more information, 7. Use the Label Priority and Label Weight Ranking dialog see ‘Converting labels to annotation’ in this chapter. boxes—both accessed from the Labeling toolbar—to ensure

Label Priority dialog box

228 USING ARCMAP Displaying labels Adding the Labeling toolbar and opening the Labeling is an easy way to add Label Manager descriptive text to features on 2 your map. Labels are dynami- 1. Click the View menu, point to cally placed, and label text Toolbars, and click Labeling. strings are based on feature 2. Click the Label Manager attributes. You can easily turn button. labels on or off and can even lock them so their locations stay fixed as you zoom or pan on your map. You can use dynamic labeling 1 for all features in a layer, or alternatively, you can use label classes to specify different labeling properties for features within the same layer. For Using the Label Manager 4 example, in a layer of cities, you might label those with a 1. Open the Label Manager by population greater than 100,000 clicking the Label Manager with a larger font size and those button on the Labeling cities with a population less toolbar. than 100,000 with a smaller font 2. Check the box next to the size. In addition, if the features layer you want to label. in your layer are symbolized with different symbols, you can 3. Choose a label class under 2 create label classes from your the layer. symbology classes. Building 4. Click the Label Field 3 your label classes from your dropdown arrow and click symbol classes is a fast way to the attribute field you want to create maps with a consistent use as a label. look. 5. Click OK. Labels are not editable. If you 5 want to be able to position individual pieces of text manually, you should convert labels to annotation. To learn more, see ‘Converting labels to annotation’ in this chapter.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 229 Tip Changing label symbols Automatically removing 1. Open the Label Manager. duplicate labels ArcMap automatically removes 2. Click a label class in the 3 duplicate labels. You might want to Label Classes list. disable this behavior when labeling 3. Click the buttons and 4 features, such as soil types or land dropdown menus in the Text 2 use categories, where several Symbol box to set the font, features can have the same size, color, or other symbol attribute value. Click Properties on properties of your labels. the Label Manager’s Placement Properties frame, and work with 4. Optionally, click the Symbol the options for label placement and button to change other conflicts (overlaps). properties or to choose an 5 existing text symbol for your labels. Tip 5. Click OK. Using symbology classes You can only use symbology classes to build label classes if your data is symbolized using unique values; Building label classes unique values, many fields; match from symbology classes to symbols in a style; graduated colors; or graduated symbols. 1. Open the Label Manager. 2 2. Click a layer in the Label See Also Classes list. 3 To get more precise control over 3. In the Select symbology 4 which features are labeled and categories box, check the where labels are positioned, see box next to the symbology ‘Prioritizing and positioning labels’ class you want to use to in this chapter. For full control, make a new label class. convert your labels to annotation. 4. Click the Add button. See ‘Converting labels to annota- 5 tion’ in this chapter. 5. Click Yes or No on the Overwrite label classes dialog box, depending on what you want to do with your existing label classes. 6. Click OK.

230 USING ARCMAP Tip Using label styles Locking labels 1. Open the Label Manager. To lock the current size and location of labels, click the Lock 2. Click a label class in the Labels button on the Labeling Label Classes list. 3 toolbar. This turns off the labeling 3. Click the Symbol button. process, and as you pan and zoom, labels will stay in place. Click the 4. Click a standard label style 2 Lock Labels button again to return from the left pane of the to dynamic placement. When you Symbol Selector dialog box. lock labels, text will scale the same 5. Optionally, modify the as when you set a reference scale. properties of a label style and click Save to save your 7 Tip new symbol in your personal style folder. Working with label styles A label style consists of both a text 6. Click OK on the Symbol symbol and a set of label placement Selector dialog box. properties. When you choose a 7. Click OK on the Label label style, its text symbol replaces Manager dialog box. the current label symbol.

Tip Creating text within a highway shield marker 4 You can label road line features with text inside a highway shield by using a label style and choosing one of the standard highway shield styles.

See Also For more information on using 6 5 styles and saving to your personal style folder, see Chapter 8, ‘Working with styles and symbols’.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 231 Tip Using label classes to 3 Using different text label features from the symbols to label features same layer differently 2 in a single layer 1. Open the Label Manager. Label classes allow you to use a 4 different text symbol to label 2. Click the layer in the Label different types of features in the Classes box for which you same layer. For example, you could want to create label classes. label cities with a large population in a larger font than those with a 3. Type a name for your new smaller population. label class in the Enter label name box. 4. Click Add. Tip Displaying coverage 5. Uncheck the Default label 5 annotation class to avoid labeling some 9 features twice. If you have a coverage with 6 annotation, you can display the 6. Right-click the new label annotation as a layer in the table of class in the Label Classes list Q contents. Add the layer as you and click SQL Query. would any feature layer. 7. Click the operators to build an expression that identifies Tip the subset of features you Using the Layer Properties want to label. E Labels tab 8. Click OK. 7 You can still use the Labels tab on the Layer Properties dialog box to 9. Click the Label Field set the symbol and placement dropdown arrow and click the properties for your labels. attribute field you want to use as a label.

Tip 10. Click the buttons and dropdown menus to define Making the labels get the symbol and placement In this example, cities with a bigger when you zoom in properties of your labels. population greater than As you zoom in and out on your 1,000,000 will be labeled. map, the size of the labels does not 11. Repeat steps 2 through 10 if change. If you want the text to scale you want to create additional with the map, set a reference scale. label classes. Right-click the dataframe and click 12. Click OK. Reference Scale. 8

232 USING ARCMAP Specifying the Labeling based on a 3 text of labels single attribute field 1. Open the Label Manager. Label text strings are derived 2. Click a label class in the from one or more feature Label Classes list. attributes. Labels are dynamic, so if feature attribute values 3. Click the Label Field change, then the labels will also dropdown arrow and click change. When you turn on the field you want to use as a labeling, features are initially label. 2 labeled based on one field such 4. Click OK. as labeling city features based on a field that stores the city name. You can also label based on an expression, which can have 4 multiple fields, contain extra characters, and include VBScript or JScript functions that format your labels. So, you might label each city with both its name and its population, and use a special VBScript character to stack the city name on top of the population. Using advanced label expressions is an even more powerful option. Using these you can add conditional logic, looping, and other scripting syntax to your label expressions. For example, you could produce labels that have only the first letter of each word capitalized from city names that are stored in all capital letters. Label expressions are a useful place to use ArcGIS text formatting tags. To learn more u

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 233 about label expressions and text Labeling based on formatting tags, see ‘Building multiple attribute fields label expressions’ and ‘Using 3 text formatting tags’ in this 1. Open the Label Manager. chapter. 2. Click a label class in the Label Classes list. Tip 3. Click Expression. 2 Adding characters to 4. Click a label field and click expressions Append to use the text of that Characters must be enclosed in field in your labels. double quotes and connected to the rest of the label expression using 5. Optionally, use the Expres- the & character. sion box to add additional characters you want to 8 appear in your labels or add Tip VBScript or JScript functions Writing expressions to format your labels. Your expressions can include any 6. Click Verify to make sure that valid statement supported by the there are no syntax errors scripting language chosen in the 4 and to preview your label Parser dropdown list. string. Close the Label Expression Verification dialog Tip box. Writing an expression with 7. Click OK. 5 multiple lines of code 8. Click OK. The expression is limited to a single line of code unless you check the 6 Advanced box on the Label Expression dialog box. Checking the Advanced box allows you to enter a function containing programming logic and spanning 7 multiple lines of code. To create stacked text, use the VBScript constant, vbNewLine, between the field names—[PARCEL_ID] & vbNewLine & [LAND_USE]. You can also click the Help button for more information on syntax and building label expressions.

234 USING ARCMAP Building label expressions

About label expressions To convert your text labels to all uppercase or lowercase, use the VBScript UCase and LCase functions. For example, this You can use label expressions to adjust the formatting of your expression makes a Name field all lowercase: labels. In addition to inserting characters and scripting functions, you can also use ArcGIS formatting tags in label expressions. LCase ([NAME]) These are special characters that you can use to change the To create stacked text, use the VBScript vbNewLine or vbCrLf appearance of all or part of your labels. For example, you might constants between the field names: use the bold formatting tag to make the first line bold in a stacked, "Name: " & [NAME] & vbNewLine & [ADDRESS_1] & multiline label. vbNewLine & [ADDRESS_2] A label expression is limited to a single line of code, unless you Use the VBScript format functions to format your labels. For check the Advanced box on the Label Expression dialog box. example, this expression displays the label as currency: Checking the Advanced box allows you to enter a function "Occupancy Revenue: " & FormatCurrency containing programming logic and spanning multiple lines of ([MAXIMUM_OC] * [RATE]) code. See ‘Specifying the text of labels’ earlier in this chapter for This VBScript function labels cities with their name only if their more information on applying label expressions. population exceeds 250,000: Examples are shown below for common uses of VBScript Function FindLabel ([NAME], [POPULATION]) functions as well as ArcGIS formatting tags in label expressions. if ([POPULATION] > 250000) then In addition, a complete reference of the ArcGIS formatting tags is provided. FindLabel = [NAME] end if Examples of label expressions End Function The following are examples of label expressions: For more information, see the Microsoft® VBScript Language Use the VBScript & operator to concatenate strings. For example, Reference or the Microsoft JScript Language Reference. this expression creates a label where the value of the PARCELNO ArcGIS text formatting tags field is preceded by the text "Parcel no: ": "Parcel no: " & [PARCELNO] Labels will be drawn using the symbol specified in the Label Manager or on the Labels tab of the Layer Properties dialog box. To control how decimal numbers are displayed, use the VBScript You can modify or override the appearance of this symbol for Round function. For example, this expression displays a field particular portions of the expression by inserting ArcMap text called Area, rounded to one decimal place: formatting tags into the expression as text strings. This lets you Round ([AREA], 1) create mixed-format labels where, for example, one field in a label is underlined. You can even use tags with curved text.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 235 The tags that you can use are listed in the table below. Acceptable values for Color (RGB) are red, green, blue = 0–255, and acceptable values for Color (CMYK) are cyan, magenta, yellow, black = 0–100; missing color attributes are assumed to be 0. The defaults are 0 percent for Character spacing (no adjustment), 100 percent for Character width (regular width) and Word spacing (regular spacing), and 0 points for Line leading (no adjustment).

Formatting action Tag syntax

Font "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Color (RGB) "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Color (CMYK) "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Bold "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Italic "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Underline "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" All capitals "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Small capitals "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Superscript "^{" & [LABELFIELD] & "}" Subscript "_{" & [LABELFIELD] & "}" Character spacing "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Character width "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Word spacing "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Line leading "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Un-Bold "<_BOL>" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Un-Italic "<_ITA>" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Un-Underline "<_UND>" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Un-Superscript "<_SUP>" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Un-Subscript "<_SUB>" & [LABELFIELD] & ""

236 USING ARCMAP Tag syntax If you have special characters embedded in the values of the label field, you can replace them dynamically using a simple label The following syntax rules apply to tags in label expressions. script: Just like other static text in label expressions, formatting tags Function FindLabel ([LABELFIELD]) must be surrounded by double quotes and concatenated to other NewString = Replace([LABELFIELD],"&","&") parts of the expression using the & operator: FindLabel = "" & NewString & "" "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" End Function Tags are not interpreted by VBScript/JScript. Instead, they are passed on to the ArcMap framework as plain text, to be Formatting tags can be embedded in the values of the field you dynamically formatted as they are drawn. You don’t need to use to label a layer’s features, whether or not you use a label quote tags included inside quoted strings: expression. In this way, you can change the format of any portion of a particular value in a label field. In order to embed formatting "Current status of parcel: " & tags, the label field must be of string type. Tags and tag attributes [LABELFIELD] used in field values do not need to be surrounded by quotes, so The ArcMap text formatting tags follow Extensible markup the following are valid values for a label field: language (XML) syntax rules. Each start tag must be Rochester accompanied by an end tag. Tags can be nested, but you must close the inner tag before closing an outer tag: Colorado "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" Tags aren’t recognized by the table of contents, Attribute table window, or Identify Results window, so tags added to field values The case of tag pairs must match exactly. So ... is appear unformatted as raw text in these windows. valid, as is ..., but ... is invalid. For more information on working with formatting tags, see ‘Using In label expressions, tag attributes must be surrounded either by text formatting tags’ in this chapter. single quotes—as shown in the table above—or by two sets of double quotes. The following expression is equivalent to the FNT entry in the table: "" & [LABELFIELD] & "" & and < are special characters and are not valid in your text if formatting tags are used. Use the equivalent character codes & and < instead. For example, this expression displays the values of the label field inside < > characters: "<" & [LABELFIELD] & ">"

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 237 Prioritizing and Setting label placement positioning labels 1. Open the Label Manager by clicking the Label Manager 1 When you turn on dynamic button on the Labeling labeling, ArcMap fits as many toolbar. labels as possible—without 2. Click a label class in the overlap—within the available Label Classes list. space on the map. As you pan and zoom, ArcMap automati- 3. Click the placement options cally adjusts labels to fit the you want from the Placement Properties box. 3 available space. For many maps, 2 ArcMap default labeling will be 4. Optionally, click Properties to 4 adequate. If you need more see the complete set of label control over which features are placement properties. labeled and where labels are 5. Click OK. placed, you should work with label placement options, label 5 priority, and label and feature weights. All of these properties work on a label class level. Setting label priority Label placement options control the positioning of labels with 1. Click the Label Priority button respect to features. For example, on the Labeling toolbar. 1 you might specify that your city 2. Click the label class or labels always be placed above classes for which you want to and to the right of the cities. To change the label priority. learn more, see the ArcGIS Holding down the Shift or Ctrl Desktop Help. u keys allows you to select 2 multiple label classes. 3 See Also 3. Click the arrow buttons to If you install the Maplex for ArcGIS move a label class up or extension, label placement, priority, down in the list. and weights work differently. For Clicking the up arrows gives more information, see Using the class a higher priority, Maplex for ArcGIS. while clicking the down arrows gives the class a lower priority. 4. Click OK. 4

238 USING ARCMAP To increase the chance that Setting label and feature more important features are weights labeled first, assign these features a higher label priority. For 1. Click the Weights button on 1 example, on a city street map, the Labeling toolbar. you’d probably assign a higher 2. Click the label or feature labeling priority to highways weight you want to change than residential streets. and click the desired weight Use label weights and feature from the dropdown menu. 2 weights to assign relative A label cannot overlap a importances to labels and feature with an equal or features to be used only when higher weight. there is a conflict, that is, an overlap between a label and a 3. Click OK. feature. Ultimately, the final positioning of labels on your map is dependent on label and feature weights. In addition, when working with weights, u 3

Tip Preventing labels from overlapping features Setting a feature weight of High for point or line features ensures that no labels will be placed on top of these features. Setting a feature weight of High for polygon features ensures that no labels will be placed on the outline of these features.

Tip Using feature weights Feature weights other than None can dramatically slow labeling speed because ArcMap must evaluate the location of every feature before placing each label.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 239 keep in mind that when you Working with duplicate allow labels to overlap some labels features, generally more labels will be placed on your map 1. Open the Label Manager by because ArcMap has more clicking the Label Manager room to place them. button on the Labeling toolbar. 2 Both labels and features can 3 have a weight of None, Low, 2. Click a label class in the Medium, or High. The general Label Classes list. rule is that a feature cannot be 3. Click the Properties button in overlapped by a label with an the Placement Properties 5 equal or lesser weight. By box. default label weights are High and features have a default 4. Click one of the Duplicate weight of None. Labels options. You can also work with dupli- 5. Click OK on all dialog boxes. cate label options. You can remove duplicates to avoid seeing many of the same label. You can opt to place duplicate 4 labels for each feature or part of a multipart feature. For more information and examples of how you might use label and feature weights, see the ArcGIS Desktop Help.

Tip Avoiding label overlap with annotation By default, annotation layers and map annotation groups are given a High feature weight to prevent labels from overlapping annotation text.

240 USING ARCMAP Converting labels Converting labels to map 3 to annotation document annotation 1. In the table of contents, right- For additional control over label click the layer you want to placement, you can convert label and click Label Fea- dynamic labels to annotation so tures. Work with your labels you can move the pieces of text as described in this chapter. 4 around and place them exactly 2. Right-click the layer again, where you want. When you and click Convert Labels to convert labels to annotation, you 5 Annotation. can choose to store the annotation in either a map document or 3. Click In the Map to store your a geodatabase. To learn more annotation in an annotation about the different types of group in the map document. annotation, see ‘Working with 4. Click Create Annotation For annotation’ in this chapter. All features. If you convert labels to map If you don’t want annotation document annotation, the for all features in the layer, features that ArcMap couldn’t click Features in current automatically place are listed in extent or Selected features to 6 7 the Overflow Annotation annotate just the currently window. You can choose and selected features. place these individual annotation features on your map. 5. Optionally, type a new name for the annotation group. If you’d like to reuse some of your labeling work on other 6. Some labels may not maps, you can save the labels in currently display on the map a geodatabase. For example, because there is no room for suppose you labeled cities and them. To convert these labels, states with their names and check the Convert unplaced stored the labels as an annota- labels to unplaced annotation feature class in a tion box. This saves the geodatabase. You can then load unplaced labels in the map the data and the labels for document, allowing you to display on another map. position them later, one at a time. Geodatabase annotation features that could not be placed are 7. Click Convert. listed in the Unplaced Annota- tion window, which is opened u

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 241 from the Annotation toolbar. To Adding unplaced map learn how to place and edit document annotation to a these features, see Editing in map ArcMap. You can also link annotation in 1. If you have labels that could 2 a geodatabase directly to the not be placed and you feature it annotates. For more checked the box to convert information on feature-linked them to unplaced annotation, annotation, see ‘Working with the Overflow Annotation annotation’ in this chapter. To window appears. learn how to convert labels to 2. In the Overflow Annotation feature-linked annotation, see window, right-click the Building a Geodatabase. annotation feature you want to place on your map and Tip click Add Annotation. To see the unplaced annotation features, click Seeing the Overflow Once you place the annotation feature, you can use the Draw Annotation. The unplaced features are drawn Annotation window in red by default. You can also open the Overflow Select Elements tool to Annotation window from the View reposition it on the map. menu. 3. Repeat step 2 until you’ve placed all the annotation Tip features you want on your map. Converting labels to annotation for all layers in a dataframe You can also convert labels to annotation for all the labeled layers that are in a dataframe. Click the dataframe and click Convert Labels to Annotation to convert all the layers’ labels at one time.

See Also To add unplaced annotation to your map when using geodatabase annotation, use the Annotation toolbar. See Editing in ArcMap for more information.

242 USING ARCMAP Tip Converting labels to Using geodatabases from geodatabase annotation 3 previous ArcGIS versions 1. In the table of contents, right- If you want to convert labels to click the layer you want to 4 geodatabase annotation with a label and click Label Fea- geodatabase created in previous tures. Work with your labels versions of ArcGIS, you’ll need to as described in this chapter. upgrade your geodatabase to 5 ArcGIS 9. To learn more, see 2. Right-click the layer again, Building a Geodatabase. and click Convert Labels to 7 Annotation. 3. For Store Annotation, click In a database. 4. Specify the features you want to create annotation for. 5. To create feature-linked annotation, check the Feature Linked box. To create standard annotation, leave the box unchecked. 6. If you’re creating standard annotation and want to add the annotation to an existing standard annotation feature class, check the Append box. 7. If you’re creating feature- linked annotation, click the name of the new annotation feature class to change it. u

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 243 Tip 8. If you’re creating standard annotation, click the Open Converting label classes to Folder button and specify the annotation path and name of the new Annotation classes are to annotation feature class you geodatabase annotation feature will create or, if you’re classes as label classes are to a appending, the existing layer’s labels. Label classes will be converted into separate annotation standard annotation feature Q classes within the annotation class you’re appending to. 8 feature class. 9. If you’re appending to an existing feature class, skip to See Also step 15. 10. Click the Properties button. After you’ve placed your geodatabase annotation features on 11. Check the box to require the map, you may need to move edited annotation features to them around or resize them. To maintain reference to their learn how, see Editing in ArcMap. associated text symbols stored in the feature class. 12. Specify additional editing W behavior for the new annotation feature class. 13. If you are creating the new E annotation feature class in an ArcSDE geodatabase and want to use a custom storage keyword, click Use R configuration keyword, then choose the keyword you want to use (ArcInfo and ArcEditor only). 14. Click OK. u T

244 USING ARCMAP 15. Some labels may not currently display on the map because there is no room for them. To convert these labels, check the Convert unplaced labels box. This saves the unplaced labels in the annotation feature class, allowing you to later position them one at a time in an ArcMap edit session. 16. Click Convert. Y

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 245 Working with annotation

What is annotation? convert them to geodatabase annotation using ArcToolbox. To learn more, see Building a Geodatabase. Annotation is one option in ArcGIS for storing text to place on your maps. With annotation, position, text string, and display 2. Change the symbology of your geodatabase annotation using properties are all stored together and are all individually editable. ArcMap editing tools. To learn more, see Editing in ArcMap. Adding dynamic labels is the other primary option for storing You can change symbology for most annotation formats using text. If the exact position of each piece of text is important, then the Layer Properties dialog box. These changes are only in the you should store your text as annotation. ArcGIS fully supports current map unless you save them in a .lyr file. two types of annotation: geodatabase annotation and map If you have map document annotation, use the Draw toolbar document annotation. ArcGIS also supports the display and to change symbology. To learn more, see ‘Working with conversion of other annotation types including ArcInfo coverage graphics’ earlier in this chapter. annotation and CAD annotation, although these types of annotation cannot be edited. 3. Use the ArcMap editing tools to position geodatabase annotation. To learn more, see Editing in ArcMap. Labeling is the main alternative to annotation. A label’s text and position are generated dynamically according to a set of If you are creating annotation from labels, you can minimize placement rules. To learn more about labeling, see ‘Working with manual positioning by working with the labeling options labels’ earlier in this chapter. before converting the labels to annotation. Although annotation is mainly used to persist pieces of text If you have map document annotation, you can position it placed on or around a map, both geodatabase annotation and using the Draw toolbar. To learn more, see ‘Moving, rotating, map document annotation also support the storage of graphics, and ordering graphics’ earlier in this chapter. such as rectangles, circles, and lines, as annotation. To learn more 4. Manage your geodatabase annotation with ArcCatalog. To about graphics, see ‘Working with graphics’ earlier in this learn more, see Building a Geodatabase. chapter. Geodatabase annotation Making a map with annotation When creating new annotation or converting from existing Follow these steps to use annotation in your maps: annotation or labels, you can choose between geodatabase 1. Add your existing annotation to ArcMap. annotation and map document annotation. Geodatabase annotation is stored in geodatabase annotation feature classes. If you don’t have annotation, you can label features in Conversely, map document annotation is stored in annotation ArcMap and convert the labels to annotation. To learn more, groups in a particular map document. Geodatabase annotation is see the sections on labeling in this chapter. preferred if there are many pieces of annotation, if the annotation If you have coverage, CAD, or other annotation formats and needs to be used outside a single map document, or if there will want your annotation to be editable or linked to features, be several people concurrently editing the annotation.

246 USING ARCMAP Storing annotation in a geodatabase is similar to storing • If you move a feature, the annotation for that feature moves geographic features—lines, points, and polygons—in a with it. You can turn off this behavior when you create a new geodatabase. You can add annotation stored in a geodatabase to feature-linked annotation feature class. any map, and it appears as an annotation layer in the ArcMap • If you change an attribute of the feature that the annotation table of contents. text is based on, the annotation text changes. Like other feature classes in a geodatabase, all features in an • If you delete the feature, the annotation is deleted. annotation class have a geographic location, extent, and attributes. Annotation feature classes can be inside a feature An annotation class can be linked to only one feature class, but a dataset, or they can be standalone feature classes in a feature class can have any number of linked annotation feature geodatabase. However, annotation is unique because, unlike classes. simple features, each annotation feature has its own symbology. There are several ways to create feature-linked annotation. First, Geodatabase annotation can be standard annotation or feature- if you have defined a feature-linked annotation feature class, then linked annotation. Standard annotation elements are pieces of as you create new features using the editing tools in ArcMap, geographically placed text that are not formally associated with annotation will be created for these features automatically. features in the geodatabase. For example, you might have a piece Second, you can also use the Annotate selected features of standard annotation that represents a mountain range—the command in ArcMap to add linked annotation to existing annotation simply marks the general area on the map. Feature- features. Finally, as you can with other types of annotation, you linked annotation is a special type of geodatabase annotation can convert labels to feature-linked annotation in ArcMap or use that is directly linked to the features that are being annotated by a the ArcToolbox annotation conversion tools to create feature- geodatabase relationship class. linked annotation from coverage or CAD annotation. To learn more about working with feature-linked annotation, see Feature-linked annotation Building a Geodatabase. If you have an ArcEditor or ArcInfo license, you can create and edit geodatabase annotation that is linked directly to the features Choosing between geodatabase annotation and being annotated. If you have an ArcView license, you can view map document annotation feature-linked annotation but not create or edit it. Where should you store your annotation? The answer depends Feature-linked annotation is similar to standard geodatabase on how you plan to use it. annotation but also has some behavior that makes it similar to • If your text only applies to the current map, you might store dynamic labeling. your text as map document annotation in an annotation • When a new feature is created, new annotation is group. To learn more about map document annotation, see automatically created. You can turn off this behavior when ‘Storing graphics as annotation’ earlier in this chapter. you create a new feature-linked annotation feature class.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 247 • If you want to use your text in the current map and in others, See ‘Displaying annotation’ in this chapter for more information you should store your text as geodatabase annotation in one on adding these annotation formats to your map. See Building a or more annotation feature classes. Geodatabase or the ArcGIS Desktop Help for more information • If your data is stored in an enterprise geodatabase—that is, an on displaying these annotation formats and converting them to ArcSDE® geodatabase—you should store your annotation in geodatabase annotation. that geodatabase to take advantage of versioning and the multiuser enterprise editing environment. • If you want to use the specialized editing tools for creating and editing annotation in ArcMap, you should store your text as geodatabase annotation. • If you have more than a few hundred pieces of text, as a general rule, you should store your annotation in a geodatabase because ArcMap can access and display geodatabase annotation quicker than map document annotation. In addition, each piece of annotation stored as map document annotation will increase the size of your map document (.mxd).

Other types of annotation ArcGIS also supports the display and conversion of several annotation formats including ArcInfo Workstation coverage, VPF, CAD, PC ARC/INFO®, and SDE® 3.x annotation. You can add these types of annotation directly to ArcMap and also change most annotation layer symbology properties. For these formats, however, you cannot change the symbology for individual pieces of annotation and you cannot edit the annotation positions or text strings. If you need these behaviors, convert your annotation to geodatabase annotation or map document annotation using the ArcToolbox annotation conversion tools. You can also use these tools to create coverage annotation from geodatabase annotation.

248 USING ARCMAP Displaying Displaying geodatabase 4 2 5 annotation annotation 1. In the table of contents, right- You can display all types of click the annotation layer annotation in ArcMap for use in name and click Properties. your maps, including 2. Click the Symbology tab. geodatabase annotation, coverage, CAD—and other 3. Choose one of these options: 3 preexisting annotation for- Disable substitutions, to mats—and map document display with the original annotation. (geodatabase-stored) With the exception of the map symbology document format, annotation is Substitute text color, to added to ArcMap as you would display with the original add other data. Annotation fonts, font sizes, and so on, appears with other geographic with only color changed data in the ArcMap table of 6 contents, and you can change Substitute individual its display properties using the symbols, to use symbols Layer Properties dialog box as different from the original in you would for point, line, and the current layer polygon features. 4. Optionally, click the Display Annotation is, however, tab to set a transparency different from simple point, line, level for your annotation and and polygon features. specify whether the annota- Geodatabase annotation tion layer should draw based features store their own on its position in the table of symbology, and to make contents. permanent changes to their 5. Optionally, click the Annota- display, you use the ArcMap tion tab to see a summary of editing tools. To learn more, see your annotation layer’s Editing in ArcMap. properties. Likewise, you can change most 6. Click OK. display characteristics of coverage, CAD, SDE 3.x, and VPF annotation, but these formats internally store some display properties that cannot be changed in ArcMap. See u

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 249 Building a Geodatabase to Displaying coverage and 2 learn more about loading SDE 3.x annotation preexisting annotation formats to the geodatabase. By convert- 1. In the table of contents, right- ing your annotation to the click the annotation layer geodatabase, you will have name and click Properties. 3 more flexibility in ArcGIS. 2. Click the Symbols tab. Map document annotation is 3. Click an entry in the list of stored in map documents in symbol numbers ($SYMBOL) annotation groups and not as to see and modify its display separate data. To learn more properties. about displaying annotation in this format, see ‘Storing 4. To choose another text graphics as annotation’ earlier symbol or to change addi- in this chapter. tional properties, click the Text symbol button. 4 5 Tip 5. Click OK to finish. Working with coverage and CAD display properties With coverage and SDE 3.x annotation, changing the size will only have an effect if $SIZE = 0. Displaying CAD and VPF 2 With CAD and VPF annotation, annotation changing the size will have no effect. See the ArcGIS Desktop 1. In the table of contents, right- Help for more information on these click the annotation layer annotation formats. name and click Properties. 3 2. Click the Fonts tab. 3. Click an entry in the list of symbol numbers to see and modify its display properties. 4. To choose another text symbol or to change additional properties, click the Text symbol button. 5. Click OK. 45

250 USING ARCMAP Using text Adding text with text formatting tags formatting tags 1 1. Click the New Text button on Text formatting tags let you the Draw toolbar. modify the formatting for a 2. Click the mouse pointer over portion of text to create mixed- the map display and type the format text where, for example, 2 text. one word in a sentence is underlined. As you type formatting tags into the string, you will see Text formatting tags can be Bold formatting tag the tags as plain text. used almost anywhere you see text—whenever you can specify 3. Press the Enter key. The both a text string and a text formatted text appears. symbol. You can use tags in If the string you entered has dynamic label expressions, any syntax problems, The result: the text between the annotation, legend text, map formatting will be disabled formatting tags is bold. titles, and in the values of fields and all the tags will appear used to label features. Tags as plain text. aren’t recognized by the table of contents, Attribute table window, or Identify Results window, so tags added to field Editing text with values appear unformatted as formatting tags raw text in these windows. 1 The original text For more information on text 1. Click the Select Elements formatting tag syntax, see the button on the Draw toolbar ArcGIS Desktop Help. See and double-click the text ‘Building label expressions’ element you want to edit. 2 earlier in this chapter for using 2. Click the Text tab and modify formatting tags in dynamic the text shown in the Text labels. box. Formatting tags will appear here as plain text. See Also 3. Click OK to apply your changes and view any With geodatabase annotation, the A formatting tag to italicize formatting changes on the Attributes dialog box has a north was added. formatted preview and lets you display. 3 create mixed-format text without entering tag syntax. See Editing in ArcMap for more information.

WORKING WITH GRAPHICS AND TEXT 251

Working with styles and symbols 8 IN THIS CHAPTER Styles are a collection of predefined colors, symbols, properties of symbols, and map elements that allow you to follow a mapping standard and help • The Style Manager promote consistency in your organization’s mapping products. Styles help define not only how data is drawn but also the appearance and • Controlling which styles are referenced in ArcMap placement of map elements and other cartographic additions on your map. Styles provide storage for your colors, map elements, symbols, and properties • Organizing style contents of symbols. Every time you choose and apply a particular map element or symbol, you are using the contents of a style. • Saving the current styles Benefits of using styles include: • Creating and modifying symbols • Maintaining mapping standards for symbols, colors, patterns, methods of and map elements rendering distributions, relationships, and trends • Creating line symbols • Letting your map communicate more effectively through familiar styles that enable people to easily explore, understand, and analyze a map • Creating fill symbols • Using a map template with referenced styles or groups of styles for ease • Creating marker symbols in creating a map or map series

• Creating text symbols • Standardizing map symbolization so your maps will look the same when they are published or printed with different printers • Modifying and saving symbols and In the previous chapters, you learned how to symbolize data and draw map elements as you work elements and graphics. You are probably already familiar with most of the • Working with color symbol and map element dialog boxes. In this chapter, you will learn how to select or create the symbols you want and save them in styles you can reuse to produce maps that meet your organization’s needs.

253 The Style Manager

ESRI.style contains a default set The name of the The category of the of map elements, symbols, and element, symbol, or element, symbol, or Open the element, properties of symbols. property of symbols. property of symbols. symbol, or property of symbols you want to view using the Style tree.

Choose the referenced styles. Examples from each ESRI style folder.

Store hatches you create. Load styles from other Your personal style locations. contains all your saved Create new modifications to styles. elements, symbols, and properties of symbols.

You can resize the left Right-click to manage You can change the and right panels. elements, symbols, view mode to show and properties of the contents as large symbols. icons, lists, or details.

254 USING ARCMAP Controlling which 1. Click Tools, point to Styles, and click Style References. styles are Your personal style and the referenced in ESRI style are referenced by default. ArcMap 2. Check any additional styles ArcMap by default displays a you want to use. robust set of generic symbols 3. Click the Add button to load and map elements in the ESRI more styles from other style. To create maps for your locations. application, you may need other Navigate to and click the styles. ArcMap also has a wide styles you need. range of industry-specific 1 styles to complement the ESRI 4. Click OK. style. When a style is referenced, its elements, symbols, and symbol properties are available for you to use in a map document. You can add or remove styles at any time in an ArcMap session. 4 Tip Are there other ways to reference styles? 3 You can reference styles in the Style Manager dialog box and in the Symbol Selector dialog boxes. However, the Symbol Selector dialog boxes only list the styles that contain the same symbols. 2 Tip Can I install just the styles I need? You can use the custom ArcMap installation to load only the styles you want to have accessible in ArcMap.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 255 Organizing style Creating a new style contents 1. Click Tools, point to Styles, and click Style Manager. The Style Manager lets you 2. Click Styles and click Create organize styles and their New. contents, symbols, and map elements. You can copy, paste, 3. Navigate to the program’s rename, and modify any style Styles folder. content. You can also create By default, the Styles folder new styles, symbols, or map is installed with ArcGIS in the elements. ArcGIS\Bin\Styles folder. New styles can be created by 4. Type the name for the new copying symbols or map style you’re creating. 1 elements from existing styles or 5. Click Save. your personal styles. Styles can be customized by deleting the symbols and map elements you don’t need. You can easily distinguish which folders contain elements and symbols, which can be modified, and which are empty. 2

Read/Write 3 Read only Empty

Tip Finding the styles folders By default, the ESRI styles folder is in the \Bin\Styles folder where ArcGIS is installed. Your personal style folder is in the Windows install location, for example, 5 C:\Documents and Settings\\Application Data\ESRI\ArcMap. 4

256 USING ARCMAP Tip Copying and pasting Using shortcut keys style contents You can use the standard keyboard 1. Click Tools, point to Styles, shortcuts to cut, copy, paste, and and click Style Manager. delete styles. 2. Click the style folder whose contents you want to view. 2 Tip Deleting style contents 3. Right-click an element and Right-click any map element or click Cut or Copy. symbol and click Delete from the 4. Click another style folder of context menu. the same type. There is no undo for delete, so you 5. Right-click in the symbol may want to move the element to contents window and click another folder as a backup rather Paste. than delete it. You can only paste into style 3 folders that are the same type Tip as the folder from which the What’s a symbol category? element was copied. 6 When you save a symbol, you can 6. Type a new name for the specify a name and a category for element. class distinction. The category can be used to differentiate drawing You can change the name 4 methods and other criteria. You can later by using Rename on the also create subcategories of styles. context menu. Categories can be viewed in the Style Manager dialog box. 5 See Also For more information on route hatch styles, see the book Linear Referencing in ArcGIS.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 257 Saving the Exporting the current current styles map styles to a new style 1. Click Tools, point to Styles, You can easily create a new and click Export Map Styles. style containing all the ele- 2. Navigate to where you want ments, symbols, and properties to save the new style. of symbols used in your map. By default, the browser is set You can create and modify map to the program’s Styles folder. elements and symbols as you design your map, then save 3. Type a style name. everything into a style. 4. Click Save. Exporting map styles allows you to save map elements and symbols from many styles into 1 a single style.

Tip 2 How are symbols stored in a map document? The items you draw in ArcMap— symbols, map elements, and graphics—are copied into the map document. Therefore, you don’t need the original referenced styles to open and draw the map again.

Tip Can I create a style from a 4 map without any referenced styles? If you need to modify the symbols in a map and don’t have the original 3 styles, you can create a new style by exporting the existing map elements and symbols.

258 USING ARCMAP Creating and Creating a new symbol in modifying the Style Manager 1. In the style tree, click the symbols and map symbol folder in which you elements want to create more symbols. 2. Right-click in the open space You can use the Style Manager in the Symbol contents dialog box to create new window, point to New, and symbols or to modify an click Line Symbol. existing symbol. Use the Symbol Property To set or modify properties of Editor to create the symbol an element or symbol in a style, you want and click OK. double-click it in the contents window of the Style Manager. 3. Name the new symbol. This opens a property dialog box and allows you to define the appearance of the element 1 3 2 or symbol and save changes within the style. Since symbols and elements are organized by type, you create a new symbol or element by first identifying the type, then selecting the appropriate folder. When you choose to create a new symbol or element, the properties you can choose from are only associated with that symbol or element type. u

Tip Using Microsoft Access to edit your styles A style is a database. You can use Microsoft Access to edit names, check your spelling, control sorting, and complete other tasks.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 259 Layers appear in the list Using the Symbol 3 12 according to when they are Property Editor to define drawn. Therefore, the bottom symbols layer will be covered by the layer listed above it. 1. Set the type of symbol. 4 By adding or working with 2. Set the units of measure. layers, you can enhance the 3. Click the tabs to set other symbols that already exist or symbol properties. 5 combine them to make new symbols. The layers you use The tabs vary depending on 7 can be a mixture of different the symbol type. symbol types and properties, 4. You can preview the symbol’s such as color, width, and offset. appearance. Turning on or off a layer affects 9 which layers will be viewed in 5. You can zoom in and out on the preview. Whereas locking the preview using the and unlocking a layer does not preview mode options. affect your capabilities in the 6. Click each layer to preview it. 6 8 Q symbol Properties Editor, it does affect the ability to change 7. Click to turn on or off drawing the color in the Symbol Selector for a layer. you access through the Layer This allows you to change a Properties. There, if you change layer’s appearance without the symbol color, only the deleting it. unlocked layers will change to 8. Click to lock or unlock a the new color. layer’s color. 9. Select layer options to add, Tip delete, move up, move down, Using a shortcut to the copy, and paste. Symbol Property Editor 10. Click OK when you’re dialog box finished. Instead of clicking the Properties button on the Symbol Selector dialog box, you can click the Preview window on the Symbol Selector dialog box.

260 USING ARCMAP Creating line Creating an encased road 1 symbols symbol 1. In the line Symbol Property Line symbols are used to draw Editor dialog box, click the linear features, such as trans- Type dropdown arrow and portation networks, water click Cartographic Line systems, boundaries, zonings, Symbol. Set the Units to and other connective networks. Points. Lines are also used to outline other features, such as poly- 2. Click the Color dropdown gons, points, and labels. As arrow and click a black graphics, lines can be used as shade. borders, leaders for arrows and 3. Set the Width to 3.4 points. other annotation, and freehand drawing. 4. Click Butt for Line Caps and Round for Line Joins. The examples here show you how to create some common See the Preview for a line symbols: a cased road, a change in the end of the line. railroad, and arrowhead leaders. 5. Click the Add a New Layer 2 4 3 The standard line types include: button. • Simple—fast-drawing, one- Cartographic Line Symbol pixel lines with predefined should already be selected patterns or solid, wide lines as the Type. • Cartographic—straight-line 6. Click a shade of red from the template patterns and marker color palette. 9 decorations 7. Set the Width to 2.6 points. • Hash—hachures, template 8. Click Butt for Line Caps and patterns, and marker Round for Line Joins. decorations • Marker—markers, template 9. Click either of the options to patterns, and other marker see how the line symbol 5 decorations changes. • Picture—formed by a .bmp 10. Click OK. (Windows bitmap) or .emf (Windows enhanced metafile) graphic 678 Q Any number of layers can be combined in a single line.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 261 Tip Creating a railroad 1 5 Why shouldn’t parallel lines symbol be cased road symbols? 1. In the line Symbol Property Using a single wide layer produces Editor dialog box, click the clearer symbology where roads Type dropdown arrow and 2 intersect and merge. click Cartographic Line 3 Symbol. Tip 2. Click the Color dropdown What properties of a hash arrow and click a gray. line symbol can I modify? 3. Adjust the Width to .5 points. You can set the color, width, caps, 4. Click the Add a New Layer 4 joins, pattern, and decoration of a button. hash line symbol. 7 5. Click the Type dropdown arrow and click Hash Line 8 Tip Symbol. EQW Using the Template tab 6. Click the Hash Line tab and The Template tab lets you design a click Hash Symbol. common template for the symbol layers that will be layered. You can 7. Click the Color dropdown use the same template to stack and arrow and click the gray center line dashes with markers, or shade. 9 you can reverse the template 8. Adjust the Width to .5 points. pattern to center the marker in the 9. Click OK. gap. For hash lines, the template mark indicates how many dashes 10. Click the Template tab. will occur in the pattern segment. 11. Slide the dark gray square to You can also align multiple line the 11th position to create a layers using the template settings. pattern length of 10 units. 12. Click the sixth position to add another hash. R 13. Click the Cartographic Line T Y tab. 14. Click the Color dropdown arrow and click the gray shade. 15. Adjust the Width to 4. 16. Click OK. U

262 USING ARCMAP Tip Creating arrowhead 2 1 Creating leaders with leaders markers other than arrows 1. In the line Symbol Property You can use any marker to create Editor dialog box, click the start or end line decorations. You Type dropdown arrow and can adjust the length and height of click Cartographic Line the default arrow. The ESRI Symbol. Arrowhead font contains additional 2. Click the Line Properties tab. arrow styles, but you can also use 3 any marker for line decorations. 3. Click the right-facing arrow. 4. Click Properties. 4 Tip 5. Click Rotate symbol to follow Why do my line arrows line angle. sometimes appear 6. Click Symbol and click horizontal to the map? Properties. You can toggle the arrowheads to 7. Click the Type dropdown follow the line orientation or stay at arrow and click Character Y a fixed angle to the map. See step 5 Marker Symbol. in the task on this page. 8. Click the Font dropdown 6 arrow and click ESRI 5 Tip Arrowhead. Why should I lock or unlock 9. Choose an arrowhead from a symbol layer? the selection or type “37” in 7 the Unicode box. The locking property controls 8 whether or not the color option can 10. Click the Color dropdown be modified in the Symbol Selector arrow and click a green. W dialog box. A locked layer can’t be 11. Set the Size to 18 points. Q modified. 12. Click OK until you’re back to the Symbol Property Editor See Also dialog box. To learn how to automate map 13. Click the Cartographic Line 9 production by matching symbol tab. names to data attributes, see 14. Click the Color dropdown Chapter 6, ‘Symbolizing features’. arrow and click a green R shade. T 15. Click Butt for Line Caps and Miter for Line Joins. Y 16. Click OK.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 263 Creating fill Creating a solid fill 2 1 symbols 1. In the fill Symbol Property Editor dialog box, click the Use fill symbols to shade Type dropdown arrow and polygonal features, such as click Simple Fill Symbol. countries, land uses, habitats, 2. Click the Color dropdown parcels, and footprints. Fills are arrow and click the color you also used in drawing graphic want. 2 shapes and backgrounds, dataframes, map elements, Or click More Colors and use graphics, and text. In addition, a the Color Selector dialog box polygonal data layer can be to mix a new color. drawn transparently. 3. Click OK. The standard fill types are: • Simple—fast-drawing solid 3 fill with an optional outline • Gradient—linear, rectangu- Adding a fill outline lar, circular, or buffered color 1 ramp fills 1. Click Outline Color and click 2 the color you want to use. • Line—hatched lines at any angle, separation, or offset 2. Set the Outline Width or click Outline to choose a • Marker—marker symbols predefined line symbol. drawn randomly or ordered Alternatively, use the line • Picture—continuous tiling properties menu to create a of a .bmp (Windows bitmap) new outline. or .emf (Windows enhanced metafile) graphic 3. Click OK. Any number of layers can be combined in a single fill.

264 USING ARCMAP Tip Creating a gradient fill 3 1 2 4 Do I have to use a 1. In the fill Symbol Property predefined color ramp to Editor dialog box, click the create a gradient fill? Type dropdown arrow and You can modify an existing color click Gradient Fill Symbol. ramp or create a new one as you create the gradient symbol. See 2. Click the Style dropdown steps 5 through 9 in the task on this arrow and click Linear. 5 page. 3. Adjust the number of color Intervals and the color stretch See also Percentage from start to end. For more information on color, see 4. Click the Color Ramp Style the section ‘Working with color’ in dropdown arrow and choose this chapter. another fill. 5. To modify the ramp, right- click the Color Ramp Style and click Properties. 6 E 6. If you want to modify your ramp, click Color 1, click the dropdown arrow, and choose a color for the first color of your gradient fill color ramp. Click Color 2 and choose the end color of your ramp. 7. Click OK. 8. Right-click Style and click Save to style. 9. Type a name for the new 7 color ramp. The color ramp is stored in your personal style. 10. Click OK. W 8 11. Click Outline and set the Width to 0 for no outline. 12. Click OK. Q 9

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 265 Tip Creating a random dot fill 1 How do I create a 1. In the fill Symbol Property transparent picture fill? Editor dialog box, click the You can set the background or Type dropdown arrow and foreground color to no color to click Marker Fill Symbol. create a transparent picture. 3 2. Click Random. 3. Click Marker. 2 4. Change the Color. 5. Change the Size to 3. 6. Click OK. 7. Click the Fill Properties tab. 4 8. Adjust the X and Y Separa- 5 tion to 5, 5 for a denser distribution. 9. Click OK.

7 6

266 USING ARCMAP Tip Creating an overlay fill 1 3 2 Is there more than one way 1. In the fill Symbol Property to create a transparent Editor dialog box, click the overlay fill? Type dropdown arrow and You can create a hatched line fill click Line Fill Symbol. with alternating opaque and transparent hatches. You can also 2. Click the Units dropdown 4 set the entire feature layer to a arrow and click Inches. percentage of transparency. 3. Click Line and click Combining these can achieve a Properties. variety of effects. 4. Click the Units dropdown 5 arrow and click Inches. Tip 5. Click the Color dropdown 6 Can I mix symbols with arrow and click an orange different units in the same shade. style? You can use any units you prefer. 6. Set the Width to 0.05. 7. Click OK and click OK. 7 8. Adjust the Angle to 45. 9. Set the Separation to 0.1. 10. Click Outline and set the Width to 0. Click OK. 8 Q 11. Click the Add a New Layer 9 button. 12. Repeat steps 3 through 5, choose a darker orange, and W set the Width to 0.01. Click OK twice. 13. Adjust the Angle to 45. 14. Set the Offset to 0.12. R U 15. Set the Separation to 0.1. T 16. Click Outline and set it to 0. Y Click OK. 17. Click OK. I

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 267 Creating marker Creating a character 1 marker symbol from a symbols TrueType font 3 Marker symbols are used to 1. In the marker Symbol draw point features, labels, and Property Editor dialog box, 2 other map annotations. They click the Type dropdown can be used in conjunction with arrow and click Character other symbols to decorate line Marker Symbol. symbols and create fill patterns and text backgrounds. As 2. Click the Font dropdown graphics, they can add special arrow and click ESRI Default cartographic elements. Marker. The standard marker types are: 3. Set the Units to Points. • Simple—fast-drawing set of 4. Select the marker symbol basic glyph patterns with (99) from the window list. 4 optional mask 5. Click the Mask tab. • Character—a glyph from a 6. Click Halo. TrueType® font 7. Click Symbol and create a 6 5 • Arrow—a glyph from a white fill with a black outline TrueType font width of 0.5. Click OK. • Picture—a single .bmp 8. Adjust the Size of the halo to (Windows bitmap) or .emf 2 points. (Windows enhanced 9. Click OK. metafile) graphic Any number of layers can be combined in a single marker. u

Tip Can I use any TrueType font to create symbols? You can use any text or display font in your system’s font folder. You can also create your own TrueType 8 7 9 fonts and copy them to your system’s font folder.

268 USING ARCMAP You can use outlines and halos Creating an arrow marker 1 2 with symbols. An outline uses a symbol line symbol to surround the layer graphic, whereas a mask 1. In the marker Symbol uses a fill symbol to draw a halo Property Editor dialog box, around all layers of the symbol. click the Type dropdown A halo can also have an outline arrow and click Arrow Marker 3 as part of its definition. A mask Symbol. 4 is a halo created by designating 2. Click the Units dropdown 5 a fill color with a specified arrow and click Points. width around the layer and an optional outline. 3. Click the Color dropdown arrow and click a red shade.

Tip 4. Set the Length to 21.6. Isn’t a North arrow just a 5. Set the Width to 9. character marker symbol? 6. Click the Copy Layer button. Yes, a North arrow is created from 7. Click the Paste Layer button. a TrueType font. However, it also 6 7 has unique properties that link it to 8. Click the Color dropdown its source dataframe, and it can arrow and click black. have a background and border. 9. Set the X Offset to -1.5. 10. Set the Y Offset to -2. Tip 11. Click OK. Does ArcMap come with 8 any existing arrowheads? The ESRI Arrowhead font contains a variety of arrow shapes. For 9 more information on how to access the font, see ‘Creating a character Q marker symbol from a TrueType font’ in this chapter.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 269 Tip Creating a marker 1 Does ArcMap come with symbol from a picture any pictures? graphic The pictures used in the styles that come with ArcMap are stored in 1. In the marker Symbol the \Bin\Styles\Pictures folder Property Editor dialog box, where ArcGIS is installed. click the Type dropdown 5 arrow, and click Picture 6 Marker Symbol. Tip 7 The Open dialog box Creating your own pictures automatically opens. 8 You can create pictures with any graphics package that exports to 2. Click .bmp or .emf from the .bmp or .emf format. You can also Files of type dropdown arrow. scan images, then use a graphics 3. Navigate to the location of package to clean them up and save the graphic and click the them as a .bmp or .emf file. graphic file. 9 4. Click Open. 3 Tip 5. Set the Size. Is there a difference between a .bmp and a 6. Set the Angle. .emf? 7. Set the Background Color. A .bmp is a raster image, while 8. Set the Transparent Color. .emf is a vector graphic with better clarity and scaling abilities. You 9. Click OK. can modify both foreground and background colors on one-bit .bmp 4 pictures, but you can only modify the background color on multibyte .bmp and .emf pictures. 2

Tip Swapping the foreground and background colors Only the foreground color of a one- bit .bmp can be modified. Swapping colors toggles the color to be modified with the Symbol Selector.

270 USING ARCMAP Creating text Creating a text symbol 1 symbols with a background 1. In the text Editor dialog box, Text symbols are used to draw click the General tab. labels and annotation that 2. Click the Font and Size identify and add meaning to dropdown arrows to choose 2 your data. Text is also used for a font and font size. Click the titles, descriptions, callouts, Style buttons if you want to legends, scalebars, grid and apply a font style. You can graticule labels, tables, and also change the color, angle, other textual and tabular and offsets of your text. 3 information on your map. 3. Set the Vertical and You can create simple text Horizontal Alignment. symbols or add advanced formatting, backgrounds, fills, 4. Click the Advanced Text tab. shadows, and halos to your 5. Check Text Background and text. click Properties. 4 9 Text symbols consist of a single 6. Click the Type dropdown layer. arrow and click Line Callout. 7. Uncheck Leader and Accent Tip Bar, and check Border. How are text and label 8. Click the Symbol button to 5 properties different? set the color and outline Text properties include options for properties and click OK. changing the font, style, formatting, and effects. A label is drawn with 9. Set the Right and Left 6 text symbols but is derived from Margins. feature attributes and has addi- 10. Click OK in all dialog boxes. tional properties for placement and conflict detection.

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WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 271 Tip Creating a text callout 1 Drawing text without leader symbol or accent lines 1. In the text Editor dialog box, You can also use the Line Callout click the Advanced Text tab. option to draw text with just a background. Simply check only the 2. Check Text Background and border option for the properties of click Properties. 2 your line callout. 3. Click the Type dropdown arrow and click Line Callout. Tip 4. Click the third Style option. 3 Working with your text 5. Check Border, then click 5 A wide variety of effects can be Symbol. achieved using different styles and toggling the leaders, accent bars, 6. Click the Color dropdown 4 and borders. You can also enlarge arrow and click the color and the gap if the outline is too close to outline you want. Click OK. the accent bar or you can adjust the 7. Click OK in all dialog boxes. margins if your text is crowded in 7 the background.

Creating a text symbol inside a marker 1 1. In the text Editor dialog box, click the Advanced Text tab. 2 2. Check Text Background and click Properties. 3. Click the Type dropdown 3 arrow and click Marker Text Background. 4 4. Click Symbol. 5. Choose a marker and click 6 OK. 6. Check Scale marker to fit text. 7. Click OK in all dialog boxes. 7

272 USING ARCMAP Tip Creating a text symbol 1 What units are used in the with a drop shadow symbol dialog box 1. In the text Editor dialog box, menus? click the General tab. The Symbol Selector dialog box 2. Click the Font and Size menus and map element Properties 2 dropdown arrows to choose dialog box menus use points. The a font and font size. Click the 3 Symbol Property Editor can be set Style buttons for font styles. to use points, inches, centimeters, 4 or millimeters. 3. Click the Color dropdown arrow and choose a color. 4. Set the Vertical and 5 Horizontal Alignment. 5. Click the Advanced Text tab. 6. Click Color and click a gray. 6 7. Set the X Offset to 2 and the Y Offset to -2. 7 8. Click OK in all dialog boxes. 8

Creating a text symbol with a halo 1. In the text Editor dialog box, 2 click the General tab. 2. Click the Font and Size 3 dropdown arrows to choose a font and font size. Click the Style buttons for font styles. 3. Click the Color dropdown 4 arrow and choose a color. 4. Click the Mask tab. 5 5. Click Halo. 7 6 6. Click Symbol and choose a fill and outline. Click OK. 7. Set a Size for the halo. 8. Click OK in all dialog boxes. 8

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 273 Creating a filled text 1 symbol 1. In the text Editor dialog box, click the General tab. 2. Click the Font and Size 2 dropdown arrows to choose a font and font size. Click the Style buttons if you want to 3 apply a font style. 3. Set the Vertical and Horizontal Alignment. 4. Click the Formatted Text tab. 4 5. Set the Character Spacing. 6. Click the Advanced Text tab. 7. Check Text fill pattern and 5 click Properties. 8 8. Choose a fill. 9. Set the Outline Width and Color and click OK. 6 10. Click OK in all dialog boxes. 9 7

274 USING ARCMAP Modifying and Saving symbols to a style using the Symbol saving symbols Selector and elements as 1. In the table of contents, you work double-click the symbol you want to modify. As you compose your map, you The Symbol Selector dialog 3 may want to modify the box is displayed. symbols you’ve used to draw data and graphics. 2. Click a symbol. When you save your changes 3. If you want to make further from the Symbol Selector dialog simple modifications, use the 4 box, the new symbols are stored Color and Width Options to in your personal style folder. set specific properties. Later, you can use the Style 4. If you want to make further 5 Manager to move them into advanced modifications, click another style. When you insert Properties to access the a map element on the map Symbol Editor dialog box layout, you can modify its and make the changes you 2 8 properties. Later, you may want. decide to make more changes and save them to use in another 5. Click Save. map. 6. Type a Symbol Name. You can also modify map Your new symbol is saved in 6 elements as you work in your personal style folder ArcMap. Most map elements and appears in the Style are composed of a mix of contents window. symbols and map elements. For 7. Click OK. example, the North arrow’s 7 graphic comes from a marker 8. Click OK. that is created from a font, and its frame comes from a border and background that are created from other symbols.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 275 Tip Modifying symbols used What’s the difference to draw map elements between modifying 1. In layout view, double-click symbols, graphics, and the element you want to map elements? modify. This opens a Graphics and map elements have Properties dialog box. an additional property tab for size 1 and position in relation to the page. 2. Click the Color dropdown Map elements also have a Frame arrow and click a new color. tab for background and border 3. Click the Style button. properties. 4. Click Save. Border 5. Type a name and click OK. Background This element is stored in your personal style folder. 2 Tip 6. Click OK. Why can’t I modify the 7. Click the Frame tab. color of a symbol? Sometimes a symbol layer or layers 8. Click the Style Selector are locked and cannot be modified. button to change the border In this case, you can either click style. 5 Properties and use the Symbol 9. Click Properties. Editor dialog box to modify the colors you want. Or, if you find you 10. In the Border dialog box, 3 choose the desired proper- 4 will be modifying this color often, 78 you may want to unlock the layer ties and click OK. Q and save the symbol. 11. Click Save. 6 12. Type a name and click OK. This style is stored in your personal style folder. 13. Click OK. 14. Repeat steps 8 through 13 to set the background style and properties. 9 15. Click OK. Y W E

276 USING ARCMAP Working with Using the Style Manager color to define colors 1. Click Tools, point to Styles, Color is one of the fundamental and click Style Manager. 4 properties of symbols and map 2. Click the Colors folder to elements. The color palette view its contents. shows the colors from all the referenced styles. Your personal 3. Right-click in the Contents modifications are shown at the window. Click New and bottom of the palette. You can choose a color model. use a variety of dialog boxes to 4. Click a color in the Color 5 create colors. The Selector window or use the color dialog boxes can be accessed model spinners to mix a from the color palette, while the color. Property dialog boxes are accessed from the Selector 5. Click OK. dialog boxes and the Style 6. Type the name of the new Manager. color in the Contents window. ArcMap can define color in these five color models: • RGB—red, green, blue • CMYK—cyan, magenta, yellow, black • HSV—hue, saturation, value • Gray—gray shade ramp • Names—ArcInfo color Using the Style Manager names to define a null color 2 1. Right-click in the Contents Tip window of the Colors folder. Using a null color Click New and click Gray. A null color lets you turn off outline 2. Click the arrow button and drawing or create transparent click Advanced Properties. areas in your symbols. However, a 3 null color can’t be used to knock 3. Check Color is Null. out or block other colors. 4. Click OK. 4

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 277 Tip Defining colors as you Identifying the colors on work the palette 1. Click the Color dropdown You can pause the mouse pointer arrow on a dialog box or over a color to see its name as a right-click on a symbol in the tip. table of contents. 2 2. Click a new color or click Tip More Colors to view addi- Does the color palette tional colors. come from a style? 3. Use the Color Selector dialog Yes, it is a combination of all the box to mix a new color. referenced styles. As you create custom colors, they are displayed You can toggle the color on the palette. model with the arrow button menu choices or click the color preview to display the 3 Property dialog boxes. 4 4. Click the arrow button and click Save Color. 5. Type a name for the new color. The color is saved in your personal style folder. 6 6. Click OK. 5

The new color is saved in your personal style folder and appears on the color palette.

278 USING ARCMAP Defining a null color as 3 you work 1. Click the Color dropdown arrow on a dialog box. 2. Click More Colors. 4 3. Click the Properties tab. 4. Check Color is Null. 5 5. Click OK.

Polygon with an Polygon with a null fill color, opaque fill color. making it display transparently.

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 279 Working with Using the Style Manager color ramps to define color ramps 1. Click Tools, point to Styles, ArcMap color ramps provide and click Style Manager. the means to apply a range of 2. Click the Color Ramps folder colors to a group of symbols. to view its contents. 2 Color ramps are used, for 3 example, in the Graduated 3. Right-click in the Contents colors layer symbology option. window. Click New and select ArcMap has a range of color Algorithmic Color Ramp. ramps already defined in the 4. In the Algorithmic Color Color Ramp styles folder. Some Ramp Properties dialog box, are created for specific applica- click Color 1 and set the start tions such as displaying color for the ramp. elevation or precipitation. You 4 can also create your own. 5. Click Color 2 and set the end color for the ramp. There are four types of color ramps. Algorithmic color ramps 6. Adjust the value of black and are a specific type of ramp that white brightness throughout traverses the color spectrum the ramp. between two colors. Preset 7. Click OK. color ramps provide the 8. Type the name of the new identical color ramp capability color in the Contents window. as provided in ArcView GIS 3.x. Random color ramps provide 5 the user with the most distinct colors that traverse a color spectrum. Multipart color ramps are containers storing a sequence of any of the other three color ramps in any combination.

280 USING ARCMAP Tip Ramping colors in the 2 4 How do I adjust a multipart Layer Properties dialog ramp to match my data? box Symbology tab When you’re working with data, such as elevation, choose the 1. Double-click the layer in the Elevation color ramp in the styles table of contents. 3 5 folder. Copy and paste this to your 2. Click the Symbology tab. personal styles folder. Double-click it to edit it, and remove the parts 3. Click Quantities and click not in your data, such as water or Graduated colors. 6 mountains (at the top and bottom of 4. Choose a Value field and, if 8 the list). desired, a Normalization field. 9 5. Set the number of Classes or change the classification scheme by clicking Classify. 6. Double-click the top symbol in the Symbol column. 7. Set the color options. Click 7 OK. 8. Double-click the middle Q symbol in the Symbol column and set the color options. Click OK. W 9. Double-click the end symbol in the Symbol column and set the color options. Click OK. 10. Hold the Ctrl key and select each color-adjusted symbol. 11. Right-click one of the selected symbols and choose Ramp Colors. 12. Click OK in the dialog box. E

WORKING WITH STYLES AND SYMBOLS 281

Working with rasters 9 IN THIS CHAPTER Vector data, such as coverages and shapefiles, represent geographic • Adding a raster dataset to your features with lines, points, and polygons. Raster, such as images and grids, map represent geographic features by dividing the world into a regular pattern of discrete cells called pixels. Each pixel, short for picture element, represents • Using raster catalogs an area, often has a geographic location, and has a value that represents the • Rendering raster datasets and feature being observed. For example, the pixel values in an aerial photograph raster catalogs represent the amount of light reflecting off the earth’s surface interpreted as trees, houses, streets, and so on, while the pixel values in a DEM represent • Raster resolution elevations. • Ways to enhance raster display A raster can represent thematic data, such as land use or soils; continuous and efficiency data including temperature, elevation, or spectral data, such as satellite images and aerial photographs; or pictures, such as scanned maps, scanned • Faster drawing with pyramids drawings, or photographs of buildings. You’ll generally display thematic and • Using the Effects toolbar continuous rasters as data layers along with other geographic data on your map. Picture rasters, when displayed with your geographic data, can convey • Applying contrast stretches additional information about map features. You may also display a data layer • Changing the appearance of representing a collection of raster datasets, called a raster catalog, which will background values be discussed further in this chapter.

• Using the geodatabase raster Some rasters have a single band of data, while others have multiple bands. catalog selection environment For example, a satellite image commonly has multiple bands representing different wavelengths, from the ultraviolet through the visible and infrared • Projecting rasters on the fly portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This means that every pixel • About georeferencing location has more than one value associated with it. On the other hand, a DEM has a single band of data, containing values of elevation, of which • Georeferencing a raster dataset there is only one value.

283 Adding a raster Adding a single band 12 dataset to your raster dataset 1. Click the Add Data button on map the Standard toolbar. You can add all types of raster 2. Click the Look in dropdown data to ArcMap: raster datasets, arrow and navigate to the file-based raster catalogs, and folder that contains the raster geodatabase raster catalogs. dataset. Also, there are many different If you want to add a single 3 raster formats that can be added band of a multiband raster as a valid raster dataset. To see dataset, double-click the the complete list of valid raster dataset to expose the formats, please refer to ‘Sup- individual bands. ported raster formats’ in the ArcGIS Desktop Help. 3. Click the single band raster 4 dataset. If you add raster data that covers the same geographic 4. Click Add. area as your map but in a different coordinate system, ArcMap uses the coordinate system of the first dataset Adding a multiband 12 added and performs a transfor- raster dataset mation on the fly. 1. Click the Add Data button on If your raster dataset’s coordi- the Standard toolbar. nate system is not defined, you can use ArcCatalog to attach or 2. Click the Look in dropdown define the coordinate system arrow and navigate to the information. See ‘Defining a folder that contains the raster raster’s coordinate system’ in dataset. the ArcGIS Desktop Help for 3. Click the multiband raster more information. dataset. 3 If you need to transform a raster 4. Click Add. dataset, you must have georeferencing information or a world file and know its coordinate system. If your raster 4 dataset does not have any georeferencing information u

284 USING ARCMAP associated with it, you can Adding a raster as a georeference it in ArcMap. See picture ‘Georeferencing a raster dataset’ in this chapter. 1. Click the Insert menu on the Standard toolbar and click Picture. Tip 2. Click the Look in dropdown Displaying raster dataset arrow and navigate to the bands picture you want to add. When you add a raster layer with multiple bands, you can choose to 3. Click the picture. display a single band of data or 4. Click Open. 1 you can simply add the entire raster dataset. If you’re in layout view, the picture is inserted on the layout. If you’re in data view, Tip the picture is inserted within 2 Changing the defaults for the dataframe. drawing a multiband raster dataset layer You can change the default red–green–blue (RGB) band 3 combination that a multiband raster layer displays when it is loaded. Click the Tools menu, point to Options, and click the Raster 4 tab.

Tip Displaying pictures If your raster is just a picture that doesn’t align to any other geographic data, you can simply place it on a layout as a graphic element. Alternatively, you can create a hyperlink and associate it with a geographic feature on your map.

WORKING WITH RASTERS 285 Using raster Adding a raster catalog 1 2 catalogs 1. Click the Add Data button on the Standard toolbar. Raster catalogs are used to 2. Click the Look in dropdown display multiple adjacent or arrow and navigate to the overlapping raster datasets folder that contains the raster without having to mosaic them catalog. into one larger file. Raster catalogs appear in the Add Data Note: Traditional file-based dialog box in ArcMap as raster catalogs have a table ordinary tables or geodatabase icon ( ), whereas geodata- raster catalogs. The raster base raster catalogs have datasets in the raster catalog are drawn in order—from the first to their own icon ( ). 3 last record in the catalog’s table. 3. Click the raster catalog. A traditional file-based raster catalog can contain multiple 4. Click Add. raster dataset types, formats, resolutions, and file sizes. Any 4 table format can be used to define a raster catalog, including text files and geodatabase tables. Geodatabase raster catalogs can be used in the ArcMap selection environment. For more information on this, see ‘Using the geodatabase raster catalog selection environment’ later in this chapter.

Tip Why is my raster catalog displayed as a wireframe? A raster catalog displays as a wireframe if more than nine images are in the current display extent. You can change this default setting in the raster catalog Layer Properties dialog box under the Display tab.

286 USING ARCMAP Rendering raster datasets and raster catalogs

Displaying rasters of all its data. ArcMap allows you to choose from different drawing methods based on your display and analysis needs. How you display a raster depends on what type of data it Both individual raster datasets and raster catalogs provide similar contains and what you want to show. Some rasters have a display methods. predefined color scheme—a colormap—that ArcMap automatically uses to display them. For those that don’t, ArcMap Methods of rendering raster data chooses an appropriate display method that you can adjust as needed. There are several methods of displaying raster data. You can choose which renderer you want to use for your data on the If you want, you can change display colors, group data values Symbology tab of the Layer Properties dialog box. into classes, or stretch values to increase the visual contrast. For multiband rasters, you can display any three bands together as • RGB Composite: Use RGB Composite for a multiband raster an RGB composite. By trying different band combinations you layer. You can draw a three-band composite of raster data, may distinguish different features in the raster. with the option of displaying fewer than three bands or changing the band combination. The raster resolution is the ratio of screen pixels to dataset pixels at the current map scale. Seeing the raster resolution allows you • Unique Values: Use Unique Values when you want each value to determine if you are approaching the maximum resolution of in the raster layer to be displayed individually. For instance, the raster. you may have discrete categories representing particular objects on the earth’s surface, such as those in a thematic A ratio of 1:1 means you have reached the best display, or the raster layer, which could display soil types or land use. maximum resolution of the raster, where every screen pixel is displaying exactly one raster cell. A ratio of 1:20 means that every • Stretched: Use Stretched when you want to draw a single screen pixel has to display 20 raster cells, so less detail will be band of continuous data. The Stretched renderer displays seen in the raster layer. A ratio of 1:0.02 means that every screen continuous raster cell values across a gradual ramp of colors. pixel is displaying only a portion of a raster cell or that it takes • Classified: Use Classified to display rasters by grouping cell many screen pixels to display a single raster cell. values into classes. It is typical to use this type of thematic classification on continuous phenomena in a single-band Rendering raster datasets raster layer. Raster datasets can be displayed, or rendered, in your map in • Colormap: Use Colormap for similar data as you would the many different ways. Rendering involves the process of Unique Values renderer, although the Colormap renderer uses displaying your data visually. a specified color scheme to display your data. This is only When a raster dataset layer is added to ArcMap, it will be available when a raster dataset has an associated colormap. displayed with a default renderer, which is usually the most appropriate for the particular raster dataset layer. Generally, there are particular ways to display a raster dataset to take advantage

WORKING WITH RASTERS 287 Rendering raster catalogs A raster catalog is a collection of raster datasets defined in table format, in which the records define the individual rasters that are included in the catalog. A raster catalog can be used to display a collection of adjacent rasters without having to mosaic them into a larger file. Raster catalogs can also be used to hold disparate, semioverlapping, or fully overlapping raster datasets. By default, raster catalogs are displayed as a wireframe if more than nine images are in the current display extent; otherwise, the actual raster data will be displayed. The use of the wireframe speeds up the display of raster catalogs. The default of nine images can be changed in the display properties of your raster catalog or on the Raster tab in the Options dialog box. ArcMap has the ability to render each raster dataset member of a geodatabase raster catalog with its most appropriate renderer. The Symbology tab of a raster catalog’s Layer Properties dialog box lists the renderers that are available for the catalog. This list of renderers can be edited to add or remove various renderers. Only the renderers in the list can be used in the rendering of the catalog. In the available renderers list, ArcMap places an asterisk next to each of the renderers that are currently active and are applied to one or more raster dataset members of the raster catalog. However, the active list can only be triggered when an image is displayed on the screen. This list will not be complete until the entire catalog has been viewed. The active renderers persist even after you change the display to another area, to the full extent, or back to a wireframe display.

288 USING ARCMAP