T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S

The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

by Gordana Baljkas

Site Code: SSA17/121

(SU 1590 4164) The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

for Wiltshire Council

by Gordana Baljkas

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd

Site Code SSA 17/121

July 2017 Summary

Site name: The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire

Grid reference: SU 1590 4164

Site activity: Archaeological desk-based assessment

Project manager: Steve Ford

Site supervisor: Gordana Baljkas

Site code: SSA 17/121

Summary of results: There are no known heritage assets on the proposal site. Two 20th century Grade II listed buildings, however, border the proposal site to the east. While the existing hedgerow would significantly limit the visual impact of the proposed development on the listed buildings, it would, nonetheless, have to be sympathetic to their character. The study area contained significant evidence for activity of all periods and a Roman coin was found immediately to the east of the proposal site. The area of the proposal site where the new school building is to be constructed was never developed and has only ever been used agriculturally and as a sports field which would not have caused significant disturbance below the topsoil level so that any below-ground archaeological deposits and finds that might have been present should have survived reasonably intact. It is considered that further information from field observation may be required to establish the archaeological potential of the proposal site. This could be achieved by an appropriately worded condition to any consent gained.

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. All TVAS unpublished fieldwork reports are available on our website: www.tvas.co.uk/reports/reports.asp.

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford 19.07.17 Steve Preston 19.07.17

2Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, 47–49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR Tel. (0118) 926 0552; Fax (0118) 926 0553; email: [email protected]; website: www.tvas.co.uk The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

by Gordana Baljkas

Report 17/121 Introduction

This report is an assessment of the archaeological potential of land at The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road,

Amesbury, Wiltshire SP4 7ND (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Ms Suzanne Gough of Wiltshire

Council, County Hall, Bythesea Road, Trowbridge, Wiltshire BA14 8JN and comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area.

Planning consent is to be sought from Wiltshire Council for development of land at The Stonehenge School,

Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire. This assessment will accompany the application in order to inform the planning process with regard to potential archaeological and heritage implications. This is in accordance with the

Department for Communities and Local Government’s National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2012) and the Council’s heritage policies.

Site description, location and geology

The proposal site is located towards the northern extent of the town of Amesbury, south Wiltshire, approximately

12km north of Salisbury. It comprises an irregular parcel of land covering an area of c. 5ha and is centred on

NGR SU 1590 4164 (Fig. 1). The proposal site is bounded by properties fronting Cold Harbour and The Drove to the north, properties on Holders Road to the east, a pedestrian and vehicular access road (which can be accessed from Antrobus and Holders roads) to the south and properties on Cold Harbour and Antrobus Road to the west. A site visit conducted on 4th July 2017 showed that the proposal site is currently occupied by the buildings, sports grounds and other facilities of The Stonehenge School. Two areas within the school complex are to be subject to the proposed development: a grassed playing field located at the north-eastern extent of the school complex (Fig. 2, Pls 1-3) and sports pitch located at the north-western corner. The proposal site lies on

Valley Gravels (BGS 1976) at a height of approximately 70m above Ordnance Datum in the west rising to approximately 80m above Ordnance Datum in the east.

3 Planning background and development proposals

Planning permission is to be sought from Wiltshire Council to construct a new school building in the north- eastern section of the school complex and resurfacing of the existing sports pitch in the north-western corner of the complex (Fig. 21).

The Department for Communities and Local Government’s National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF

2012) sets out the framework within which local planning authorities should consider the importance of conserving, or enhancing, aspects of the historic environment, within the planning process. It requires an applicant for planning consent to provide, as part of any application, sufficient information to enable the local planning authority to assess the significance of any heritage assets that may be affected by the proposal. The

Historic Environment is defined (NPPF 2012, 52) as:

‘All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’ Paragraphs 128 and 129 state that

‘128. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. ‘129. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.’ A ‘heritage asset’ is defined (NPPF 2012, 52) as

‘A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage asset includes designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).’ ‘Designated heritage asset’ includes (NPPF 2012, 51) any

‘World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area designated under the relevant legislation.’ ‘Archaeological interest’ is glossed (NPPF 2012, 50) as follows:

‘There will be archaeological interest in a heritage asset if it holds, or potentially may hold, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with

4 archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.’ Specific guidance on assessing significance and the impact of the proposal is contained in paragraphs 131 to 135:

‘131. In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of:  the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation;  the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and  the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness. ‘132. When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional. ‘133. Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply:  the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site; and  no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate marketing that will enable its conservation; and  conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably not possible; and  the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use. ‘134. Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use. ‘135. The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

Paragraph 139 recognizes that new archaeological discoveries may reveal hitherto unsuspected and hence non- designated heritage assets

‘139. Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets.’ Paragraph 141 requires local planning authorities to ensure that any loss of heritage assets advances understanding, but stresses that advancing understanding is not by itself sufficient reason to permit the loss of significance:

‘141. Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.’

5 In determining the potential heritage impact of development proposals, ‘significance’ of an asset is defined

(NPPF 2012, 56) as:

‘The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.’ while ‘setting’ is defined as:

‘The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’

In the case of Scheduled Ancient Monuments (and their settings), the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and

Archaeological Areas Act (1979) also apply. Under this legislation, development of any sort on or affecting a

Scheduled Monument requires the Secretary of State’s Consent.

The Planning (Listed Building and Conservation) Act 1990, requires the following to be treated as listed building:

‘(a) any object or structure fixed to the (listed) building ‘(b) any object or structure within the curtilage of the building which although not fixed to the building forms part of the land and has done since before 1st July 1948 is treated as being part of the listed building.’

Wiltshire Council’s Core Strategy (adopted January 2015) contains the following policy which pertains to the management of the historic environment:

Core Policy 58: Ensuring the conservation of the historic environment ‘Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment. Designated heritage assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced in a manner appropriate to their significance, including: i. nationally significant archaeological remains ii. World Heritage Sites within and adjacent to Wiltshire iii. buildings and structures of special architectural or historic interest iv. the special character or appearance of conservation areas v. historic parks and gardens vi. important landscapes, including registered battlefields and townscapes. Distinctive elements of Wiltshire’s historic environment, including non-designated heritage assets, which contribute to a sense of local character and identity will be conserved, and where possible enhanced. The potential contribution of these heritage assets towards wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits will also be utilised where this can be delivered in a sensitive and appropriate manner in accordance with Core Policy 57 (Ensuring High Quality Design and Place Shaping). Heritage assets at risk will be monitored and development proposals that improve their condition will be encouraged. The advice of statutory and local consultees will be sought in consideration of such applications’.

The proposal site does not lie within a Conservation Area.

6 Methodology

The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies (CIfA 2014). These sources include historic and modern maps, the Wiltshire

Historic Environment Record, geological maps and any relevant publications or reports.

Archaeological background

General background

Amesbury lies partly within the Stonehenge World Heritage Site, one of the most important cultural and archaeological landscapes in Britain and the world. The World Heritage Site contains a wealth of prehistoric monuments and archaeological sites including settlements, burial grounds and large constructions of earth and stone. Stonehenge, likely the most recognisable prehistoric megalithic monument in the world, itself lies some

3km to the west of the town. While there is only limited evidence for prehistoric activity within the historic core of Amesbury, such as the Iron Age material found off Salisbury Street, extensive prehistoric evidence was recorded outside of the historic core for example Neolithic inhumations, pits and finds at Millmead, Ratfyn or the multi-period site at Butterfield Down, the earliest component of which was a possible late Neolithic pit-ring henge overlain by the ring ditch of a Bronze Age round barrow. Bronze Age round barrows are ubiquitous within the town, and while some have been destroyed by the development, others, such as Ratfyn Barrow, a Scheduled

Ancient Monument, have been preserved. Iron Age features and finds have been recorded at Boscombe Road,

Ratfyn and east of The Lynchets (McMahon 2004, 7-8).

The Roman remains have been predominately recovered from the high ground to the south-east of the historic core of the town, the most significant of which are the extensive later Roman settlement at Butterfield

Down. Three coin hoards have been found in the town, two of which, at Butterfield Down and New Covert are of early 5th century date, with the former being one of the latest Roman coin hoards found in Britain. A third hoard from Lynchets Road is of a 2nd to 4th century date (ibid. 9).

Although Amesbury is known to have developed into a sizeable settlement by the 10th century, there is little direct archaeological evidence for the Saxon occupation within the historic core of the town. Isolated finds have been recorded but are rare. Part of a probable early Saxon cemetery was discovered in c. 1835 during demolition work at the junction of London Road and Countess Road (ibid.).

7 Wiltshire Historic Environment Record

A search was made on the Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record (HER) on 26th June 2017 for a radius of

1km around the proposal site. This revealed 149 entries relating to monuments, including three Scheduled

Ancient Monument and a registered park or garden, 69 entries relating to listed buildings and 108 entries relating to archaeological ‘events’ i.e. investigations carried out within the study area. The radius for listed buildings has been then reduced to approximately 250m around the proposal site. The HER entries were then collated to take into account duplicates, sites which are quite close together or sites which have more than one entry and to exclude desk-based assessments. The resulting 111 entries are summarised as Appendix 1 and their locations are plotted on Figure 1.

Prehistoric

An evaluation carried out to the north-west of the proposal site at Stonehenge Visitor Centre revealed a prehistoric flint flakes and core material (possibly suggestive of a broad Neolithic/Bronze Age date) and two sherds of later prehistoric pottery [Fig. 1:1]. Single prehistoric flint flake [2] was recovered during an evaluation at the former Co-op, Salisbury Street to the south-west of the proposal site. A watching brief undertaken on land adjacent to 15 Butterfield Drive to the south-east of the proposal site revealed two ditches, one of which contained two pieces of struck flint and the other two pieces of pottery dated to the prehistoric period, possibly the middle Iron Age [3].

Three entries recorded in the HER within the study area relate to features that are described as being either prehistoric or Roman and have been identified from aerial photographs. These include two intersecting trackways [4] and three contiguous rectilinear enclosures [5] at Butterfield Down to the south-east of the proposal site and a field system [6] north-east of The Lynchets to the south of the proposal site.

Palaeolithic

The only entry pertaining to the Palaeolithic period recorded in the HER within the study area refers to a findspot for a hand axe [7] found to the south-east of Amesbury Abbey and west of the proposal site.

Mesolithic

The evidence for the Mesolithic occupation is revealed through two findspots for a tranchet axe and a mace head

[7] found to the west of the proposal site and a tranchet axe [8] found on Holders Road to the south of the proposal site, and a late Mesolithic or early Neolithic flint scatter [9] recovered during an evaluation at the

Drainage Treatment Areas 2 and 6 for the A303 Stonehenge Improvements to the north-west of the proposal site.

8 Neolithic

A group of four pits two of which have been dated to the Neolithic [1] were identified during the archaeological investigations at Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess East. The pits contained late Neolithic Grooved Ware struck flint, a large quantity of flint debitage, burnt flint and a large amount of antler. Another evaluation carried out nearby, in the area of Countess Roundabout (East), found a small number of Neolithic struck flint. Further evidence for Neolithic occupation to the north of the proposal site was detected during an evaluation on land east of Countess Farm in the form of a buried flint scatter representing a small and nucleated area of Neolithic domestic activity, essentially a settlement site [12]. A ditch containing a high concentration of Neolithic or

Bronze Age flints and pottery [14] was found during the evaluation for the proposed car park and screen planting areas, Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess East while two middle Neolithic pits [17] were found during the excavation at The Old Dairy, London Road to the north-east of the proposal site.

Millmead, Ratfyn located to the north of the proposal site has been subject to two excavations in 1920 and

1934. The earlier excavation revealed two skeletons, an urn and an axe-hammer all associated with the Neolithic period , while the latter identified a series of five Neolithic pits, one of which contained late Neolithic pottery as well as large number of flint knives, cores, saws and arrowheads [10].

To the south-east of the proposal site, a Neolithic axe and a late Neolithic ring pit [11] were found at

Butterfield Down. The area of Boscombe Down to the south of the proposal site yielded a number of the late

Neolithic pits some of which contained Grooved ware pottery [13], a mass grave dated to the Beaker period [15] and two isolated late Neolithic or early Bronze Age graves [16].

Bronze Age

The study area is well-known for the abundance of Bronze Age barrows as evidenced by the HER. Ratfyn

Barrow [19] located to the north of the proposal site has been designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument (see separate heading below). It was possibly excavated in the 19th century. Excavation at The Old Dairy, London

Road to the north-east of the proposal site identified a previously unrecorded funerary complex comprising three

Bronze Age round barrows and pits [17]. Two possible small Bronze Age round barrows [20] are located within the area of the Iron Age settlement south-west of Amesbury and south of the proposal site. A ditched bowl barrow containing a cremation, a collared urn and a bronze awl [22] was recorded in 1951 and subsequently at

Boscombe Road to the south-east of the proposal site. This area of Butterfield Down was further investigated in

1990 when another Bronze Age round barrow was excavated. No central burial was found but a pit containing a

9 crouched child burial was revealed immediately outside the ditch. Three possible Bronze Age round barrows are recorded east of The Lynchets [24-26]. One of those was excavated in 1977 and produced Bronze Age pottery and flint implements [24]. However, its proximity to military establishments on Boscombe Down suggests it may be a 20th century military feature such as a gunpost or a barrage balloon site. The other two were not investigated but it is deemed that they could possibly also be military features.

To the north of the proposal site, various Bronze Age features and finds have been recorded. One of the pits identified during the evaluation at Stonehenge Visitor Centre has been dated to the early Bronze Age [1]. It contained four worn and abraded sherds, tentatively identified as an early Bronze Age collared urn or beaker, worked flint and over 19.5kg of burnt flint. The evaluation at Countess Roundabout (East) found a quantity of

Bronze Age struck flint. A possible Bronze Age ditch containing a large quantity of flints [10] was identified at

Millmead, Ratfyn in 1934. Socketed early Bronze Age spearhead with false rivets and incised decoration [18] was found at Watermeadows to the north of the proposal site.

A single sherd of possible late Bronze Age/early Iron Age pottery [2] was recovered during an evaluation at the former Co-Op, Salisbury Street to the south-west of the proposal site while Bronze Age worked flint tools

[23] were recovered during an evaluation at 11 Salisbury Road to the south-west of the proposal site.

Late Bronze or Early Iron Age pits containing post-Deverel-Rimbury pottery of a late Bronze Age or early

Iron Age date [21] were discovered during an excavation at Boscombe Down to the south-east of the proposal site.

Iron Age

In addition to a field system of a late Iron Age or Roman date [6] recorded during an evaluation at 22 Porton

Road to the south-east of the proposal site, an extensive settlement area dated to the Iron Age [27] has been identified from aerial photography at Southmill Hill to the south. Within this settlement, a sub-rectangular enclosure [20], was visible and was also identified by a geophysical survey while two circular features are suggestive of Iron Age hut circles (although they could possibly be small Bronze Age round barrows; see above).

A large circular earthwork [28] was found at Ratfyn to the north-east of the proposal site c. 1908 during the works on the railway. It was dated to the early Iron Age based on the pottery. The evaluation of land off

Salisbury Street to the south-west of the proposal site identified a stratified deposit that contained a fragment of

Iron Age pottery, as well as burnt flint, animal bone and charcoal [29].

10 Roman

The evidence for Roman occupation within the study area is ubiquitous. Most notably, an extensive undefended

Roman settlement consisting of single room houses, storage pits and corn-drying ovens dated to the 3rd-4th century [30] was excavated at Butterfield Down to the south-east. Most of the results of other archaeological investigations undertaken within the area provided further details regarding this settlement. A watching brief at

Boscombe Road/New Covert identified Roman middens containing New Forest pottery and a Kimmeridge shale spindle whorl, pits and road [22]. Large quantities of Roman pottery have been found during two evaluation at

New Covert while excavations for the Amesbury Phase 1 Housing, Boscombe Down revealed that much of the southern area of the Roman village was given over to crop processing [31]. Several grain driers and what may be threshing hollows were excavated. Small garden plots and storage compounds were revealed lining the trackways that lead into the heart of the village. Several ritual shafts were also excavated.Roman coins, pottery fragments and other material [32] were found at LIDL site, Porton Road, Boscombe Down on the eastern edge of the Roman settlement to the south-east of the proposal site. Roman ditch [33], probably part of the Roman settlement on Butterfield Down was identified during investigations on land at Beaulieu Road. Two circular

Roman pits [34] were discovered during an excavation at Boscombe Down. A watching brief carried out at 1

Boscombe Road to the south-east of the proposal site revealed a possible late Roman trackway and Roman ditches and pits [35]. A fragment of Roman pottery [36] was identified during evaluation at Ringwood Avenue,

Boscombe Down. Evaluation at ‘Gladwins’, Boscombe Road revealed mid to late Roman post holes, gullies and a possible trackway [37], while a watching brief at The Married Quarters Roads Project, Boscombe Downfound further evidence of the Butterfield Down Roman settlement. Finally, a large number of Roman features including pits and possible ditches or gullies [38] were found during a watching brief on land adjacent to the Spar

Supermarket, Boscombe Road.

To the north of the proposal site, Roman deposits and finds are scarcer though still present. Three or four

Roman burials [28] were found in the base of a circular ditch c. 1908 at Ratfyn to the north-east of the proposal site while a substantial masonry Roman building [39] was excavated at Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess

East.

A number of Roman findspots for various objects such as coins, brooches, rings, spurs, spoons, various fittings and a bust have bene recorded throughout the study area [40-49]. Of these, a quinarius of Allectus [42] was found at 11 Holders Road immediately to the east of the proposal site.

11 Saxon

In addition to documentary evidence for the Saxon town ofAmbresbyrig [50] recorded for the first time in 880 and the site of Amesbury Abbey [51] founded in c. 979, the remainder of the HER entries pertaining to the

Saxon period comprise isolated findspots and results of archaeological investigations.

The findspots include a possible 9th century copper alloy fitting with zoomorphic decoration [4] and a trefoil- headed long brooch, with pin and terminal missing and ring and dot decoration [47] found within the town, a fragment of a disc brooch with the design of five running spirals dated to the 5th-6th centuries [58] found at Lords

Walk and a Saxon copper disc brooch, originally tinned, with concentric incised circles and dot and ring decoration also dated to the 5th-6th centuries [59] found in 1989 at Countess Farm.Two fragments of a Saxon cross dated to 10th or 11th century believed to have originated from Amesbury Abbey [57] were found at Church of St Mary and St Melor.

Funerary Saxon activity has been recorded along London Road. To the west of the proposal site, several

Saxon burialswith knives or seaxes [52] were discovered during demolition of a house in about 1835. To the north-east, another inhumation cemetery dated to the late 7th-early 8th centuries [53] was recorded during the watching brief at The Old Dairy. It comprised five inhumations, most with grave goods, arranged around a central inhumation burial. This burial, which was surrounded by a shallow ring ditch, had been heavily disturbed and the bones rearranged, possibly within the Anglo-Saxon period.

To the north-west of the proposal site, the investigations at Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess East revealed a cluster of four Anglo-Saxon sunken featured buildings [54] as well as another isolated sunken featured building [55]. To the south-west of the proposal site, the excavation on land off Salisbury Street identified a number of boundary ditches dated to the Saxon period [29] while the investigations at 15 Church found a ditch containing Saxon pottery [56].

Medieval

Church of St Mary and St Melor [57] on Church Road is Grade I listed building originally dating from the 12th century. It was the Abbey church of the Order of Fontevrault and is now the Anglican parish church. It has a 12th century nave with crossing, chancel transepts and tower rebuilt in the 13th century. South aisle was added in the

15th century and it was restored in 1852-3.

The Lynchets at Southmill Hill [60] is the second Scheduled Ancient Monument located within the study area. It comprises a well-preserved flight of four strip lynchets dated to the medieval period (see separate heading below).

12 Three entries refer to medieval settlements of Ratfyn [73] and Countess [74] and a medieval farmstead, Old

Viney’s Farmhouse [75].

Eight findspots for medieval finds are recoded within Amesbury: a pennanular brooch with an illegible inscription [47], metal finds including a seal matrix and a 15th century copper alloy strap-end[48], a 15th century copper alloy strap-end were [49], a 13th century glazed lamp [68], a 14th century English counter [69], 13th/14th century silver gilt ring-brooch and a jetton of Edward II [70],14th/15th century gilt copper alloy buckle plate, a circular copper alloy disc with 3 perforations showing bird design and Edward I silver penny [71] and a harness pendent [72].

The remainder of medieval entries relate to features and finds recorded during the archaeological investigations within the study area. The evaluation undertaken at Stonehenge Visitor Centre also found a number of possibly 13th century pottery sherds and roof tile fragments [1]. Medieval material [2] was recovered during an evaluation at the former Co-op, Salisbury Street to the south-west of the proposal site.

Buildings works carried out on Amesbury Abbey in the 19th century discovered some tile paving and other remains dating to the 13th and 14th centuries [51]. Further building operations in 1860 uncovered more wall, pillar footings and tiled flooring suggesting site of earlier monastic building. A modern evaluation at Amesbury

Abbey revealed three medieval walls or wall foundation and five 14th to 15th century pottery sherds [51].

Investigations at 15 Church Street found several pits containing medieval pottery [56]. Evidence for medieval occupation in the form of floors, pits, walls, large amounts of pottery and iron work [61] was found during an investigation at 20-22 High Street. An evaluation at the nearby former Pitts Garage site also on High Street revealed residual medieval pottery fragments [62] while an valuation at The Greyhound revealed medieval features comprising two pits containing pottery dated to the 12th-14th century and a ditch [63].

Evaluation on land east of Flower Lane revealed two medieval pits containing 12th-13th century pottery, fragmentary ceramic roof tiles, a medieval well containing 14th century pottery sherds, pieces of animal bone and fragmentary ceramic roof tiles [64].

Evaluation at Mellor Hall, revealed two ditches of a possible medieval date [65] while an evaluation at 21

Edwards Road revealed probable medieval pit containing a single sherd of 12th-13th century pottery [66].Burials of probable medieval date (assumed to be in part of the graveyard of Amesbury Abbey) were found in 1967 at the Old Vicarage [67] while a later excavation revealed two medieval skeletons and disarticulated human remains.

13 Post-medieval

In addition to one post-medieval findspot for a 15th century crossbow bolt [79], numerous post-medieval features and finds have been found through archaeological investigations within the study area. The evaluation at the former Co-op, Salisbury Street found post-medieval garden soil, finds and remains of a demolished post- medieval building first shown on the 1877 Ordnance Survey map [2] while the excavation on land off Salisbury

Street to the south-west of the proposal site identified a number of boundary ditches dated to the medieval period

[29]. Watching brief at 44 Salisbury Street revealed post-medieval pits and evidence of possible post-medieval terracing of the site [78]. Late 12th to late 13th century pottery fragments [23] were recovered during the evaluation at 11 Salisbury Road to the south-west of the proposal site. The evaluation at Amesbury Abbey revealed seven post-medieval pottery sherds [51]. Investigations at Antrobus Arms found several post-medieval pits [56] while investigations at 20-22 High Street revealed evidence for post-medieval occupation in the form of walls, pits, linear features, hearths, pottery and glass [61]. Nearby evaluation at the former Pitts Garage site,

High Street revealed four large post-medieval rubbish or cess pits which produced quantities of artefacts dating from the 17th to 19th century, including pottery and building materials [62]. An evaluation at The Old Grammar

School, 32 High Street identified post-medieval postholes, pits and two linear gullies and finds associated with a garden [76]. Watching brief at The Firs, Flower Lane revealed two 19th/20th century cess pits [64] and the excavation at The Old Vicarage, Church Street revealed two 18th century wall sections [67]. Evaluation at

Camelot Nursing Home, Countess Road, revealed 18th century or later ‘made ground’ deposits and garden features while an excavation at Comilla Care Home, 1 Countess Road revealed three post-medieval pits [77].

A large number listed post-medieval listed buildings is recorded in the HER within the study area of 1km around the proposal site. As already noted, this radius has been reduced to 250m and to include listed buildings that have been subject to various archaeological investigations. This resulted in two listed buildings: Amesbury

Abbey and Queensberry Bridge. Amesbury Abbey [51] is Grade I listed building constructed in two stages,

1834-40and 1857-9 by Thomas Hopper for Sir Edmund Antrobus. It represents a grander reinterpretation of its predecessor built in 1660-1 by John Webb for the 2nd Duke of Somerset. Queensberry Bridge [80] on Church

Street built in 1775 is a Grade II listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument (see separate heading below).

Evaluation carried out to monitor the excavation of two engineers' trial holes on Queensbury Bridge revealed only modern makeup (no medieval surfaces were encountered).

14 One registered park is also located within the study area. It is Grade II* Amesbury Abbey Park [81] dated to the 18th and 19th centuries (see separate heading below).Garden feature at Amesbury Abbey Park [82] is a three- sided feature is visible as a soilmark on aerial photographs to the north-east of the proposal site.

The HER also records three post-medieval farmstead, Ratfyn (18th century) [73], Countess (17th century) [74] and Earlscourt Farm (19th century) [87] as well as four water meadows [82-86] identified from the aerial photographs. Three no longer extant structures stood within the study area: Amesbury Toll House (Mid-19th c)

[88], Yard in Amesbury (demolished 19th century farmstead) [89] and Parsonage Barn (demolished 19th century outfarm) [90].

Modern, undated negative

The following modern Grade II listed buildings are located within the study area: 15 and 15a Holders Road [91] and 24 and 26 Holders Road [92]. They are experimental smallholder’s dwellings constructed in 1919-20.

Several investigations found modern deposits and finds. WWII air raid shelters and Nissen hut hard standing

[34] were revealed during and evaluation at .Caravan Site, Boscombe Down while a disused 20th century military deport [93] likely constructed during WWII is recorded to the south of the proposal site. Evaluation at Spar

Supermarket, Boscombe Road revealed concrete remains poss. of a NAAFI (Navy, Army and Air Force

Institutes) building which had previously stood on part of the site [94].

Investigations at 20-22 High Street found a large quantity of the 20th century bricks [61] while a watching brief at New Conservatory, The Old Vicarage identified only modern building debris [67]. Watching brief at

Hamble House, The Centre revealed three archaeological features of modern origin, which consisted of a group of probable sandpits [95].Watching brief at a residential development at the former Amplifier Station, Abbey

Lane revealed only modern finds or features [96].

A significant number of undated features and finds is also recorded in the HER within the study area. The watching brief undertaken on land adjacent to 15 Butterfield Drive to the south-east of the proposal site revealed an undated ditch and a partially exposed possible pit [3]. Three possible barrows [10] have been identified at

Millmead, Ratfyn in 1920 and re-examined in 1934. Another round barrow [11] is recorded as having been located east of Boscombe Road and south-east of the proposal site. The barrow has been identified from a cartographic source although no trace of it is visible on the ground or from the aerial photographs. An undated ditch [33] was found during evaluation at Ringwood Avenue, Boscombe Down while a ring ditch south-west of

New Covert [34] was identified from aerial photographs. The evaluation at Amesbury Abbey recorded a number of undated finds such as animal bone, worked flint and building material [51]. The evaluation on land east of

15 Flower Lane revealed an undated gully [64]. A possible rectilinear enclosure of unknown date [93] was identified from aerial photographs. An evaluation at Grayan House and Orchard House, Countess Road revealed an undated ditch, probably the eastern boundary of the Amesbury Abbey estate [97]. An evaluation at Butterfield

Down Retail Development revealed undated ditch terminal [98]. Undated male burial [99] was found at 18

London Road. Only the partial remains disturbed by construction were lifted, the part of the skeleton preserved under the house foundations were left in situ. A watching brief at Stonehenge Tunnel 11KV Supply revealed an undated sub-circular feature containing a handmade iron nail [100] while an evaluation at 43 Countess Road revealed only one undiagnostic flint flake [101].

The HER also records a number of geophysical surveys such as those carried out at Butterfield Down [4,

103, 104] and the site of the Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess Road and King Barrow Ridge [102]. Negative investigations include evaluations at the former Pitts Garage site, High Street [62] and on land adjacent to 42

Beaulieu Road [105] and watching briefs at Butterfield Down [4], 72 London Road [106], 118-130 London Road

[107], Southmill Hill, Boscombe Down [108], 31 Kitchener Road [109], Countess Farm, Stonehenge Estates

[110, 111].

Scheduled Ancient Monuments

Three Scheduled Ancient Moments are recorded within 1km radius around the proposal site.

Raftyn Barrow [Fig. 1: 19] is located approximately 300m to the north of the proposal site. The monument includes a bell barrow located in the garden of Ratfyn Barrow House.

The Scheduling entry gives the following as reasons for designation:

‘Bell barrows, the most visually impressive form of round barrow, are funerary monuments dating to the Early and Middle Bronze Age, with most examples belonging to the period 1500-1100 BC. They occur either in isolation or in round barrow cemeteries and were constructed as single or multiple mounds covering burials, often in pits, and surrounded by an enclosure ditch. The burials are frequently accompanied by weapons, personal ornaments and pottery and appear to be those of aristocratic individuals, usually men. Bell barrows (particularly multiple barrows) are rare nationally, with less than 250 known examples, most of which are in Wessex. Their richness in terms of grave goods provides evidence for chronological and cultural links amongst early prehistoric communities over most of southern and eastern England as well as providing an insight into their beliefs and social organisation. As a particularly rare form of round barrow, all identified bell barrows would normally be considered to be of national importance. Ratfyn Barrow survives well and will contain archaeological remains and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed.’

The Lynchets at Southmill Hill [Fig. 1:60] are located some 850m to the south of the proposal site. The monument includes a flight of four strip lynchets lying across the north-west facing slope of Southmill Hill, immediately north east of the A345 Salisbury to Amesbury road. The lynchets are medieval in date and are the

16 result of deliberate terracing of the steep hillslope for cultivation. They survive as wide terraces up to 15m wide cut into the slope and separated by steep sections of bank which range in height from 2m to 5.5m. The northernmost lynchet survives to the greater height, declining gradually to the southernmost lynchet which is the lowest in height. The remains of a further lynchet to the south east of the monument have been levelled by cultivation and are not included within the scheduling.

The Scheduling entry gives the following as reasons for designation:

‘The most complete and extensive survival of chalk downland archaeological remains in central southern England occurs on Salisbury Plain. These remains represent one of the few extant archaeological `landscapes' in Britain and are considered to be of special significance because they differ in character from those other areas with comparable levels of preservation. Individual sites on Salisbury Plain are seen as being additionally important because the evidence of their direct association with each other survives so well. Lynchets provide distinctive traces of medieval and earlier agricultural activities in downland areas, indicating the level of intensity of land use and farming practices through time. The four lynchets on Southmill Hill survive well and are a prominent landscape feature on the periphery of the town of Amesbury. In addition, they will contain archaeological deposits providing evidence for the economy and environment during the medieval period.’

The third SAM located within the study area is Queensberry Bridge [Fig. 1:80] which lies approximately 800m west from the proposal site. The monument, which is also a Grade II listed building, includes Queensberry

Bridge, the road bridge over the River Avon close to the main entry into Amesbury Abbey. The bridge was built in 1775 by John Smeaton and is constructed of limestone ashlar on elm plank foundations. The central horizontal section is of three segmental arches of rusticated voussoirs and raised key blocks meeting a string band at the base of the parapet. At each end there is a smaller, similar arch. The piers have cutwaters to both sides. The parapet has a raised central panel bearing the date MDCCLXXV on each side. The bridge, which is 32m long, widens to 6m at its abutments and terminates with rusticated quoins.

The reasons for designation have been given as following:

‘Prior to the construction of the bypass around the town of Amesbury, Queensbury Bridge provided the main crossing over the River Avon on the western side of the town. In contrast to bridges that have been substantially re-engineered, Queensbury Bridge remains essentially as constructed, with the addition of modern road surfaces. It will contain both within its built structure and in its foundations, evidence for construction methods employed, and of the sequence of its use and repair. The bridge is a prominent local landmark and can be appreciated from the adjacent pedestrian footbridge.’

The proposed development is unlikely to have any negative impact on the settings of the Scheduled Ancient

Monuments due to the distance and the heavily built-up intervening areas of the town.

17 Cartographic and documentary sources

The place name Amesbury derives from the Old English masculine personal name Ambri (genitive Ambres) and dative of noun burh (byrig) denoting a ‘fortified place, stronghold’ giving the composite meaning of ‘stronghold of a man called Ambre’ (Mills 2011, 12). Alternatively the first element may have derived from the Old English bird-name amer/amore (genitive amres, ambres) meaning ‘bunting’ or ‘yellow hammer’. It was first recorded as

Ambresbyrig in c. 880 and as Ambresberie in Domesday Book in 1086 (ibid.). A written source dating from the late Middle Ages describes the priory at Amesbury as the monastery Ambrosi burgi suggesting a link with

Ambrosius Aurelianus, the sub-Roman British leader. If such a link existed, then it is possible that the site of

Ambrosius’ stronghold lies within the nearby hillfort known as Vespasian’s Camp. It has been suggested that both the settlement and the name transferred themselves from the hilltop to the present lowland site of the town

(McMahon 2004, 6).

By the 10th century, Amesbury became a notable settlement, hosting meetings of the king’s council, or the witan, in 932 and 955 (McMahon 2004, 6). Amesbury is recorded as having been devised by King Alfred (d.

899) to his son Aethelweard. On Aethelweard's death in 922 Amesbury presumably reverted to Alfred's son King

Edward the Elder (d. 924) and apparently descended with the crowns of Wessex and of England. It continued to pass with the Crown and was one of King Edward the Confessor's estates held, after the Conquest, by William I, who took from it yearly only the cost of keeping his household for one night (VCH 1995, 13-55).

The manor of Amesbury was a royal manor both in 1066 and 1086. King Edward gave 2 hides of the estate to

Wilton abbey, but in 1086 the abbey held nothing at Amesbury. There was land for 40 ploughs, 16 of which were lord’s while 85 villagers and 56 smallholders had 23 ploughs. There were also 2 freeman and 55 slaves, 70 acres of meadow, 12 square leagues of pasture, 24 square leagues of woodland and eight mills. It was valued at £100 both in 1066 and 1086. Two other estates are also recorded in Amesbury in 1066. Ulmer held 1 hide, and Alric and Cole between them held 3 yardlands. Edward of Salisbury, sheriff of Wiltshire, held both estates in 1086, when Osmund held them of him, and an Englishman held of Osmund 1½ of the 3 yardlands (ibid.).

The Amesbury estate which William I held apparently passed with the Crown until the 1140s. It is likely to have been granted by the Empress Maud to Patrick of Salisbury when, between 1142 and 1147, she created him earl of Salisbury. Amesbury manor descended with the earldom of Salisbury until the 15th century. Having passed through numerous hands during the subsequent centuries, Amesbury manor was acquired by the Antrobus family in the 1820s (ibid.).

18 An abbey was founded in Amesbury by Aelthryth in c. 979 with a church dedicated to St Mary and St Melor.

It is possible that St Mary was invoked in the abbey church from its foundation and that St Melor later became co-patron when some of his relics were brought to it. The abbey was dissolved by Henry II in 1177 and refounded in the same year as a priory belonging to the order of Fontrevault. What followed by an extensive programme of building which lasted until 1186. The new buildings were of high status, and considered sufficiently grand for members of the royal house of Angevin to lodge and worship in. Amesbury Priory initially prospered, with various extensions and improvements to the buildings being made in the 13th century and continuing royal patronage, including in 1285 the entrance of Edward I’s mother and daughter to the community.

The king is reported to have paid repeated visits to Amesbury during this time. Amesbury Priory was dissolved in 1541-2 and most of the buildings demolished or slighted. Between 1595 and 1601 a new mansion house was built on the site of the former priory, and took the name of Amesbury Abbey (VCH 1995, 13-55; McMahon

2004, 6).

By the 13th century, Amesbury had become a small market town with burgage tenements. The town was a centre for pilgrimage because of the cult of St Melor and the influx of visitors that the relics generated may have stimulated local trade. The tax assessment of 1334 suggests that Amesbury had become a prosperous town by this time (McMahon 2004, 6).

Market grants were made in 1219 and 1252, and again in 1317 in 1614, but it is unlikely that Amesbury ever had more than one weekly market. A market place was established opposite Abbey Lane, off High Street, by the early 13th century, with the addition of a market house in the 1540s. Amesbury’s market is not thought to have been important, and indeed, by the late 17th century was described as ‘inconsiderable’. As far as trade and industry are concerned, Amesbury was not known for manufacturing. It has been suggested that Amesbury priory had a tile factory at Amesbury in the 13th century while during the 17th century, a clay pipe industry was established by the Gauntlet family, using clay dug from Salisbury Plain. The pipe production apparently ceased in the early 18th century, and the site of the manufactory is not known (VCH 1995, 13-55; McMahon 2004, 7).

By the late 18th and early 19th centuries Amesbury was evidently in decline, with a diminishing population and a reduced number of farmsteads. The railway came to Amesbury in 1902, as a branch of the London and

South Western Railway from Grateley, Hants. The stimulus provided by this activity, and a steadily increasing amount of road traffic, caused the town to prosper once more from the earlier part of this century onwards, with a resultant increase in population and expansion of the town eastwards, which continues to this day (McMahon

2004, 7).

19 A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at Wiltshire Record Office and online in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site’s later history and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix 2).

The earliest map consulted for the area was Saxton’s map of Wiltshire from 1576 (Fig. 3). At this scale there is no meaningful detail, but Ambersbury als amisburye (Amesbury) is shown as a well-established settlement between Awon fly (the River Avon) to the west and Harodon Hill to the east. It is connected with a bridge to Amesbury parva (West Amesbury) while Rychefen (Ratfyn) is shown as a small settlement to the north.

A string of smaller settlements are depicted to the west of the river and Amesbury. The Stonadge (Stonehenge) is depicted to the west as well.

Speed’s map of Wiltshire from 1611 (Fig. 4) gives a general layout that is very similar to Saxton’s map. The main differences concern the spelling of the place names: Ambersbury, Little Amesburye (West Amesbury)

Haradon hill and Stone Henge. This layouts continues to be shown on other 17th century county maps such as

1648 map by Blaeu (Fig. 5), Lea’s 1689 revised edition of Saxton’s map (Fig. 6) and Modern’s 1695 map (Fig.

7). Lea and Morden’s maps most notably shows the emerging read network with a major road passing through

Ambersbury in an east to west orientation as well as another passing immediately to the east that is aligned north to south.

A 1726 map of Queensbury Estate (not illustrated) shows the development of the town along a number of streets including Cold Harbour. The proposal site was not part of the estate and no information regarding it can be gleaned from the map. Bowen’s county map from 1755 (Fig. 8) gives some more detail regarding the general layout of the town which is for the first time named Amesbury. It is shown as a well-established settlement with buildings concentrated around a crossroad to the east of the River Avon. The east to west oriented road can be identified at least partially as modern Church Road, High Street and London Road while the north to south road can possibly be seen as represented in part by modern Countess and Salisbury roads. Another north to south oriented road is shown parallel to it and passing west of Boscomb. The proposal site appears to be located south of the east to west aligned road and between the two north to south oriented roads, just outside of the built up area of the town. Indicated on the map is a church, presumably that of St Mary and St Melor. Andrews and

Dury’s map of Wiltshire from 1773 (Fig. 9) gives more detail as to the street layout and the buildings in within

Great Amesbury depicting both Amesbury Abbey and Church of St Mary and St Melor. Also shown is a road that can be identified as Cold Harbour allowing for a more precise locating of the proposal site. It lies firmly outside

20 of the town development. A still more intricate road network is shown on the 1796 map of Wiltshire by Baker

(Fig. 10). The development of the town did not merit a detailed depiction and the few buildings are concentrated immediately to the east of the river. The proposal site would appear not to have been developed at this time.

An 1807 Ordnance Survey drawing of Salisbury (Fig. 11) and the map of Amesbury Estate (Fig. 12) provide further information regarding the town of Amesbury but the proposal site still cannot be identified with precision other that locating it to the south a road corresponding to Cold Harbour in an undeveloped area. The fist map to allow for a precise identification of the proposal site is Amesbury Tithe map from 1846 (Fig. 13). The proposal site is seen as comprising part of plot 243 to the north-west and part of plot 244 to the south. Both plots are undeveloped and presumably used agriculturally. An 1860 county map by an unknown cartographer (not illustrated) reverts to a more general depiction of the town and offers no new detail regarding the proposal site.

The First Edition Ordnance Survey map from 1879 (Fig. 14) shows that the majority of the proposal site comprises part of a large, unnumbered and undeveloped plot as well as small sections of plot 147 and two other smaller unnumbered plots to the north-west. The proposal site lies to the east of a small cluster of buildings named Cold Harbour. It is bounded by several residential properties and plot 147 to the north and the unnamed plot on all other sides. The three plots that comprise the north-western section of the proposal site are separated by a number of footpaths. The remainder of the proposal site has no distinguishing features. The Second Edition map from 1901 (Fig. 15) places the majority of the proposal site within plot 154, with the north-western part falling within plot 164 which is now named as Allotment Gardens. The proposal site has remained undeveloped.

By 1924 (Fig. 16), a small rectangular structure has been erected in the eastern section of the proposal site which has otherwise remained unchanged. To the east of the proposal site, Holders Road appears to have been constructed and the first houses constructed. The 1937 Ordnance Survey map (Fig. 17) shows that the small structure in the eastern section of the proposal site has been removed and that the proposal site has been subdivided so that it now comprises parts of seven smaller plots. It has, however, remained undeveloped. The development of the town is now visible to the north of the proposal site as well.

Following a 33 year gap in mapping, the 1970 map (Fig. 18) shows that dramatic change has taken place both within the proposal site and in its surroundings. The proposal site is now completely surrounded by the development of the town with numerous new roads and properties erected. The proposal site itself has been developed as well and is occupied by Amesbury County Secondary Modern School. The school buildings are concentrated at the western part of the proposal site while to the east the proposal site has been laid out as playing fields. The school complex, now named Stonehenge School, continued to grow as shown by the 1975-9

21 (Fig. 19) and 1978-82 (not illustrated) maps. The majority of the proposal site has now been developed with various buildings, roads and sports areas, leaving only the eastern section of the proposal site undeveloped. It would appear that no changes to the proposal site have taken place during the 1980s and 1990s as shown by the

1983-7 (not illustrated), 1985-9 (not illustrated) and 1993-4 (Fig. 20) maps. The eastern section of the proposal site remained in use as a playing filed while the north-western section has been laid out as a spots pitch.

Listed buildings

As already mentioned, a total of 69 listed buildings are recorded within a radius of 1km around the proposal site.

This initial study area has been reduced to approximately 250m around the proposal site as none of the other listed buildings would be impacted by the proposed developed due to the heavily built up, urban nature of

Amesbury. However, two Grade II listed buildings, 15 and 15a Holders Road [Fig. 1:91] border the proposal site immediately to the east. These two houses were built in 1919-20 as experimental smallholder’s dwellings. While the boundary between the proposal site and the listed buildings is determined by a thick hedgerow which would significantly limit the visual impact of the proposed development, it would have to be sympathetic to the setting of the listed heritage assets.

Registered Parks and Gardens

Amesbury Abbey Park [Fig. 1:81] is Grade II* registered park and garden that lies approximately 550m to the west of the proposal site. The 18th and 19th century landscape garden and park comprises c. 56ha and a part of it

(extending beyond the 1km study area of this report) is designated as a Scheduled Monument. The pleasure grounds of c. 8ha extend mainly to the north of the house, Grade I listed Amesbury Abbey [Fig. 1:51], but also include small areas to the south, east and west, where they are separated from the park by a ditch or ha-ha lined with parkland fencing. The pleasure grounds are laid to lawn and adorned with mature clumps of specimen trees dating from the 18th and 19th centuries. A walk runs in a north-westerly direction to the Baluster Bridge that crosses the River Avon. The bridge is ornamented at its north end by two gate piers. Further north is the site of a former boathouse. A small path runs west to the Chinese House or Chinese Temple. It was completed in 1748 and rebuilt or altered in 1772. It is surrounded by a Chinese- style water garden laid out in 1986-7 when the

Chinese House was restored. Three walks lead to the summit of the Iron Age hillfort, Vespasians Camp. Set into the hillside of the east side off the hillfort is Gay's Cave, an early to mid-18th century grotto surrounded by diamond-shaped clearing with a perimeter path and bisecting walk. The Cave is named after the poet John Gay,

22 who wrote at Amesbury Abbey. The park lies to the south, east and west of the house with the River Avon running through the western part of it. To the east, the park is screened from Countess Road by an 18th century park wall. The park has an informal layout and is planted with mature tree clumps.

As in the case of the Scheduled Ancient Monuments, the proposed development will have no negative impact on the registered park or its setting due to the distance and the interfering development of the town.

Registered Battlefields

There are no registered battlefields within close proximity of the proposal site.

Historic Hedgerows

There are no hedgerows on the site that would qualify as ‘important’ as defined by Schedule 1 of the Hedgerows

Regulations 1997.

Aerial Photographs

The site lies within an urban area which has been developed since before the advent of aerial photography. No photographic collections have therefore been consulted.

LiDAR

Lidar data tiles su1541_DTM_1m and su1641_DTM_1m were downloaded from the Environment Agency website (EA 2017) and added to a Geographical Information System programme, QGIS. The tiles gave complete coverage of the site.

Terrain analysis was carried out in QGIS using the ‘hillshade’ function. Virtual shade plot files with a vertical angle of 15o from the earth’s surface were created at every 45o from azimuth 0 o to 315o with vertical settings varying from z=1 to z=3. A selection of the most informative plots is shown in Fig.22. It should be noted that the mapping of features is not precise as the pseudo light source creates a ‘shadow’ which displaces them in a direction opposite to it. The results were compared with modern ordnance survey data to ensure that extant features were not represented wrongly as of potential archaeological significance.

The greatest number of possible features occurs at the north-east end of the site whilst some of those in its centre are probably illusory artefacts of the data. At the south-western end parallel linear trends, A, are of the

23 same orientation and character as those in the centre (Fig.23), yet those overlap with a metalled area hence are unlikely to represent underlying features. The linear feature, B, lies entirely within the metalled area. Other weak linear anomalies in the south-western area are probably ephemeral and have the character of informal footpaths.

The same may be true of some of the features in the north-eastern area. However, broken north-west to south- east linears, D, appear to correlate with enclosure plots shown on Ordnance Survey maps of 1924 and 1937.

There remain several other linear features of differing orientations. E appears unrelated to any scheme but a weak broad west to east trend may be related to a very weak south to north linear system, G. A number of double linear features, H, intersect with the east end of G and may represent tracks from a different episode.

Whilst F, G and H may represent land use of archaeological significance it should be stressed that this area is a sports field and repeated patterns of use can leave impressions which lidar survey is subtle enough to detect.

The patterns are weak enough, also, to be within a range susceptible to over-interpretation.

Discussion

There are no known heritage assets located within the proposal site. However, two Grade II listed buildings, 15 and 15a Holders Road, lie immediately to the east of the proposed development area. While the existing thick hedgerow would significantly limit the visual impact of the proposed development on the setting of the listed buildings, it would, nonetheless, have to be sympathetic to the character of the early 20th century listed buildings.

It remains, further, to establish if there may be potential for previously unknown heritage assets, that is, below-ground archaeological remains. In considering the archaeological potential of the study area, various factors must be taken into account, including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance and future land-use including the proposed development.

Generally speaking, the proposal site lies within the area that represents one of the most important cultural and archaeological landscapes in England and perhaps the world. Although located outside of the Stonehenge

World Heritage Site, the area around the proposal site is rich in archaeological remains of all periods. The search of the Wiltshire Historic Environment Record for a radius of 1km around the proposal site returned extensive evidence for prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, medieval, post-medieval and modern occupation with over a hundred archaeological investigations undertaken. While evidence for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic activity comprises only a few findspots, all other prehistoric periods are far better represented with numerous Neolithic features and finds, Bronze Age barrows and an Iron Age settlement and field system. Roman occupation is equally well- established with an extensive 3rd-4th century settlement sprawling to the south and south-east of the proposal site.

24 Saxon cemeteries, sunken featured buildings and finds have been excavated within the area which is a well- known Saxon town and ecclesiastical centre. Medieval, post-medieval and modern occupation are, naturally, best documented.

Cartographic and documentary sources show that the proposal site has been used agriculturally until the

1970s when The Stonehenge School was constructed. The eastern section of the proposal site where the new school building is to be constructed has never been developed (with the exception of a small structure visible on the 1924 Ordnance Survey map) and has been used as a playing field since the construction of the school.

Although LiDAR analysis did not identify any features of archaeological potential, the original agricultural usage of the proposal site and subsequent usage as a sports field would not have led to much disturbance below the topsoil level and any archaeological deposits and finds that might have been present are likely to have survived relatively intact and would be in danger of damage or destruction by the construction of the proposed development in areas of building footprints, landscaping and service trenches.

It is considered that it may be necessary to provide further information about the potential of proposal site from the field observations in order to draw up a scheme to mitigate the impact of development on any below- ground archaeological deposits if necessary. If requested, a scheme for this evaluation will need to be drawn up and approved by the archaeological advisers to the Council and carried out by a competent archaeological contractor. It could be implemented by an appropriately worded condition to any consent gained.

References

BGS, 1976, British Geological Survey, 1:50,000 Sheet 298, Solid and Drift Edition, Keyworth CIfA, 2014, Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, Reading EA, 2017, http://environment.data.gov.uk/ds/survey/index.jsp#/survey (accessed: 19th June 2017) McMahon, P, 2004, Amesbury, An Extensive Urban Survey, Wiltshire Council, Trowbridge Mills, A D, 2011, Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford NPPF, 2012, National Planning Policy Framework, Dept Communities and Local Government, London VCH, 1995, Victoria History of the Counties of England: Wiltshire, xv, London WC, 2015, Wiltshire Core Strategy, Wiltshire Council, Trowbridge

25 APPENDIX 1: Historic Environment Records within a 1km search radius of the proposal site

No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 1 SU14SE168 - 1554 4250 Findspot Prehistoric Evaluation at Stonehenge Visitor Centre revealed MWI11933 1553 4252 Pit Neolithic prehistoric flint flakes and core material and two pottery SU14SE134 - 1554 4249 Evaluation Bronze Age fragments, four Neolithic/e. Bronze Age pits and MWI11909 1555 4249 Medieval medieval pottery fragments (poss. 13th c.) and roof tile. SU14SE471 - 1552 4250 Modern Evaluation at Countess Roundabout (East) revealed MWI12060 1550 4250 Neolithic and Bronze Age struck flint and CBM. EWI129 EWI6555 EWI6562 2 SU14SE476 - 1545 4146 Findspot Prehistoric Evaluation at the former Co-op, Salisbury Street found a MWI12065 1546 4147 Evaluation Bronze Age prehistoric flint flake, one sherd of poss. l. Bronze EWI8142 Iron Age Age/e. Iron Age date, medieval and post-medieval Medieval material, post-medieval garden soil and remains of a Post-medieval demolished post-medieval building first shown on 1877 Modern OS map. 3 EWI7973 1678 4133 Watching brief Prehistoric Watching brief on land adjacent to 15 Butterfield Drive EWI7684 Evaluation Iron Age revealed two prehistoric ditches (one containing struck Roman flint and other poss. Mid Iron Age pottery) and an Undated undated ditch and a partially exposed possible pit. Modern Evaluation at 22 Porton Road revealed elements of a field system of a possible l. Iron Age or Roman date. No artefacts were recovered. 4 SU14SE687 - 1663 4119 Trackway Prehistoric? Two prehistoric or Roman trackways forming a MWI12202 1660 4120 Findspot Roman? crossroads at Butterfield Down identified from APs. SU14SE408 - 1663 4118 Geophysical survey Saxon Saxon triangular copper alloy fitting with zoomorphic MWI10123 Watching brief Negative decoration (poss. 9th c. Viking) found on ‘Little Chef’ EWI5171 Modern site. EWI4177 Geophysical survey at Butterfield Down located the EWI302 majority of the larger subsoil features, including pits, ditches and trackways. Two watching brief at Butterfield Down carried out during pipelaying for new housing revealed no archaeological features or finds. 5 SU14SE805 - 1677 4123 Enclosure Prehistoric? Three prehistoric or Roman enclosures at Butterfield MWI12320 Roman? Down identified from APs. 6 SU14SE856 - 1605 4092 Field system Prehistoric? Prehistoric and/or Roman field system north-east of The MWI12365 Roman? Lynchets identified form APs. 7 SU14SE001 - 1550 4150 Findspot Palaeolithic Palaeolithic hand-axe found south-east of Amesbury MWI11869 Mesolithic Abbey. SU14SE053 - Mesolithic tranchet axe and a perforated macehead MWI11873 found in Amesbury. 8 SU14SE051 - 1620 4150 Findspot Mesolithic Mesolithic tranchet axe or adze found on Holders Road. MWI11871 9 SU14SE054 - 1507 4213 Flint scatter Mesolithic Evaluation at the Drainage Treatment Areas 2 and 6 for MWI11874 Evaluation Neolithic the A303 Stonehenge Improvements revealed l. EWI5976 Mesolithic or e. Neolithic flint scatter. 10 SU14SE104 - 1594 4204 Findspot Neolithic 1920 excavation at Millmead, Ratfyn revealed two MWI11879 1596 4202 Pit Bronze Age skeletons, an urn and an axe-hammer dated to Neolithic SU14SE118 - 1598 4202 Ditch Iron Age 1934 excavation revealed a series of five pits one of MWI11893 1599 4201 Round barrow Undated which produced l. Neolithic pottery as well as large SU14SE793 - 1592 4201 Excavation Modern number of flint knives, cores, saws and arrowheads, a MWI12308 1590 4199 poss. Bronze Age ditch and Iron Age pottery sherds. SU14SE209 - Three possible round barrows at Ratfyn, probably MWI11965 excavated in 1920, and re-examined in 1934. SU14SE685 - MWI12200 SU14SE850 - MWI12359 SU14SE851 - MWI12360 EWI2131 EWI2132 11 SU14SE119 - 1675 4115 Findspot Neolithic A Neolithic axe and a l. Neolithic ring pit excavated at MWI11894 1674 4118 Pit Undated Butterfield Down. SU14SE689 - Round barrow Site of possible undated barrow east of Boscombe Road MWI12204 identified from Crawford's private 6in map. No trace on the ground or on APs. 12 SU14SE121 - 1566 4219 Findspot Neolithic Evaluation on land east of Countess Farm revealed poss. MWI11896 1561 4221 Evaluation Modern evidence of Neolithic settlement in form of a buried EWI4183 flint scatter.

26 No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 13 MWI75439 1617 4075 Pit Neolithic Excavation at Boscombe Down found a number of l. Neolithic pits some containing Grooved Ware pottery. 14 SU14SE135 - 1550 4248 Ditch Neolithic Evaluation for the proposed car park and screen MWI11910 1551 4239 Evaluation Bronze Age planting areas, Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess EWI6564 Modern East found a ditch containing 1637 Neolithic/Bronze Age flints and a small assemblage of abraded prehistoric pottery poss. Neolithic or l. Bronze Age in date. 15 SU14SE171 - 1637 4106 Burial Neolithic A mass grave, containing remains of six skeletons and MWI11936 Bronze Age one cremated child, dated to the Beaker period excavated at Boscombe Down. 16 MWI75440 1607 4074 Grave Neolithic Two l. Neolithic or e. Bronze Age graves found during MWI75441 1609 4076 Bronze Age an excavation at Boscombe Down. 17 MWI75188 1622 4199 Barrow Neolithic Excavation at The Old Dairy, London Road identified MWI75189 1618 4200 Pit Bronze Age two Middle Neolithic pits, three Bronze Age round MWI75190 1624 4199 Excavation Modern barrows and Bronze Age pits. MWI75192 1621 4201 EWI7804 1621 4200 18 SU14SE165 - 1576 4212 Findspot Bronze Age Socketed e. Bronze Age spearhead found at MWI11930 Watermeadows. 19 SU14SE684 - 1583 4194 Scheduled Bronze Age Ratfyn Barrow. A Bronze Age bell barrow possibly MWI12199 monument Modern excavated in 19th c. DWI13296 Excavation EWI2164 20 MWI73432 1601 4065 Barrow? Bronze Age A sub-rectangular enclosure, part of an Iron Age MWI74955 1605 4064 Hut circle? Iron Age settlement south-west of Amesbury, visible as cropmark MWI73438 1605 4063 Enclosure on APs. Part of the enclosure was identified by a geophysical survey. Two circular features also identified as cropmarks form APs located within the area of an Iron Age settlement, are suggestive of Iron Age hut circles, but they could possibly be small Bronze Age round barrows. 21 MWI75443 1627 4082 Pit Bronze Age L. Bronze or e. Iron Age pits containing post-Deverel- Iron Age Rimbury pottery of l. Bronze Age/e. Iron Age date discovered during an excavation at Boscombe Down. 22 SU14SE688 - 1638 4104 Bowl barrow Bronze Age A Bronze Age barrow containing a cremation, collared MWI12203 1640 4103 Round barrow Roman urn and bronze awl found during a watching brief at SU14SE164 - 1639 4104 Burial Modern Boscombe Road, destroyed in 1951. Roman middens, MWI11929 Settlement pits and road during the same watching brief at SU14SE166 - Excavation Boscombe Road/New Covert. MWI11931 Watching brief Bronze Age barrow and crouched child burial in a SU14SE303 - circular pit and e. Bronze Age incense cup excavated in MWI11976 1990 at Butterfield Down. EWI5169 EWI2140 23 SU14SE179 - 1557 4132 Findspot Bronze Age Evaluation at 11 Salisbury Road found Bronze Age MWI11944 1557 4130 Evaluation Medieval worked flint tools and l. 12th-l. 13th c. pottery fragments. SU14SE474 - Modern MWI12063 EWI5839 24 SU14SE720 - 1603 4088 Round barrow Bronze Age Poss. Bronze Age barrow producing Bronze Age pottery MWI12235 1602 4088 Excavation Modern and flint implements was excavated in 1977 east of The EWI2175 Lynchets (Red House Farm). However, its proximity to military establishments on Boscombe Down suggests it may be a 20th c. military feature such as a gunpost or a barrage balloon site. 25 SU14SE773 - 1609 4094 Barrow? Bronze Age? Bronze Age barrow east of the Lynchets, visible as a MWI12288 Barrage balloon Modern? cropmark on aerial photographs. However, its proximity site? to military establishments on Boscombe Down suggests that it may be a 20th c. military feature such as a gunpost or a barrage balloon site. 26 SU14SE773 - 1591 4089 Barrow? Bronze Age? Bronze Age barrow east of the Lynchets, visible as a MWI73426 Barrage balloon Modern? cropmark on aerial photographs. However, its proximity site? to military establishments on Boscombe Down suggests that it may be a 20th c. military feature such as a gunpost or a barrage balloon site. 27 SU14SE686 - 1575 4048 Settlement Iron Age Extensive settlement area, probably Iron Age, MWI12201 1595 4064 Enclosure comprising enclosures, pits, ditches and poss. MWI73439 roundhouses at Southmill Hill, identified from APs. Iron Age pottery also found. A sub-rectangular enclosure, part of an Iron Age

27 No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment settlement south-west of Amesbury, visible as a cropmark on aerial photographs.

28 SU14SE202 - 1631 4202 Settlement Iron Age Large circular earthwork dated to e. Iron Age based on MWI11958 1632 4200 Cemetery Roman pottery and 3-4 Roman burials, found at Ratfyn c. 1908. SU14SE306 - 1630 4201 Excavation Modern The feature is visible as a cropmark on APs. MWI11979 EWI2138 29 SU14SE211 - 1548 4133 Findspot Iron Age Investigations on land off Salisbury Street found a MWI11967 1545 4136 Boundary ditch Saxon stratified deposit including a fragment of Iron Age MWI74667 1547 4133 Evaluation Medieval pottery, animal bone, burnt flint and charcoal, as well EWI5605 1545 4134 Watching brief Modern as EWI8151 Excavation l. Saxon and medieval occupation in the form of 10th- 12th c. boundary ditches. 30 SU14SE324 - 1657 4110 Settlement Roman 3rd-4th c. undefended Roman settlement consisting of MWI11997 1666 4125 Fieldwalking survey Modern single room houses, storage pits and corn-drying ovens EWI4205 1658 4106 Excavation excavated at Butterfield Down. EWI5169 31 SU14SE331 - 1654 4078 Findspot Roman Roman pottery found during two evaluations at New MWI12004 1654 4079 Evaluation Modern Covert. EWI4207 1656 4089 Excavation Excavations for the Amesbury Phase 1 Housing, EWI4209 Boscombe Down revealed that much of the southern EWI5901 area of the Roman village was given over to crop processing. Several grain driers and what may be threshing hollows were excavated. Small garden plots and storage compounds were revealed lining the trackways that lead into the heart of the village. Several ritual shafts were also excavated. 32 SU14SE341 - 1679 4129 Findspot Roman Roman coins, pottery fragments and other material, MWI12014 1678 4130 Ditch Modern small linear ditches thought to be Roman excavated at SU14SE867 - 1678 4129 Excavation LIDL site, Porton Road, Boscombe Down. MWI12376 1679 4128 EWI139 EWI5957 33 MWI75417 1633 4101 Ditch Roman Roman ditch identified during evaluation and EWI7198 1633 4100 Watching brief subsequent watching brief on land at Beaulieu Road. EWI6283 1634 4100 Evaluation 34 MWI75446 1616 4070 Pit Roman Two circular Roman pits were discovered during an SU14SE5A4 1616 4069 Air raid shelter Modern excavation at Boscombe Down. - MWI12114 1617 4067 Nissen hut Undated WWII air raid shelters and Nissen hut hard standing SU14SE774 - Ring ditch revealed during and evaluation at Caravan Site, MWI12289 Boscombe Down. Undated ring ditch south-west of New Covert. Identified from APs. 35 MWI75414 1663 4096 Trackway Roman Late Roman trackway, Roman ditches and pits EWI4181 1664 4096 Ditch Modern identified during watching brief at 1 Boscombe Road. MWI75415 Pit MWI75416 Watching brief EWI4181 36 SU14SE346 - 1619 4108 Findspot Roman A fragment of Roman pottery and an undated ditch MWI12019 1620 4108 Ditch Undated (poss. Bronze Age) identified during evaluation at SU14SE878 - 1621 4107 Evaluation Modern Ringwood Avenue, Boscombe Down. MWI12387 EWI5964 37 EWI5962 1660 4098 Evaluation Roman Evaluation at ‘Gladwins’, Boscombe Road revealed m. EWI6191 1659 4096 Watching brief Modern to l. Roman post holes, gullies and a possible trackway. Watching brief at The Married Quarters Roads Project, Boscombe Down revealed further evidence of the Butterfield Down Roman settlement. 38 EWI6201 1652 4099 Watching brief Roman Watching brief on land adjacent to the Spar Supermarket, Boscombe Road identified a large number of Roman features were recovered, including pits and possible ditches or gullies. 39 SU14SE357 - 1571 4228 Building Roman An excavated Roman building at Stonehenge Visitor MWI12030 Centre, Countess East. 40 SU14SE304 - 1590 4100 Findspot Roman 22 coins found in 1922 and 5 more found in 1972 at the MWI11977 same site at Lynchets Road. 41 SU14SE305 - 1640 4083 Findspot Roman A pot containing bronze and silver coins of Postumus to MWI11978 Theodosius II and 3 silver finger rings of e. 5th c. date found in 1842/3 found at New Covert.

28 No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 42 SU14SE318 - 1615 4175 Findspot Roman A quinarius of Allectus found at 11 Holders Road. MWI11991 43 SU14SE323 - 1659 4119 Findspot Roman Roman coin hoard comprising 8 gold coins dated to 405 MWI11996 (one of the latest known in Britain) found at Butterfield Down by a metal detectorist 44 SU14SE332 - 1630 4120 Findspot Roman A disc brooch with no trace of enamel remaining and MWI12005 the pin is missing, and a copper alloy terminal in the SU14SE342 - form of a feline foot found by a metal detectorist at MWI12015 Boscombe. Fragment of Roman disc brooch found at 63 Holders Road. 45 SU14SE333 - 1665 4107 Findspot Roman A Roman headstud brooch fragment, rings, a spur, a MWI12006 spoon, a fitting and a female bust possibly of Cybele found by a metal detectorist at Amesbury. 46 SU14SE335 - 1665 4111 Findspot Roman Roman damaged bowl of a spoon with a bent stem in MWI12008 two parts found at Amesbury. 47 SU14SE334 - 1550 4220 Findspot Roman A Roman brooch (fibula) with the tip of the catchplate MWI12007 1550 4219 Saxon and pin missing found at Amesbury. SU14SE410 - 1550 4219 Medieval Small Saxon long brooch trefoil-headed, with pin and MWI10125 terminal missing and ring and dot decoration on central SU14SE467 - square plate and on each trefoil found in Amesbury. MWI12056 Medieval pennanular brooch with an illegible inscription found at Amesbury. 48 SU14SE328 - 1540 4220 Findspot Roman Fragment of a Roman spoon found east of Countess MWI12001 Medieval Road. SU14SE460 - Medieval metal finds (seal matrix and 15th c. copper MWI12049 alloy strap-end) found east of Countess Road. 49 SU14SE329 - 1540 4230 Findspot Roman Roman metal finds including 2nd c. copper-alloy harness MWI12002 Medieval fitting found east of Countess Road. SU14SE465 - 15th c. copper alloy strap-end found at Amesbury. MWI12054 50 SU14SE403 - 1541 4147 Town Saxon Saxon town of Amesbury. Recorded as Ambresbyrig in MWI10119 880. 51 SU14SE401 - 1509 4172 Abbey Saxon Site of Amesbury Abbey. Founded in c. 979, dissolved MWI10117 1510 4170 Religious house Medieval in 1539. Two later mansions were built on the site. SU14SE451 - 1509 4172 Findspot Post-medieval Tiles and other remains dated to 13th and 14th c. MWI12040 1510 4175 Evaluation Undated discovered during building works at Amesbury Abbey EWI2141 1509 4175 Excavation Modern in 1840. Further building operations in 1860 uncovered SU14SE463 - 1509 4176 Listed building more wall, pillar footings and tiled flooring suggesting MWI12052 1510 4178 site of earlier monastic building. SU14SE547 - 1510 4170 Evaluation at Amesbury Abbey revealed three medieval MWI12088 15097 41717 walls or wall foundation, five 14th to 15th c. pottery SU14SE561 - sherds, seven post-medieval pottery fragments and MWI12102 undated finds such as animal bone, worked flint and EWI4212 building material. EWI4846 Amesbury Abbey. 1834-40 and 1857-9 by Thomas DWI9101 Hopper for Sir Edmund Antrobus. A grander reinterpretation of its predecessor, built 1660-1 by John Webb for the 2nd Duke of Somerset. Grade I. 52 SU14SE400 - 1551 4164 Cemetery Saxon Several Saxon burials with knives or seaxes uncovered MWI10116 in demolition of a house on London Road junction with Countess Road in about 1835. 53 MWI75193 1620 4203 Cemetery Saxon Saxon inhumation cemetery (l. 7th-e. 8th c.) was found EWI7804 1621 4200 Excavation Modern during a watching brief at The Old Dairy, London Road. Five inhumations, most with grave goods, were arranged around a central inhumation burial. This burial, which was surrounded by a shallow ring ditch, had heavily disturbed and the bones rearranged, possibly within the Anglo-Saxon period. 54 SU14SE412 - 1560 4234 Building Saxon Four Anglo-Saxon sunken featured buildings excavated MWI12036 1565 4234 Geophysical Survey Modern during an evaluation at Stonehenge Visitor Centre, EWI6561 1552 4250 Evaluation Countess East. EWI6555 Geophysical survey at Countess East located a number of anomalies that may have an archaeological origin. 55 SU14SE413 - 1560 4248 Building Saxon Saxon sunken featured building excavated during an MWI12037 1551 4239 Evaluation Modern evaluation at Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess East. EWI6564

29 No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 56 SU14SE411 - 1547 4151 Ditch Saxon Evaluation at Antrobus Arms, 15 Church Street revealed MWI12035 1533 4138 Pit Medieval a ditch containing Saxon/medieval pottery, several pits MWI75405 1536 4135 Evaluation Post-medieval containing medieval pottery and post-medieval pits. MWI75408 1535 4137 Modern EWI4180 57 SU14SE402 - 1518 4143 Cross Saxon Two fragments of a Saxon cross (10th-11th c.) found at MWI10118 15176 41431 Listed building Medieval Church of St Mary and St Melor. Prob. from Amesbury DWI9112 15197 41428 Building survey Post-medieval Abbey. EWI7230 15216 41420 Church of St Mary and St Melor, Church Road. Abbey 15207 41405 church of the Order of Fontevrault, now Anglican parish 15199 41425 church. 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th c, restored 1852-3. 15191 41426 Grade I. 15199 41417 Recording of the boundary walls of Amesbury Parish 1519 4142 Church. 58 SU14SE406 - 1560 4180 Findspot Saxon A fragment of a disc brooch with the design of five MWI10122 running spirals (5th-6th c.) found at Lords Walk. 59 SU14SE409 - 1530 4220 Findspot Saxon Saxon copper disc brooch, originally tinned, with MWI10124 concentric incised circles and dot and ring decoration (5th-6th c.) found in 1989 at Countess Farm. 60 SU14SE755 - 1592 4079 Scheduled Medieval The Lynchets at Southmill Hill. Well-preserved flight of MWI12270 monument four strip lynchets dated to the medieval period. Visible DWI14104 as earthworks on APs. 61 SU14SE473 - 1542 4152 Settlement Medieval Investigations at 20-22 High Street revealed evidence MWI12062 1544 4151 Evaluation Post-medieval for medieval (including floors, pits, walls, large SU14SE5A2 1542 4153 Excavation Modern amounts of pottery and iron work) and post-medieval - MWI12112 (walls, pits, linear features, hearths, pottery and glass) EWI5961 occupation as well as 20th c. bricks. EWI5817 62 SU14SE475 - 1548 4159 Findspot Medieval Evaluation at the former Pitts Garage site, High Street MWI12064 1549 4158 Pit Post-medieval revealed residual medieval pottery fragments and four SU14SE5A3 1550 4155 Evaluation Negative large post-medieval rubbish or cess pits which produced - MWI12113 Modern quantities of artefacts dating from 17th -19th c, including EWI5872 pottery and building materials. EWI305 Evaluation at the former Pitts Garage site, High Street revealed no archaeological features or finds. 63 MWI64107 1567 4141 Ditch Medieval Evaluation at The Greyhound revealed medieval EWI7458 1566 4142 Pit Modern features comprising two pits (containing pottery dated Evaluation to 12th-14th c.) and a ditch. 64 MWI75333 1539 4134 Pit Medieval Evaluation on land east of Flower Lane revealed two MWI75334 1538 4133 Well Post-medieval medieval pits containing 12th-13th c, pottery fragmentary MWI75336 1540 4135 Gully Undated ceramic roof tiles, a medieval well containing 14th c. MWI75335 Evaluation Modern pottery sherds, pieces of animal bone and fragmentary EWI8605 Watching brief ceramic roof tiles and an undated gully. EWI5875 Watching brief at The Firs, Flower Lane revealed two 19th/20th c cess pits. 65 MWI75407 1525 4147 Ditch Medieval Evaluation at Mellor Hall, revealed two ditches of poss. EWI7229 1526 4146 Evaluation Modern medieval date. 66 MWI75409 1567 4134 Pit Medieval Evaluation at 21 Edwards Road revealed prob. medieval EWI7881 1567 4135 Evaluation Modern pit containing a single sherd of 12th-13th c. pottery. 67 SU14SE550 - 1523 4144 Burial Medieval Burials of probable medieval date (assumed to be in part MWI12091 1523 4143 Wall Post-medieval of the graveyard of Amesbury Abbey) found in 1967 at MWI75413 1524 4142 Excavation Modern the Old Vicarage. MWI75412 1525 4145 Watching brief Excavation at The Old Vicarage, Church Street revealed EWI4179 two medieval skeletons and disarticulated human EWI5157 remains and two 18th c. wall sections. Watching brief at New Conservatory, The Old Vicarage identified modern building debris but no archaeological remains were revealed. 68 SU14SE450 - 1520 4160 Findspot Medieval 13th c. green glazed lamp found between Amesbury MWI12039 Abbey and the church. 69 SU14SE453 - 1622 4121 Findspot Medieval 14th c. English counter found in January 1955 at MWI12042 Bocsombe Road. 70 SU14SE459 - 1605 4115 Findspot Medieval 13th/14th c. silver gilt ring-brooch and a jetton of Edward MWI12048 II found in allotment gardens. 71 SU14SE461 - 1550 4130 Findspot Medieval Medieval metal finds (14th/15th c. gilt copper-alloy MWI12050 buckle plate and circular copper alloy disc with 3 perforations showing bird design) and coin (Edward I silver penny) found at Flower Lane.

72 SU14SE462 - 1628 4128 Findspot Medieval Medieval horse fitting (harness pendent) found at MWI12051 Bramley Way.

30 No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 73 SU14SE454 - 1611 4238 Settlement Medieval Ratfyn settlement with medieval origins. MWI12043 1609 4236 Farmstead Post-medieval Ratfyn, Amesbury. 18th c. farmstead. MWI70671 74 SU14SE466 - 1530 4212 Settlement Medieval Medieval settlement at Countess. Medieval manor of MWI12055 1531 4212 Farmstead Post-medieval Amesbury Countess recorded as early as 1327. Held by MWI70666 Alice de Lacy, Countess of Lincoln in e. 14th c. Countess Farm buildings are probably on the site of Countess Court which was recorded in 1365. Countess. Partially extant 17th c. farmstead. 75 MWI70668 1552 4121 Farmstead Medieval Old Viney’s Farmhouse, medieval farmstead. 76 SU14SE569 - 1548 4153 Settlement Post-medieval Post-medieval postholes, pits and two linear gullies and MWI12110 1547 4153 Evaluation Modern finds associated with a garden found during evaluation EWI6268 at The Old Grammar School, 32 High Street. 77 EWI5966 1544 4164 Evaluation Post-medieval Evaluation at Camelot Nursing Home, Countess Road, EWI8145 1546 4162 Excavation Modern revealed 18th c. or later ‘made ground’ deposits and garden features. Excavation at Comilla Care Home, 1 Countess Road revealed three post-medieval pits. 78 EWI7341 1549 4137 Watching brief Post-medieval Watching brief at 44 Salisbury Street revealed post- medieval pits and evidence of possible post-medieval terracing of the site.

79 SU14SE549 - 1561 4153 Findspot Post-medieval Iron tip of a 15th c. crossbow bolt found at school MWI12090 garden. 80 SU14SE526 - 1510 4130 Scheduled Post-medieval Queensbury Bridge, Church Street. 1775. MWI12067 15107 41309 monument Modern Evaluation carried out to monitor the excavation of two DWI9110 Listed building engineers' trial holes on Queensbury Bridge revealed EWI4210 Evaluation only modern makeup. 81 SU14SW526 1521 4172 Registered park or Post-medieval Amesbury Abbey Park. 18th and 19th c. landscaped - MWI12590 1493 4174 garden garden and park. Grade II*. DWI14627 82 SU14SW985 1485 4229 Avenue Post-medieval Garden feature at Amesbury Abbey Park. A designed - MWI13148 Garden feature element of the landscape park of Amesbury Abbey. A three-sided feature is visible as a soilmark on APs. 83 SU14SE543 - 1524 4190 Water meadow Post-medieval Post-medieval water meadow south of Countess Farm, MWI12084 identified from APs. 84 SU14SE544 - 1575 4223 Water meadow Post-medieval Post-medieval water meadow east of Countess Farm, MWI12085 identified from APs. 85 SU14SE545 - 1562 4219 Water meadow Post-medieval Post-medieval water meadow east of meadow east of MWI12086 Durrington Walls, identified from APs. 86 SU14SW535 1489 4145 Water meadow Post-medieval Post-medieval water meadow east of Vespasians Camp, - MWI12599 identified from APs. 87 MWI70667 1572 4130 Farmstead Post-medieval Earlscourt Farm. 19th c. farmstead. 88 MWI37484 1577 4103 Documentary Post-medieval Site of Amesbury Toll House. Mid-19th c. 89 MWI70670 1571 4108 Documentary Post-medieval Site of Yard in Amesbury. Demolished 19th c. farmstead. 90 MWI70669 1585 4119 Documentary Post-medieval Site of Parsonage Barn. Demolished 19th c. outfarm. 91 MWI63706 1612 4178 Listed building Modern 15 and 15a Holders Road. 1919-20. Experimental smallholder’s dwelling. 92 DWI9147 16202 41726 Listed building Modern 24 and 26 Holders Road. 1919-20. Experimental DWI9148 16218 41707 smallholder’s dwelling. 93 MWI73248 1630 4088 Military depot Modern Disused 20th c. military depot, probably constructed MWI73427 1633 4090 Enclosure Undated during WWII and visible on APs. Poss. rectilinear enclosure of unknown date identified form APs. 94 EWI4174 1648 4100 Evaluation Modern Evaluation at Spar Supermarket, Boscombe Road revealed concrete remains poss. of a NAAFI (Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes) building which had previously stood on part of the site. 95 EWI5670 1558 4158 Watching brief Modern Watching brief at Hamble House, The Centre revealed three archaeological features of modern origin, which consisted of a group of probable sandpits. The fills of the pits included modern CBM fragments and pieces of glass. 96 EWI6740 1530 4150 Watching brief Modern Watching brief at a residential development at the former Amplifier Station, Abbey Lane revealed no pre- modern finds or features.

31 No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 97 MWI75406 1537 4166 Boundary ditch Undated Evaluation at Grayan House and Orchard House, EWI6852 1539 4167 Evaluation Modern Countess Road revealed an undated ditch, prob. the eastern boundary of the Amesbury Abbey estate. 98 MWI75410 1669 4146 Ditch Undated Evaluation at Butterfield Down Retail Development EWI103 1675 4142 Evaluation Modern revealed undated ditch terminal. 99 SU14SE5A1 1562 4171 Burial Undated Undated burial (male, 20-45 years old, poss. Roman or - MWI12111 1559 4170 Excavation Modern Anglo-Saxon in date) found at 18 London Road. Only EWI8178 the partial remains disturbed by construction were lifted, the part of the skeleton preserved under the house foundations were left in situ. 100 SU14SE568 - 1601 4221 Site Undated Watching brief at Stonehenge Tunnel 11KV Supply MWI12109 Watching brief Modern revealed an undated sub-circular feature containing a EWI6171 handmade iron nail. 101 EWI3206 1525 4234 Evaluation Undated Evaluation at 43 Countess Road revealed only one Modern undiagnostic flint flake. 102 EWI4273 1533 4240 Geophysical survey Modern Geophysical survey was undertaken as part of the evaluation at the site of the Stonehenge Visitor Centre, Countess Road & King Barrow Ridge. 103 EWI7339 1641 4116 Geophysical survey Modern Geophysical survey and evaluation at Butterfield Down Evaluation indicated a large number of discrete features, but no substantial linear ones.

104 EWI104 1675 4142 Geophysical survey Negative Geophysical survey at Butterfield Down found no Modern evidence that the extensive remains found elsewhere on Butterfield Down continue into the present survey area. 105 EWI5655 1629 4095 Evaluation Negative Evaluation of land adjacent to 42 Beaulieu Road Modern revealed no archaeological features or finds. 106 EWI4806 1582 4189 Watching brief Negative Watching Brief at 72 London Road revealed no Modern archaeological features or finds. 107 EWI6198 1613 4192 Watching brief Negative Watching brief at 118-130 London Road revealed no Modern archaeological features or finds. 108 EWI6402 1598 4085 Watching brief Negative Watching brief at Southmill Hill, Boscombe Down Modern revealed no archaeological features or finds. 109 EWI7879 1567 4172 Watching brief Negative Watching brief at 31 Kitchener Road revealed no Modern archaeological features or finds. 110 EWI8115 1521 4215 Watching brief Negative Watching brief at Countess Farm, Stonehenge Estates Modern revealed no archaeological features or finds. 111 EWI8118 1517 4229 Watching brief Negative Watching brief on land at Countess Farm, Stonehenge Modern Estates revealed no archaeological features or finds.

Listed buildings Grade II unless stated.

32 APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted

1576 Saxton’ map of Wiltshire (Fig. 3) 1611 Speed’s map of Wiltshire (Fig. 4) 1648 Blaeu’s map of Wiltshire (Fig. 5)

1689 Lea’s revised edition of Saxton’s map of Wiltshire (Fig. 6) 1695 Modern’s map of Wiltshire (Fig. 7) 1726 Map of Queensbury Estate (not illustrated) 1755 Bowen’s map of Wiltshire (Fig. 8) 1773 Andrew and Dury’s map of Wiltshire (Fig. 9) 1796 Baker’s map of Wiltshire (Fig. 10) 1807 Ordnance Survey drawing of Salisbury (Fig. 11) 1826 Map of Amesbury Estate (Fig. 12) 1846 Amesbury Tithe map (Fig. 13) 1860 Map of Wiltshire, unknown cartographer (not illustrated) 1879 Ordnance Survey First Edition (Fig. 14) 1901 Ordnance Survey Second Edition (Fig. 15) 1924 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 16) 1937 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 17) 1970 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 18) 1975-9 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 19) 1978-82 Ordnance Survey (not illustrated) 1983-7 Ordnance Survey (not illustrated) 1985-9 Ordnance Survey (not illustrated) 1993-4 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 20, Fig. 23) 2016 Ordnance Survey – Explorer digital edition at 1:25,000 (Fig. 1)

33

SWINDON

Chippenham Calne 43000 Marlborough Bradford- upon-Avon Devizes Melksham

Trowbridge

SITE

Salisbury

1 55 14

102 73

101 54 82 49 39 111

48 84 100 59 47 85 12 110 9 74 18

10 53 42000 17 28 19 83 107 106

58 91 42 51 81 99 109 92 97 77 52 68 62 95 96 76 79 61 7 8 65 86 50 2 98 57 67 78 63 104 56 29 66 64 23 3 80 71 87 SITE 72 32 5 75 69 90 44 43 4 11 70 103 36 30 46 89 15 88 45 41000 33 22 40 94 38 37 35 25 105 6 26 93 108 24 21 41 60 13 31 16 34 27 20

SU15000 16000 SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 1. Location of site within Amesbury and Wiltshire showing Wiltshire HER records. Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Explorer digital edition at 1:25000 Ordnance Survey Licence 100025880 SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 2. Current site layout (north-eastern part) Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 3. Saxton's map of Wiltshire 1576 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 4. Speed's map of Wiltshire 1611 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 5. Blaeu's map of Wiltshire 1648 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 6. Lea-Saxton's map of Wiltshire 1689 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 7. Morden's map of Wiltshire 1695 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 8. Bowen's map of Wiltshire 1755 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 9. Andrews and Dury's map of Wiltshire 1773 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 10. Baker's map of Wiltshire 1796 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 11. Ordnance Survey drawing of Salisbury 1807 Approximate location of site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 12. Map of Amesbury Estate 1826 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 13. Amesbury Tithe map 1846 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 14. Ordnance Survey 1879 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 15. Ordnance Survey 1901 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 16. Ordnance Survey 1924 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 17. Ordnance Survey 1937 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 18. Ordnance Survey 1970 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 19. Ordnance Survey 1975-9 Site

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 20. Ordnance Survey 1993-4 SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 21. Proposed development layout a. Azimuth 0°, vertical angle 15°. b. Azimuth 45°, vertical angle 15°.

c. Azimuth 225°, vertical angle 15°. d. Azimuth 315°, vertical angle 15°. SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 22. Lidar 'hillshade' gray scale plots. Not to scale D E G H F

B

A

C

A

SSA 17/121 N The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 23. Interpretation of Lidar images, Superimposed on Ordnance Survey map, 1987. Plate 1. Site looking north-west from south-east

Plate 2. Site looking north from south

Plate 3. Site looking east from west

SSA 17/121 The Stonehenge School, Antrobus Road, Amesbury, Wiltshire, 2017 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Plates 1 to 3 TIME CHART

Calendar Years

Modern AD 1901

Victorian AD 1837

Post Medieval AD 1500

Medieval AD 1066

Saxon AD 410

Roman AD 43 AD 0 BC Iron Age 750 BC

Bronze Age: Late 1300 BC

Bronze Age: Middle 1700 BC

Bronze Age: Early 2100 BC

Neolithic: Late 3300 BC

Neolithic: Early 4300 BC

Mesolithic: Late 6000 BC

Mesolithic: Early 10000 BC

Palaeolithic: Upper 30000 BC

Palaeolithic: Middle 70000 BC

Palaeolithic: Lower 2,000,000 BC Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, 47-49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR

Tel: 0118 9260552 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tvas.co.uk

Offices in: Brighton, Taunton, Stoke-on-Trent and Ennis (Ireland)