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Freek Colombijn, Hisao Furukawa, Coastal Wetlands of Indonesia; Environment, Subsistence and Exploitation

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Freek Colombijn, Hisao Furukawa, Coastal Wetlands of Indonesia; Environment, Subsistence and Exploitation Book Reviews - Freek Colombijn, Hisao Furukawa, Coastal wetlands of Indonesia; Environment, subsistence and exploitation. Translated by Peter Hawkes. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 1994, vii + 219 pp., tables, figures, index. - C. van Dijk, Virginia Matheson Hooker, Culture and society in New Order Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993, xxiii + 302 pp. - M.R. Fernando, Frans van Baardewijk, The cultivation system, Java 1834-1880, Changing Economy in Indonesia 14. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1993, 327 pp. - Bernice D. de Jong Boers, Jacqueline Vel, The Uma-economy; Indigenous economics and development work in Lawonda, Sumba (Eastern Indonesia). PhD thesis Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, 1994, viii + 283 pp. Maps, tables, photographs, glossary. - Marijke J. Klokke, Lydia Kieven, Arjunas Askese; Ihre Darstellung im altjavanischen Arjunawiwaha und auf ausgewählten ostjavanischen Reliefs. Kölner Südostasien Studien Bd. 2. Bonn: Holos, 1994, 154 pp. - Marijke J. Klokke, Edi Sedyawati, Ganesa statuary of the Kadiri and Sinhasari periods; A study of art history. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 160. Leiden: KITLV Press 1994. - Gijs Koster, Annabel Teh Gallop, The legacy of the Malay letter - Warisan warkah Melayu. With an essay by E. Ulrich Kratz. London: British Library for the National Archives of Malaysia, 1994, 240 pp. - Stephen Markel, Marijke J. Klokke, Ancient Indonesian Sculpture, Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 165. Leiden: KITLV Press 1994, vii + 210 pp., Pauline Lunsingh Scheurleer (eds.) - Anke Niehof, Ingrid Rudie, Visible women in East coast Malay society; On the reproduction of gender in ceremonial, school and market. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1994, xi + 337 pp. - Peter Pels, Nicholas Thomas, Colonialisms culture; Anthropology, travel and government. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994, xi + 238 pp. - Peter Pels, Nicholas B. Dirks, Colonialism and culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992, xiv + 402 pp. - Anton Ploeg, Roger M. Keesing, Custom and confrontation; The Kwaio struggle for cultural autonomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, x + 254 pp. - M.C. Ricklefs, Vincent J.H. Houben, Kraton and Kumpeni: Surakarta and Yogyakarta 1830- 1870. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 164. Leiden: KITLV Press, vii + 396 pp. In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 151 (1995), no: 2, Leiden, 294-318 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 01:30:31PM via free access This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 01:30:31PM via free access Book Reviews Hisao Furukawa, Coastal wetlands of Indonesia; Environment, subsistence and exploitation. Translated by Peter Hawkes. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 1994, vii + 219 pp., tables, figures, index. ISBN 4.87698.009.8. FREEK COLOMBDN The aim of Hisao Furukawa is to depict the environment and trans- formation of the Indonesian coastal wetlands, and the nature of culture there. He focuses his attention on the Batang Hari Basin in Jambi, and uses the Barito River Basin of South Kalimantan as a contrast. In the first chapter, Furukawa sets out this main line of reasoning, on which he elaborates in the remainder of the book. He starts with the natural environment; the most idiosyncratic aspect of the wetlands are the peat soils. The next step in his analysis is to show how the people living in the wetlands have found several ways to adjust to the environment in order to make a subsistence livelihood. The final step in his analysis is to characterize the Malay culture as a 'culture of transit'. This characteriz- ation is based on the illusory aspect of peat, which disappears when it is tilled. The people have to move on into the forest, and the wetlands form the frontier of the Malay world. This form of temporary land use, plus the geographical location of the wetlands at the gateway of the east-west trade route, has moulded the Malay way of thinking, and hence their culture of transit. The second chapter is devoted to a detailed description of the natural environment, based partly on the soil samples Furukawa took every 500 or 1000 metres along a straight line to the coast. The wetlands can be divided into three zones: a tidal zone on the coast, with a diurnal cycle of flooding, a flood zone inland, with a seasonal cycle of inundation, and a mixed, central zone in between. The tidal zone is a brackish water zone, which occupies the estuaries and coastline, and is covered by mangrove vegeta- tion. In the central zone, at high tide the incoming seawater does not mix with the fresh water, but, because of its higher specific gravity, burrows underneath it in a wedge. The fresh water is pushed upwards and over- flows the riverbanks, allowing tidal irrigation. The flood zone is located in the narrow basin of the middle reaches of the river. The basins flood deeply in the rainy season, and as a result natural levees develop with back- swamps. Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 01:30:31PM via free access Book Reviews 295 The combination of the perhumid climate, the high watertable, and the tropical forest led to the deposition of peat. Furukawa states that in the central zone of the Batang Hari peat formation started during the Holocene transgression, 6800 years ago, and has attained a depth of 8 metres. In the tidal, or littoral zone, a two-metre deep peat layer was formed about 1500 years ago. The peat of the tidal zone overlies mangrove mud and this is a highly fertile soil. However, the mangrove mud is a potential acid sulphate soil; when the soil is drained, sulphuric acid is released and the soil becomes toxic. The third chapter deals with traditional forms of land use. This chapter is based on observation and interviews with male leaders in a number of local communities. One form of land use is to collect forest products (camphor, gaharu, rattan, wood, sago, and other products) for sale. Many kinds of fishes are caught with a wide variety of nets in front of the mangrove belt. The fishermen have designed the nets after keen observation of the environment, in particular of the tide and the habits of the fish. A labour relationship between entrepreneurs in the fishing industry and fishermen, which Furukawa calls 'Melayu symbiosis', has developed. It is character- istic of the culture of transit. Finally, there is rice cultivation in ladang and sawah. Furukawa treats these two kinds of cultivation wholly in terms of weed control and disregards the aspect of nutrients. Few weeds grow on newly cleared swiddens, but the fields are abandoned after two years when weeds begin to proliferate. The essence of ponded fields is to drown weeds. The wet fields are found mainly in the backswamps of the central and flood zone. Land reclamation is the theme of the fourth chapter in which Furukawa describes three forms of land reclamation. In the tidal zone land reclamation is based on the digging of drainage channels inland from tidal creeks, in order to drain toxic water and obtain rice fields irrigated tidally, which can be planted every year. Banjarese migrants brought the technique to East Sumatra in the second half of the nineteenth century. From around 1950, Bugis entrepreneurs hired labourers for new reclamations. They did so primarily to sell the land, or to let it to tenants, not to cultivate themselves. This land reclamation was a speculative gamble, hanging on the problem of whether tenants could be attracted in the labour-short frontier. Finally, government and World Bank technocrats have planned large scale reclamations. These reclamations have shown poor results, because the best locations were already occupied by spontaneous migrants. Canals have been dug too deeply, causing the rapid drying out of the wetland, changing the peat irreversibly into a hard confetti, and the underlying mangrove mud rapidly releases toxic acidity. Instead of seeking to adjust to the environment as others had done, the technocrats have tried too rigorously to impose an alien cultivation on the land, with the result that they have destroyed the swamp forest. Furukawa returns to his theme that the Melayu world is a culture of Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 01:30:31PM via free access 296 Book Reviews transit in the last chapter, The Malay world is a mixture of cultures and peoples, who were essentially attracted by the gold deposits. This book, which makes Furukawa's long experience available to non- Japanese readers, is very welcome. The first four chapters are highly in- formative. The formation of the soil and the subsistence techniques are ex- plained in clear language. The abundance of attractive pictures, small maps and tables, and even a reading-cord, are very helpful in this respect. The lively accounts of the many case studies capture the reader's imagination. The details about the key informants, however, jeopardize the conven- tional anonymity of informants. The book would have profited from careful editing: the division into sections and subsections is not always logical and the frequent references backwards and forwards are ultimately confusing, especially since the terminology is not always consistent. The last chapter seems one too many. It is highly impressionistic and speculative. The meaning of the concept of a 'culture of transit' remains unclear. Although it is accepted wisdom to link subsistence techniques to environmental opportunities, it is too simplistic to draw the line from subsistence techniques on to a characterization of the culture as a whole. What was a minor flaw, namely that Furukawa apparently used only male leaders as key informants for his study of subsistence techniques, becomes a serious bias when he attempts to depict the culture as a whole. If Furukawa had left out the last chapter, his book would have ended with his strong and well-founded plea that the present imposition of an alien mode of exploitation destroys the wetlands and the accompanying culture.
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