DOCSLIB.ORG

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT July 5, 2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT July 5, 2019 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROPOSED HOTEL WHARF AND ACCESS ROAD MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR PROJECT Apra Harbor, Guam Prepared for: PORT OF GUAM Jose D. Leon Guerrero Commercial Port 1026 Cabras Highway, Suite 201 Piti, Guam 96925 and U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MARITIME ADMINISTRATION As lead Federal Agency pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 Prepared by: Dueñas, Camacho & Associates Inc. 238 E. Marine Corps Drive, Ste. 201 Hagåtña, Guam 96910 July 5, 2019 Environmental Assessment for Hotel Wharf and Access Road Maintenance and Repair Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE List of Appendices and Tables ......................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ v 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Location .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Summary of Proposed Action ..................................................................................... 1-1 2. PURPOSE AND NEED ................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Existing Conditions ...................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Purpose and Need for Proposed Action ..................................................................... 2-2 3. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED ....................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Proposed Action .......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 No Action Alternative .................................................................................................. 3-3 3.3 Alternatives Considered and Dismissed ...................................................................... 3-3 3.3.1 Demolition of Existing Hotel Wharf and Full Reconstruction ..................................... 3-3 3.3.2 F-6 Wharf Improvements ............................................................................................ 3-3 4. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ........................ 4-1 4.1 Resources Considered in this Environmental Assessment ......................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Soil, Geology, Seismicity .............................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.1.3 Hazardous Materials and Waste Management .......................................................... 4-4 4.1.4 Noise and Vibration ..................................................................................................... 4-5 4.1.5 Public Services and Utilities ...................................................................................... 4-11 4.1.6 Water Quality ............................................................................................................ 4-12 4.1.7 Surface and Ground Waters ...................................................................................... 4-15 4.1.8 Wetlands and Waters of the U.S. .............................................................................. 4-15 4.1.9 Floodplains ................................................................................................................ 4-16 4.1.10 Fish and Wildlife ........................................................................................................ 4-16 4.1.11 Threatened and Endangered Species, and Critical Habitat ...................................... 4-18 4.1.12 Cultural, Historic and Section 4(f) Resources ............................................................ 4-19 4.1.13 Environmental Justice ............................................................................................... 4-22 4.1.14 Traffic and Safety ...................................................................................................... 4-25 4.1.15 Land Use and Visual Impacts ..................................................................................... 4-27 5. INDIRECT AND CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ....................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Indirect Impacts .......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Cumulative Impacts ..................................................................................................... 5-1 6. MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................................................. 6-1 6.1 Best Management Practices ....................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Coral Relocation .......................................................................................................... 6-5 6.3 Debris Removal ........................................................................................................... 6-5 6.4 Public Education and Outreach ................................................................................... 6-6 7. AGENCY COORDINATION AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT .............................................. 7-1 7.1 Agency Coordination ................................................................................................... 7-1 iii Environmental Assessment for Hotel Wharf and Access Road Maintenance and Repair Table of Contents 7.2 Public Involvement ...................................................................................................... 7-3 8. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................. 8-1 9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 9-1 10. LIST OF PREPARERS AND REGULATIONS ................................................................... 10-1 10.1 List of Preparers ........................................................................................................ 10-1 10.2 List of Regulations ..................................................................................................... 10-1 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A. Maps and Figures of the Hotel Wharf Project. APPENDIX B. Marine Surveys for the Proposed Repair and Maintenance of Hotel Wharf, Apra Harbor, Guam (Burdick 2019). LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1. Types and Volume of Operations at the Commercial Port Cargo Terminal .................. 2-1 Table 2. Activity Categories and Noise Abatement Criteria ....................................................... 4-6 Table 3. Sensitive Receptors in the Vicinity of the Proposed Action ........................................... 4-7 Table 4. Estimated source levels and ranges to effects threshold isopleths............................... 4-8 Table 5. Noise Levels of Selected Construction Equipment ...................................................... 4-10 Table 6. ESA-Listed Species that are known to occur or may occur in the action area ............ 4-19 Table 7. Sites within the Vicinity of the Hotel Wharf Project Site ............................................. 4-20 Table 8. Ethnic Origin or Race Census Data ............................................................................... 4-23 Table 9. Summary of Selected Demographic Data .................................................................... 4-23 iv Environmental Assessment for Hotel Wharf and Access Road Maintenance and Repair List of Abbreviations LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMEC AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. APE Area of Potential Effect BMP best management practice dB decibel BMUS bottomfish management unit species CALTRANS California Department of Transportation cm centimeter(s) CMUS crustacean management unit species CFR Code of Federal Regulations CHCRT currently harvested coral reef taxa CRE-MUS coral reef ecosystem species DAWR Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources DCA Duenas, Camacho & Associates, Inc. DOT U.S. Department of Transportation DPS distinct population segment EA Environmental Assessment EFH Essential Fish Habitat ESA Endangered Species Act FEP Fishery Ecosystem Plan ft feet FWCA Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act HAPC Habitat Areas of Particular Concern m meter MARAD Maritime Administration MLLW mean lower low water mph miles per hour MSA Magnuson-Stevens Act MSL mean sea level NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System PAG Port Authority of Guam v Environmental Assessment for Hotel Wharf and Access Road Maintenance and Repair List of Abbreviations LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (continued) PHCRT potentially harvested coral reef taxa PIP Port Improvement Project PTS permanent threshold shift RO/RO roll-on/roll-off sq. ft square feet sq. m square meter TTS temporary threshold shift USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency USFWS U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service UXO unexploded ordnance WPRFMC Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council vi Environmental Assessment for Hotel Wharf
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dive Guam Fact Sheet 10.Indd
    DIVING IN GUAM dives range from deep dropoff s to coral head and sandy fl ats of garden eels. A wide variety of fi sh, sea anemones, and larger marine life like sea turtles, barracuda and the occasional reef shark can be found at any of Guam’s 150 sites. POPULAR OUTER REEF SITES Guam is home to one of the world’s most amazing underwater phenomena, the Blue Hole, a natural 300-foot shaft cut into the reef off Orote Point. A plethora of marine life and coral also inhabit several other outer reef dive sites INTRODUCTION including the Crevice, Coral Gardens, Shark Pit, Barracuda Rock, Hap’s Reef, and the elusive 11-Mile Reef. Guam’s tropical waters are teaming with hundreds of varieties of colorful fi sh and coral species, a seascape of • Blue Hole unimaginable beauty and clarity, dotted with historic wrecks One of Guam’s most unique dive sites, the Blue Hole is from World War I and World War II. located toward the tip of Orote Peninsula on the southern coast. Characterized as a 300-foot shaft cut into reef made Guam’s open ocean is not only home to diverse coral and of limestone, the site off ers marine life; it’s one of Micronesia’s most aff ordable places to excellent visibility that oft en dive. Home to a variety of dives for each certifi cation level, allows divers to see the top of the island’s waters stay from 82-86 degrees Fahrenheit year- the hole from the surface. round, with visibility up to 150 feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 3.11 Cultural Resources
    3.11 Cultural Resources MARIANA ISLANDS TRAINING AND TESTING FINAL EIS/OEIS MAY 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.11 CULTURAL RESOURCES .......................................................................................................... 3.11-1 3.11.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 3.11-1 3.11.1.1 Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Cultural Resources ....................................... 3.11-2 3.11.1.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 3.11-4 3.11.1.3 Methods of Impact Analysis ................................................................................................ 3.11-7 3.11.2 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................. 3.11-7 3.11.2.1 Guam .................................................................................................................................... 3.11-8 3.11.2.2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ............................................................. 3.11-15 3.11.2.3 Mariana Islands Training and Testing Transit Corridor ...................................................... 3.11-19 3.11.2.4 Current Requirements, Practices, and Protective Measures ............................................. 3.11-19 3.11.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Late Colonial History Five of Seven
    Late Colonial History Five of Seven Marianas History Conference Late Colonial History Guampedia.com This publication was produced by the Guampedia Foundation ⓒ2012 Guampedia Foundation, Inc. UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 www.guampedia.com Table of Contents Late Colonial History Reluctant Refugees: The Forced Resettlement of Carolinians to Saipan 1907-1912 .................................................................................................1 By Dirk Spennemann, PhD. Towards a Post-Colonial Friendship between Micronesian and Japan: Approaching the Centenary of the Nan’yō Occupation and Governance by Japan ...................................................................................................3 By Shunsuke Nagashima Broken Spear: The Roller Coaster Existence of Sumay, Guam (1900-1941) ...............................................................................................9 By James Oelke Farley Carolinians and Chamorros in Japanese Mandated NMI: A Review of Tadao Yanaihara’s Studies on Micronesia ..............................................43 By Yumiko Imaizumi Concrete Terraces and Japanese Agricultural Production on Tinian, Mariana Islands ......................................................................................63 By Dave Tuggle, PhD and Wakako Higuchi, PhD Surviving War on Pagan .........................................................................77 By Jessica Jordan The Description and Graphisation of Chamorro During the German Colonial Period in the Marianas ..........................................................111
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms
    INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation w s s produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand marki!^ or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document phorographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was posable to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting tiiru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin phoroing at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet TOKAI MARU Section Number JL Page
    f NP? Form 1,0-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Rev. 8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service JUN 3 1988 National Register of Historic Places NATiQiV u Registration Form REGISTER This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, styles, materials, and areas of significance, enter only the categories and subcategories listed in the instructions. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900a). Type all entries. 1. Name of Property_________________________________________________ historic name___________ other names/site number 2. Location street & number APRA HARBOR I I not for publication city, town NAVAL STATION I I vicinity state GUAM code GU county GU code 010 zip code 96630 3. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property I I private I I building(s) Contributing Noncontributing I I public-local I I district ______buildings I I public-State [xlsite ____ sites QD public-Federal I I structure ____ structures I I object ____ objects 1 0 Total Name of related multiple property listing: Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 0________ 4. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this [^nomination I I request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
    [Show full text]
  • X-Ray Mag Issue #53 | March 2013
    wreck rap The Tale of Two Diver swimming between the WWI SMS Wrecks of Guam Cormoran and the WWII Tokai Maru Text and underwater photos by Brandi Mueller Guam’s Apra Harbor is home to a unique set of sunken war- ships. It is the only place in the world where a World War I and a World War II wreck sit touching each other underwater, and they can both be dived on one tank. The calm, warm waters of Guam make for easy diving, and both wrecks can be mostly explored above 100ft. The story of how these ships sank is almost as interesting as the dive itself. German Captain Adalbert Zuckschwerdt the Americans refused to give an adequate The Cormoran started off as the Rjasan, steered his ship, the SMS Cormoran, into amount of coal to continue their voyage, in built in a German shipyard in 1909. It was a Guam’s Apra Harbor on 14 December 1914. part because of their own short supply, thus 88-meter (290ft) passenger-cargo freighter With only 50 tons of coal left in the hold and preventing the vessel from leaving Guam. built for Russia. not much food, he hoped the Americans The ship and her crew stayed in Guam of this U.S. territory would provide them with peacefully for over two years, many moving World War I much needed supplies to continue their voy- onto land and living as neighbors among the During World War I, in August 1914, the MARINESCHULE FLENSBURG-MÜRWIK / WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / PUBLIC DOMAIN age. Although still a neutral party of WWI, indigenous Chamorros and Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • Diving the Twin Shipwrecks: SMS Cormoran II and the Tokai Maru Guam’S Local Dive Shops Offer Special Packages to Commemorate the 100Th Anniversary of the Cormoran
    PRESS RELEASE For Immediate Release Diving the Twin Shipwrecks: SMS Cormoran II and the Tokai Maru Guam’s Local Dive Shops Offer Special Packages to Commemorate the 100th Anniversary of the Cormoran March 2017; Tamuning, Guam – The Guam Visitors Bureau (GVB) will commemorate the 100th anniversary of the SMS Cormoran II being scuttled in Apra Harbor From April 1 through the 14. The ship was scuttled purposely by her captain on April 7, 1917 rather than be surrendered to the US who had just entered World War I. She came to rest at the bottom of Apra Harbor where she lay undisturbed until the second World War. During WWII, Guam was captured from the US by the Japanese Imperial Army and occupied for two and a half years. On August 20, 1943, the Japanese military transport ship Tokai Maru sunk in Apra Harbor after being torpedoed by a US submarine. Amazingly, the Tokai Maru came to rest leaning against the SMS Cormoran, creating the only place in the world where shipwrecks from two different World Wars touch. The site has become extremely popular with divers, who are attracted by the opportunity to touch two relics from different periods in history at the same time. Events during the commemoration of the SMS Cormoran’s scuttling will include special dive tours of the twin shipwrecks. The GVB has worked with several of Guam’s leading scuba diving companies to develop dive packages to the site of the twin shipwrecks. Anyone wanting to take advantage of these dive tours must have Advance Open Water dive certification or higher.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior
    United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL PARK SERVICE . WASHINGTON, D.C. 202-10 Q y 9 / ' a * IN REPLY Ul.II.R t o : i *» H34-HR APR 2 1 1972 Mr. Frank F. Bias Director of Commerce , Department _ of Commerce______ _1 _____________ ________________ _ Post Office Box 682 Agana, Guam 96910 Dear Mr. Bias: « We are pleased to reply to your letter concerning Guam’s participation in the historic preservation grants-in-aid program of the National Park Service, administered by the National Register of Historic Places. Under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (80 Stat. 915), as amended, Guam is eligible to participate in the program. The listing of apportionments to which you refer is, I presume, the Fiscal Year 1972 apportionment. It shows the allocations for States that previously submitted to the National Park Service projections of their matching capabilities and needs for historic preservation. For any State that did not provide such projections, .5 of one percent, or $29,900, of the Fiscal Year appropriation passed by Congress was put in reserve. You will be pleased to learn that the original stipulation that the State apply for its reserve by March 31, 1972, has been discontinued, and the - funds are still being held in reserve for Guam. You are doubtless anxious to know how you may receive funds from that reserve. Under the Act of 1966, a State is eligible to receive grants to assist in its survey and planning program and In acquiring or developing historic properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places only after it has submitted a State Historic Preservation Plan that has received National-Park Service approval.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the SMS Cormoran II from Russia to Guam Via Germany
    PRESS RELEASE For Immediate Release The History of the SMS Cormoran II From Russia to Guam via Germany March 2017; Tamuning, Guam – On Friday, April 7, 2017, the Guam Visitors Bureau (GVB) will commemorate the 100th Anniversary of the scuttling of the SMS Cormoran II. The vessel sailed in to Guam’s Apra Harbor on December 14, 1914. She was out of coal from being chased throughout the Pacific by Japanese warships. Though the US was not involved in World War II at the time, the naval governor would not refuel the ship. The Cormoran and her crew remained in Guam for two and a half years, until the day the United States officially entered World War I on April 6, 1917. The SMS Cormoran holds a special place in history for both Guam and the United States, which may seem unusual for a German ship. The Cormoran was built in Elbing, Germany in 1909 to be part of the Russian merchant fleet as a combination passenger, cargo and mail carrier, originally named the SS Ryazan (also spelt Rjasan) of Russia. With the advent of World War I, Russia and Germany became enemies. On August 4, 1914, the SS Ryazan was captured by the SMS Emden of Germany. The ship was taken to Tsingtao in the German colony Kiautschou, located in Qingdao, China. There she was converted into an armed merchant raider by taking the armaments from a damaged ship that could no longer sail. Outfitted with her new features, the Ryazan was given a new name, too. She was rechristened, given the name of ship whose parts she’d been outfitted with.
    [Show full text]
  • An Administrative History
    An Administrative History Evans-Hatch & Associates, Inc. July 2004 Under NPS Contract Table of Contents Administrative History War in the Pacific National Historic Park -- Chapter 1 -- Pre-European Contact 1 -- Chapter 2 -- Visitors From Afar 9 -- Chapter 3 -- America on Guam: 1898 - 1950 23 -- Chapter 4 -- The Organic Act 41 -- Chapter 5 -- Pre-Legislation Planning and Preparation: 1952 - 1978 49 -- Chapter 6 -- Social and Political Context of the Park’s Creation and Evolution 67 -- Chapter 7 -- Lands 79 -- Chapter 8 -- Creating a Park Presence: The Newman Era 1979 - 1982 97 -- Chapter 9 -- Expanding Park Operations: The Reyes Years 1983 - 1991 131 -- Chapter 10 -- Decade of Special Events: Wood and Gustin Era 1991 - 2002 157 List of Appendices Administrative History War in the Pacific National Historic Park -- Appendix 1 -- Land Ownership, 1979 -- Appendix 2 -- Comments During Preparation of the General Management Plan -- Appendix 3 -- Initial Suggested Boundary Changes -- Appendix 4 -- Histories of Units of the Park -- Appendix 5 -- Introductory Comments on the Floor of the House of Representatives by Rep Richard Which, January 18, 1967 -- Appendix 6 -- World War II Historic Sites and Features Extant in 1967 -- Appendix 7 -- Organic Act Land Title Provisions -- Appendix 8 -- The Park’s Enabling Legislation -- Appendix 9 -- C-MAP and CR-MAP -- Appendix 10 -- Plant Communities List of Illustrations Administrative History War in the Pacific National Historic Park 1-1 Schematic of typical asymmetrical Chamorro hull 1-2 Proa anatomy 1-3 Portrait of Chamorro family 1-4 Chamorro multi-family residence 2-1 Martyrdom of San Vitores 3-1 Guam Naval Militia 3-2 Pacific Ocean map showing location of Guam 3-3 U.
    [Show full text]
  • The Public Importance of World War I Shipwrecks: Why a State Should Care and the Challenges of Protection James Delgado Ole Varmer
    The Public Importance of World War I Shipwrecks: Why a State Should Care and the Challenges of Protection James Delgado Ole Varmer Marine Archaeologist, Director of Mari- Attorney-Adviser, International Section of time Heritage Program, Office of National the Office of NOAA General Counsel Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and [email protected] Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) [email protected] (The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or other entities in the US Government) The Public Importance of World War I Shipwrecks: Why a State should Care The centennial of the First World War highlights the fact that shipwrecks, as well as other underwater cultural heritage from that conflict, have now begun to come under the blanket of protection afforded by the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (hereinafter UNESCO 2001 Convention). Under the Convention, underwater cultural heritage (UCH) is defined to mean, ‘all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years.’ Some of these sites from World War I have already been recognized as being significant under United States (US) law. For example, a number of these wrecks have been determined eligible for listing on its National Register of Historic Places under its National Historic Preservation Act. The public interest and importance of such heritage is reflected in a number of other US laws, and in international law protecting heritage resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania
    Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania ccoverover UUnderwaternderwater CCulturalultural HHeritageeritage iinn OOceaniaceania Edited by Ulrike Guérin, Barbara Egger and Vidha Penalva All underwater cultural heritage sites in this book have been chosen for their historic interest. There may however lay more representative and signifi cant sites in the waters of the territory encompassed by this publication. UNESCO’s choice was made without any claim to do complete justice to the heritage concerned, even if it aspired to do so. This publication was funded by UNESCO, the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology - AIMA and The Society for International Cultural Exchange, Japan. Reproduction may be allowed, providing that no changes are made and appropriate mention is made of the source. Please contact UNESCO Paris for authori- zation. This document should be cited as: © UNESCO, 2010. Underwater Cultural Heritage in Oceania. Layout by: Ulrike Guérin, Barbara Egger, Vidha Penalva de Almeida Document Code: CLT/CIH/MCO/2010/150REV Contact: UNESCO Section of Museums and Cultural Objects Secretariat of the Convention on the Protection The Society for International Cultural Exchange, Japan of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 1, rue Miollis – 75732 Paris cedex 15, France Tel. +33 (0) 145684406 Fax +33 (0) 145685596 Email: [email protected] www.unesco.org/en/underwater-cultural-heritage Cover page: SSSS SeveranceSeverance, Australia.Australia. TThehe ttwowo mmastedasted ssailingailing yachtyacht tthehe SSeveranceeverance ssankank ooffff LLadyady EElliotlliot IIslandsland iinn tthehe GGreatreat BBarrierarrier RReef,eef, Australia.Australia. TThehe SSeveranceeverance iiss relativelyrelatively uundamaged,ndamaged, ssomeome remainsremains ofof itsits sailssails persist,persist, wwichich hadhad beenbeen riggedrigged inin reefedreefed positionposition inin a vainvain attemptattempt toto minimizeminimize thethe dragdrag iinn thethe heavyheavy stormstorm thatthat sanksank it.it.
    [Show full text]