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The Visual St. Stephen Narrative As the Essence of Ecclesiastical Authority Kara Ann Morrow

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The Visual St. Stephen Narrative As the Essence of Ecclesiastical Authority Kara Ann Morrow Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 "Ears and Eyes and Mouth and Heart… His Soul and His Senses": The Visual St. Stephen Narrative as the Essence of Ecclesiastical Authority Kara Ann Morrow Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF VISUAL ARTS, THEATRE AND DANCE “EARS AND EYES AND MOUTH AND HEART . HIS SOUL AND HIS SENSES”: THE VISUAL ST. STEPHEN NARRATIVE AS THE ESSENCE OF ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY By KARA ANN MORROW A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Art History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Kara Ann Morrow All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Kara Ann Morrow defended on October 9, 2006. ___________________________ Cynthia Hahn Professor Directing Dissertation ___________________________ Paul Strait Outside Committee Member ___________________________ Paula Gerson Committee Member ___________________________ Richard Emmerson Committee Member Approved: ___________________________________________________ Richard Emmerson, Chair, Department of Art History ___________________________________________________ Sally McRorie, Dean, College of Visual Arts, Theatre and Dance The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures vii Abbreviations x Abstract xi INTRODUCTION 1 2. “A MAN FULL OF FAITH AND THE HOLY GHOST”: ST. STEPHEN IN WORD AND IMAGE 18 The Most Primary of Texts: The Acts of the Apostles 6 and 7 19 A Saintly Biographer for a Saintly Biography: St. Augustine on St. Stephen 20 Invention and Translation: Dissemination of the Cult in Medieval Literary Sources 24 “And being a deacon . .”: The Proto-Deacon 30 Type and Antetype: The Structure of Martyrdom 34 The Sign of the Martyr: The Crown 40 3. VISUALIZING THE INVISIBLE: HEAVENLY VISIONS AND DIVINE CORONATION 44 The Trinity and the Ascension in Stephen’s Vision 45 Church of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire Cathedral of Saint-Étienne at Cahors Intercession, Pain, and Divine Coronation: Visualizing the Invisible at Arles 47 4. UNCIRCUMCISED HEARTS: FROM ANTI-JUDAISM TO ANTISEMITISM IN THE STEPHEN NARRATIVES 58 The Romanesque Persecutors in Stephen’s Visual Narrative 59 Circumcision: The Metaphor in Christian Theology and Stephen’s Sermon 59 Augustine and Early Medieval Anti-Judaism 63 Gothic Narratives and Late Medieval Antisemitism 68 iii The Narrative of Antisemitism: The Case of Rouen 71 St. Stephen’s Narrative at Rouen: Visual Antisemitism in Context 73 5. ANCIENT ICONOGRAPHY AND MEDIEVAL DISPUTATION: JEWS IMAGINED ON THE ST. STEPHEN PORTAL OF PARIS CATHEDRAL 77 The Parisian Imagery and the Parisian Audience 78 Patronage and Procession in Paris 79 The Talmud on Trial: Disputation in Paris 83 Disputation in Stone 86 Headgear: Crowned or Capped The Book and the Scroll The Influence of the Iconography of the Grand cameé de France 89 Physiognomy: Caricature of the Other 91 6. THEOPHILUS AND STEPHEN: DICHOTOMY IN HAGIOGRAPHY 96 The Paris Transept Revitalization and the Chapter of Canons 97 The Story of Theophilus 99 The Pairing of Stephen and Theophilus in Other Imagery in Gothic France 101 St. Quinton Laon Souillac Beauvais The Sinister Covenant: The Devil and the Jews 103 Latin and Hebrew: The Languages of Salvation and Damnation 107 Intercession and Redemption Before the Portals 7. “THESE THEY SET BEFORE THE APOSTLES; AND THEY PRAYING, IMPOSED HAND UPON THEM”: STEPHEN, THE PROTO-DEACON, AND ECCLESIASTICAL SUCCESSION 113 Bourges Cathedral: Patronage and Program 114 The Sculptural Program Christ’s First Deacon and Bourges’ First Bishop: St. Stephen and St. Ursin The Old Covenant and a New Vision: St. Stephen’s Narrative in the Bible moralisée 121 iv CONCLUSION 127 FIGURES 131 APPENDIX A Stephen in Word: the Primary Texts 161 APPENDIX B Stephen in Word: the Augustinian Texts 166 APPENDIX C Stephen in Stone: The Visual Narrative in French Architectural Sculpture 170 Chapel of Chambon-sur-Lac, Façade Relief 171 Church of Saint Benoît-sur-Loire, Façade Relief 172 Church of St. Stephen at Lubersac, Exterior Apse Capitals 173 Church of St. Just at Valcabrère, West Façade Capital 174 Church of St. Pons, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Capital 175 Church of Montsaunes, West Façade Capital 176 Church of St. Serge at Angers, Corbel in Chancel 177 Cathedral of St. Lazare at Autun, Interior Nave Capital 178 Church of St. Stephen at Vaux-sur-Mer 179 Abbey of S. Pierre at Moissac, Cloister Capital 180 Cathedral of S. Trophîme at Arles, Cloister Capital Cloister Pier, and Façade Relief 181 Cathedral of St. Stephen at Cahors, North Façade Portal 183 Cathedral of Notre Dame of Chartres, South Transept Portal 185 Church of Notre Dame of Vermenton, West Façade Archivolts 187 Cathedral of Notre at Reims, West Façade Portal Interior 188 Church of St. Stephen at Beauvais, West Façade Portal 190 Cathedral of Notre Dame at Bayeux, South Transept Portal 191 Cathedral of Notre Dame at Rouen, West Façade Portal 192 Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West Façade Portal 193 Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal 194 Cathedral of St. Stephen at Meaux, South Transept Portal North Transept Portal 195 v Cathedral of St. Stephen at Auxerre, South Transept Portal 196 Cathedral of St. Stephen at Sens, West Façade Portal 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY 199 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 232 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West Façade, Second Portal, Ordination and Martyrdom of Stephen, first half of thirteenth century. 131 2. Map of French Ecclesiastical Sees. 132 3. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West Façade, Second Portal, Crowning of Stephen, first half of thirteenth century. 133 4. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Rouen, West Façade, Southern Portal Tympanum, The Stoning of Stephen, mid-thirteenth century. 134 5. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Rouen, West Façade, mid-thirteenth century. 135 6. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Rouen, West Façade, Southern Portal Tympanum beneath Saul, mid-thirteenth century. 136 7. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal Tympanum, Story of St. Stephen, c. 1258. 137 8. Abbé Delagrive, Map of the Île de la Cité, Paris, eighteenth century. 138 9. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal, Stephen disputes with Rabbi, c. 1258. 139 10. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal, Stephen Preaches, c. 1258. 140 11. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal, Seated Group, c. 1258. 141 12. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal, Arrest of Stephen, c. 1258. 142 13. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal, Stoning of Stephen, c. 1258. 143 14. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, South Transept Portal, Entombment of Stephen, c. 1258. 144 vii 15. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, North Transept Portal, Virgin’s Portal Tympanum, late first half of the thirteenth century. 145 16. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, North Transept Portal, Theophilus taking Oath, late first half of the thirteenth century. 146 17. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, North Transept Portal, Theophilus giving Alms, late first half of the thirteenth century. 147 18. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, North Transept Portal, Theophilus praying to the Virgin, late first half of the thirteenth century. 148 19. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, North Transept Portal, The Virgin smiting the Devil, late first half of the thirteenth century. 149 20. Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris, North Transept Portal, Theophilus and the Bishop, late first half of the thirteenth century. 150 21. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West façade, Stephen Portal, The Ordination of St. Stephen, c. 1250. 151 22. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West façade, Last Judgment Portal, c. 1250. 152 23. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West façade, Virgin Portal, c. 1250. 153 24. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West façade, southernmost portals, c. 1250. 154 25. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West façade, St. Ursin Portal, c. 1250. 155 26. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West façade, St. Ursin Portal, St. Ursin at the Gates of Bourges, c. 1250. 156 27. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Bourges, West façade, St. Ursin Portal, The Consecration of the Cathedral, c. 1250. 157 28. Cathedral of Notre Dame of Chartres, South Transept Portal, West Portal Tympanum, The Stoning of Stephen, c. 1215. 158 29. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Meaux, South Transept Portal Tympanum, second half of thirteenth century. 159 viii 30. Cathedral of St. Stephen at Meaux, North Transept Portal Tympanum, second half of thirteenth century. 160 . ix ABBREVIATIONS AA SS Acta Sanctorum. 3rd ed. Paris: Palmé, 1863-1940. Digital version. BHL Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae. Ed. Socii Bollandiani. Bruxellis: Socii Bollandiani, 1898-1901. Digital PL version CETEDOC Library of Christian Latin Texts. Centre de Traitement Electronique des Documents University Catholique de Louvain. 2 vols. CD-ROM. Brepols, 1996. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, and Sources Chretiennes. DACL Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie. Eds. Fernand Cabrol and Henri Leclercq. 15 vols. Paris: Libraire Letouzey and Ané, 1907-53. DDC Dictionnaire de droit canonique. Eds. A. Villien, E. Magnin, A. Amanieu, and R. Naz, 7 vols. Paris: Letouzey, 1935-65. DHGE Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. Ed. Alfred Baudrillart, A. De Meyer, and Etienne Van Cauwengergh. 27 vols. Paris: Letouzy et Ané, 1912-2000. PG Patrologiae cursus completus: Series graeca. Ed. Jacques-Paul Migne. 161 vols. Paris, 1857-66. PL Patrologiae cursus completus: Series latina. Ed. Jacques-Paul Migne. 222 vols. Paris, 1844-88. Digital version. ANF The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translation of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, eds.
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