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The Effects of Kernel Feeding by Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha Halys: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Commercial Hazelnuts (Corylus Avellana L.)

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The Effects of Kernel Feeding by Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha Halys: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Commercial Hazelnuts (Corylus Avellana L.) AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Christopher S. Hedstrom for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture presented on March 5, 2014 Title: The Effects of Kernel Feeding by Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Commercial Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) Abstract approved: Vaughn M. Walton Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug, Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), an invasive insect pest, has established populations in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Halyomorpha halys is a potential pest of many specialty crops in the Willamette Valley, including hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.). The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize the damage resulting from feeding of H. halys adults on developing hazelnut kernels, 2) determine how the timing of feeding during kernel development influences damage to kernels, and 3) determine if the hazelnut shell thickness had an effect on feeding frequency or resulting damage to the kernels. In field trials conducted in 2012 and 2013, adult male H. halys were allowed to feed on developing nuts for one-week periods from initial nut development until harvest. Developing nuts not exposed to H. halys feeding served as a control treatment. Data were analyzed using an Exact Binomial Test. Damage symptoms corresponded with the hazelnut kernels’ physiological development periods, and were similar to symptoms of stink bug feeding on tree nuts in past studies. Results demonstrated that when stink bugs fed on hazelnuts before kernel expansion, development of the kernels could cease and the result is an empty shell (P<0.001). When the insects fed during kernel expansion, kernels appeared malformed (P<0.001). When stink bugs fed on mature nuts, a greater proportion of kernels exhibiting corky, white, necrotic kernel tissue resulted (P<0.001). Results were consistent in both field seasons. Despite differences in mean shell thickness between cultivars, there were no significant differences in the proportion of damaged kernels exhibiting these symptoms between cultivars in field tests or lab tests. The results of these studies demonstrate that commercial hazelnuts are susceptible to damage caused by the feeding of H. halys throughout the season, regardless of cultivar. Halyomorpha halys could have a serious detrimental effect in commercial hazelnut orchards. © Copyright by Christopher S. Hedstrom March 5, 2014 All Rights Reserved The Effects of Kernel Feeding by Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Commercial Hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) by Christopher S. Hedstrom A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented March 5, 2014 Commencement June 2014 Master of Science thesis of Christopher S. Hedstrom presented on March 5, 2014. APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Horticulture Head of the Department of Horticulture Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Christopher S. Hedstrom, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses sincere appreciation to all members of the Oregon State University Department of Horticulture, as well as his friends and family, for their enthusiasm and support throughout his graduate career. He would also like to express great thanks to Jeff Olsen, Shawn Mehlenbacher and Dave Smith for providing advice and expertise regarding hazelnut development and production in Oregon. Thank you to the Lewis-Brown Horticultural Farm staff, and to Joseph Postman for allowing the researchers to use the USDA-ARS Hazelnut Germplasm repository throughout both years of the experiment. The author expresses much gratitude to all the members of the Walton Lab for their encouragement, guidance and advice, both scientific and otherwise. The author would also like to express his gratitude towards his graduate committee and graduate council representative for their advice, guidance, mentoring and criticism. This research was funded by the Oregon Hazelnut Commission and Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Specialty Crop Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2011-51181- 30937 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. General Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Taxonomy, physical description and life cycle …………………………………… 2 1.2. Pest status of Halyomorpha halys in the United States ………………………….. 7 1.3 Symptoms of crop damage by pentatomids ………………………………………. 10 1.4 Hazelnut production in Oregon …………………………………………………… 14 1.5 Potential threat of BMSB to Oregon agriculture …………………………………. 15 2. Damage to hazelnut kernels resulting from feeding by Halyomorpha halys………… 16 2.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 16 2.2 Materials and methods ………………………………………………................... 17 2.2.1 Kernel development ………………………………………………………….. 17 2.2.2 Feeding damage ………………………………………………………………. 18 2.2.3 Mortality ……………………………………………………………………… 19 2.2.4 Distance to kernel versus mouthpart length …………………………………... 20 2.2.5 Data analysis …………………………………………………………………. 20 2.3 Results …………………………………………………………………................ 21 2.3.1 Kernel development ………………………………………………………….. 21 2.3.2 Feeding damage ……………………………………………………………… 22 2.3.3 Mortality ……………………………………………………………………… 22 2.3.4 Distance to kernel versus mouthpart length ………………………………… 23 2.4 Discussion and conclusions ……………………………………………………… 23 2.5 Figures and tables ……………………………………………………………….. 28 3. Effect of shell thickness of Corylus avellana L. on proportion of damage and feeding frequency by Halyomorpha halys …………………………………................................. 33 3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………….................. 33 3.2 Materials and methods………………………………………………….................. 34 3.2.1 Field trials …………………………………………………………………….. 34 3.2.2 Laboratory trials ………………………………………………………………. 35 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 3.3 Results……………………………………………………………………………... 34 3.3.1 Shell thickness ……………………………………………………………. 34 3.3.2 Field trials …………………………………………………………………… 35 3.3.3 Laboratory trials …………………………………………………………….. 36 3.4 Discussion and conclusions…………………………………………….................. 36 3.5 Figures and tables………………………………………………………................. 39 4. General Conclusions ……………………………………………………...................... 43 5. Bibliography………………………………………………………………................... 45 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1. Primary damage symptoms associated with kernel feeding by Halyomorpha halys on hazelnut kernels……………………………………………………………. 28 2.2. Growth and development of cultivars of commercial hazelnut in 2012 and 2013 from terminal bud set to nut drop ................................................................................ 29 2.3. Proportion of damaged hazelnuts after being exposed to feeding Halyomorpha halys by treatment period in 2012 and 2013 ……………………………………….. 30 2.4. Distance from outer sidewall of hazelnut shell and proportion of blank and shriveled hazelnuts versus week of development from terminal bud set ………….. 31 3.1. Cross-section of ‘Barcelona’ hazelnut showing the positions for shell thickness measurements ……………………………………………………………………….. 39 3.2. Mean shell thickness of different cultivars of commercial hazelnuts in 2012 and 2013……………………………………………………………………………….……… 40 …………………………………………………………........ LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1. P-values resulting from Exact Binomial Tests comparing the proportion of damaged kernels in treatments (observed) to the proportion of damaged kernels in the control (expected) ………………………………………………………………………………… 32 3.1. Welch’s ANOVA results comparing proportions of damage to hazelnut kernels from by Halyomorpha halys feeding between accessions and cultivars for the entire season in 2012 and 2013………………………………………………………………….. 41 3.2. Linear regression analysis comparing indicators of H. halys feeding activity (number of feeding sheaths and number of corked spots) versus shell thickness, by site of feeding …………………………………………………………………………............ 42 1. General Introduction Halyomorpha halys (Stäl), brown marmorated stink bug, (BMSB) is a member of the order Hemiptera, family Pentatomidae. Its known native range is China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan (Hoffman 1931, Kobayashi 1967, Hoebeke and Carter 2003, Bernon 2004). Halyomorpha halys is phytophagous and exhibits a very wide host range that includes economically important tree fruit crops, tree nuts, vegetable crops, legumes, ornamentals and wild plants in both its native range (Kobayashi 1967) and in the United States (Hoebeke and Carter 2003). Halyomorpha halys was first detected in the United States in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 1996 but was not positively identified until 2001 (Hoebeke and Carter 2003, Bernon 2004). Halyomorpha halys did not gain widespread attention in the United States until it was recognized as a nuisance pest, aggregating on the outside of buildings and inside of residences during the overwintering stage of its life cycle. The first reports of BMSB came from homeowners in numerous counties within Pennsylvania (Hoebeke and Carter 2003, Bernon 2004). BMSB caused economic crop losses in Pennsylvania as early as 2003 (Bernon 2004). Populations of BMSB increased dramatically in the Eastern United States, causing economic crop damage in the Northeastern U.S. in 2009 (Nielsen and Hamilton 2009a), and in 2010, caused an estimated $37 million in losses to Mid-Atlantic apple growers (U.S. Apple Assoc. 2011). Halyomorpha
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