Entwicklung Und Validierung Molekularbiologischer Methoden Zur Identifizierung Von Arzneipflanzen in Ausgangsdrogen, Drogen- Zubereitungen Und in Fertigarzneimitteln

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Entwicklung Und Validierung Molekularbiologischer Methoden Zur Identifizierung Von Arzneipflanzen in Ausgangsdrogen, Drogen- Zubereitungen Und in Fertigarzneimitteln Entwicklung und Validierung molekularbiologischer Methoden zur Identifizierung von Arzneipflanzen in Ausgangsdrogen, Drogen- zubereitungen und in Fertigarzneimitteln Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Thomas Kersten aus Pritzwalk Bonn 2013 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Werner Knöß 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gabriele M. König Tag der Promotion: 17.10.2013 Erscheinungsjahr: 2013 Für Aude Nam plerisque longiore tractatu vis quaedam et pondus accedit. Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (61- 113 n. Chr.) Vorveröffentlichungen der Dissertation Teilergebnisse aus dieser Arbeit wurden mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät, vertreten durch die Betreuer der Arbeit, in folgen- den Beiträgen vorab veröffentlicht: Publikationen: T. Kersten, C. Daniel, G. M. König, W. Knöß (2008). “Das Potential PCR-basierter Markermethoden zur Identifizierung von Arzneipflanzen.“ Z. Phytother. 29(3): 122-128. C. Daniel, T. Kersten, S. Kehraus, G. M. König, W. Knöß (2008): "Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Arzneipflanzen mit »Metabolic Fingerprinting«." Z. Phytother. 29(6): 270-274. Tagungsbeiträge: T. Kersten, W. Knöß: DNA-fingerprints zur Identifizierung von Arzneipflanzen: Mög- lichkeiten und Grenzen, Tagung der Sektion Pflanzliche Naturstoffe der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft (DBG), Kaub, 16. bis 18. März 2005, Tagungsband: 23 T. Kersten, C. Daniel, W. Knöß: The Potential of PCR-related Methods to Identify Medicinal Plants in Herbal Medicinal Products, Jahrestagung der Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaften der Tschechischen Republik, Ungarns und Deutschlands, Marburg, 4. bis 7. Oktober 2006, Tagungsband: 108 B023 W. Knöß, T. Kersten, C. Daniel: PCR-related methods – a further tool for the authetication and retracability of starting material in (traditional) herbal products, Jah- restagung der Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaften der Tschechischen Republik, Un- garns und Deutschland, Marburg, 4. bis 7. Oktober 2006, Tagungsband: 57 PS B08 T. Kersten, C. Daniel, G. M. König, W. Knöß: The Potential of PCR-related Methods to Identify Medicinal Plants in Herbal Medicinal Products, Jahrestagung der Gesell- schaft für Arzneipflanzenforschung, Graz, Österreich, 2. bis 6. September 2007, Planta Med. 73(9): 903 P256 Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei allen bedanken, die zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt meinem Betreuer Herrn Prof. Dr. Werner Knöß für die Überlassung dieser Arbeit, seine Geduld und Ausdauer, sowie die Freiheiten, die er mir beim Ausgestalten des Themas gewährte. Frau Prof. Dr. G. M. König möchte ich für die freundliche Bereitschaft zur Übernahme der Zeitbetreuung sowie die bereitwillige Aufnahme in ihre Arbeitsgruppe danken. Herrn Prof. Dr. Harald G. Schweim und Frau Prof. Dr. Heike Wägele danke ich für ihr Wirken als fachnahes bzw. fachfremdes Mitglied in der Promotionskommission. Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Borsch und seinen Mitarbeitern Kim Govers, Dr. Cornelia Löhne und Dr. Andreas Worberg danke ich für die hervorragende Einarbeitung in die molekularbiologischen Arbeitstechniken. Meinen ehemaligen Kollegen am Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Bonn danke ich für die gute Zusammenarbeit, die vielen Anregungen und bereichernden Diskussionen. Allen involvierten Mitarbeitern im Forschungs- und Materialbeschaffungsbereich des BfArM, insbesondere Frau Karin Hubrich und Herrn Ulrich Schneidenbach, möchte ich meinen Dank für die gute Kooperation und die kurzen Dienstwege aussprechen. Meinen früheren Vorgesetzten Herrn Dr. Konstantin Keller, Herrn Klaus Reh sowie Herrn Prof. Dr. Werner Knöß danke ich für die eingeräumten zeitlichen Freiräume, die mir die Vereinbarkeit von Berufstätigkeit und Promotion ermöglichten. Bedanken möchte ich mich ferner beim EDQM, bei Herrn Prof. Dr. Rudolf Bauer, Herrn Dr. Stefan Wanke sowie allen anderen nicht namentlich genannten Institutio- nen, Firmen und Personen für ihre Beiträge zur Vollendung der Arbeit. Mein abschließender Dank gilt dem BfArM für die Finanzierung dieses Projektes. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Arzneimittel aus Pflanzen ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Anforderungen an die Qualität pflanzlicher Arzneimittel ........................ 1 1.3 Identifizierung pflanzlicher Stoffe ........................................................... 3 1.4 Identifizierung pflanzlicher Stoffe mit molekularen Markertechniken ..... 4 1.4.1 Geeignete molekulare Markersysteme .................................................. 5 1.4.1.1 Fragmentbasierte Marker ...................................................................... 5 1.4.1.1.1 Auswahl einer fragmentbasierten Markermethode ................................ 6 1.4.1.2 Sequenzbasierte Marker ........................................................................ 7 1.4.2 Geeignete Markerregionen .................................................................... 8 1.4.2.1 Mitochondriale-DNA ............................................................................... 9 1.4.2.2 Chloroplasten-DNA ................................................................................ 9 1.4.2.3 Kern-DNA .............................................................................................. 10 1.4.3 Auswahl einer geeigneten Markerregion ............................................... 11 1.5 Problemstellungen und Ziele der Arbeit ................................................. 14 2 Material und Methoden ........................................................................ 15 2.1 Materialien ............................................................................................. 15 2.1.1 Probenmaterialien .................................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Oligonukleotide ...................................................................................... 15 2.1.3 Chemikalien, Enzyme, Kits, Lösungen und sonstige Materialien ........... 17 2.1.3.1 Chemikalien ........................................................................................... 17 2.1.3.2 Enzyme .................................................................................................. 18 2.1.3.3 Reagenzien- und Zubehör-Komplettsätze (Kits) .................................... 18 2.1.3.4 Puffer und Lösungen ............................................................................. 19 2.1.3.5 Sonstige Materialien .............................................................................. 21 2.1.4 Software und Datenbanken ................................................................... 22 2.1.5 Laborbedingungen und Geräte .............................................................. 22 2.1.5.1 Reinstwasseraufbereitung ..................................................................... 22 2.1.5.2 Sterilisationsmethoden .......................................................................... 23 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 2.1.5.3 Geräte .................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Methoden ............................................................................................... 24 2.2.1 DNA-Isolierung ...................................................................................... 24 2.2.1.1 CTAB-Methode ...................................................................................... 24 2.2.1.2 DNeasy Plant Mini Kit ............................................................................ 25 2.2.1.3 PSP Spin Stool DNA Kit ........................................................................ 25 2.2.2 RAPD- Analyse ...................................................................................... 26 2.2.2.1 Allgemeines ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.2.2 Durchführung der Methode .................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Vergleichende DNA-Sequenzanalyse .................................................... 28 2.2.3.1 Allgemeines ........................................................................................... 28 2.2.3.2 Durchführung der Methode .................................................................... 28 2.2.4 Agarose-Gelelektrophorese ................................................................... 30 2.2.5 DNA-Extraktion aus Agarose-Gelen ...................................................... 30 2.2.6 Aufreinigung von PCR-Amplifikaten ....................................................... 30 2.2.7 Sequenzierung der PCR-Fragmente ..................................................... 31 2.2.8 Editierung und Sequenzvergleich .......................................................... 32 3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion ................................................................ 33 3.1 DNA-Isolierungen .................................................................................. 33 3.1.1 Ganze und geschnittene pflanzliche Stoffe ............................................ 33 3.1.2 Gepulverte pflanzliche Stoffe ................................................................. 35 3.1.3 Pflanzliche Zubereitungen / Fertigarzneimittel ......................................
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