Scientific Art: the Tetralogy of John Banville
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SCIENTIFIC ART: THE TETRALOGY OF JOHN BANVILLE by BRIAN STEPHEN McILROY B.A. (Hons.) Sheffield University, 1981 M.A. Leeds University, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1991 (cT)Brian S. Mcllroy, 1991 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date IS /V'l <Wl DE-6G/811 r ii Abstract The main thesis of this study is that John Banville's fictional scientific tetralogy makes an aesthetically challenging attempt to fuse renewed popular notions of science and scientific figures with renewed artistic forms. Banville is most interested in the creative mind of the scientist, astronomer, or mathematician, his life and times in Doctor Copernicus (1976) and Kepler (1981) , and his modern day influence in The Newton Letter (1982) and Mefisto (1986). The novelist's writing is a movement of the subjective into what has normally been regarded as the objective domain of science. Chapter one gives a critical overview of the present state of Banville scholarship. It reveals that despite his focus on scientists, the novelist rarely invites more than narrow literary approaches. Chapter two discusses the cultural context of relations between science and literature. The theories of Gerald Holton on scientific history, of Arthur Koestler on creativity, and of Thomas Kuhn on paradigm change are shown to be germane to Banville's tetralogy. These theories support the general methodology throughout the dissertation. Chapter three examines the creation of the scientific genius Doctor Copernicus. In particular, the following areas are examined: the scientist's boyhood; the influences of his family, friends and colleagues; the link between science and public policy; the scientist's living and working conditions; and the scientist's thematic presuppositions. Chapter four continues the exploration of the social and artistic process of science with regard to the astronomer Kepler. This chapter's discussion of the brotherhood of science, astrology, physicalization, religion and dreams inevitably raises questions about the role of the scientist in society and how his ideas are developed. Chapter five reveals the importance of the extra—scientific factors that go into the composition of any purportedly objective science. In The Newton Letter, both the great English scientist and his Irish biographer seem to suffer from similar paradigm shifts. Chapter six on Mefisto argues that recent scientific theory, including the science of chaos, informs the work, particularly with regard to the notions of symmetry and asymmetry. Chapter seven concludes by advancing the argument that Banville's work is a much needed contribution to Irish culture, which has tended to ignore the social potential of science. iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements vi Chapter One: Introduction 1 I. Critical Overview 4 II. Chapter Outline 35 Chapter Two: The Cultural Context: Reading Literature and Science 4 6 I. Writing on Art and Science 47 II. Methodological Approaches 66 Chapter Three: A Social Scientist: Doctor Copernicus.. 87 I. The Scientist's Boyhood 93 II. The Family Breakdown 101 III. Philosophical Assumptions 108 IV. Friends, Colleagues, Women 116 V. Rheticus 124 VI. Science and Geopolitical Realities 129 VII. Some Conclusions 137 V Chapter Four: Re—Ordering Disorder: Blurring Science and Art in Kepler 140 I. Order From Disorder 148 II. The Brotherhood of Science 158 III. Religion and Science 169 IV. Astrology 174 V. Physicalization 178 VI. Dreams, Visions, Prophecies 183 Chapter Five: Reconstructing Artistic and Scientific Paradigms: The Newton Letter 188 I. Dealing With Crises 194 II. Failing Systems 207 Chapter Six: Casting and Recasting Theories: Mefisto.. 217 I. Scientific Marionettes 221 II. Angels From Hell 229 III. Asymmetry/Symmetry 237 Chapter Seven: Banville, Science, and Ireland 252 Bibliography A. Primary 271 B. Secondary 27 3 Acknowledgements This dissertation could not have been written without the help and support of a number of people. I wish to thank foremost my supervisor Professor John Wilson Foster whose attention to detail greatly enhanced this work through all its various stages. Professors Andrew Parkin, Peter Taylor, Andrew Busza, and Patricia Merivale have also contributed generously their thoughts about this project, and to them I owe thanks. 1 Chapter One: Introduction The main thesis of this study is that the novelist John Banville bridges in his work science and art by exploring and nurturing analogies between fiction and scientific theory. His fictional scientific tetralogy makes an aesthetically challenging attempt to fuse renewed notions of science and scientific figures with renewed artistic forms. Doctor Copernicus (1976), Kepler (1981), The Newton Letter (1982), and Mefisto (1986) are doubly fictional. As a whole, the tetralogy argues that scientific theory comprises much fiction, and Banville's novels are, therefore, fictions which discuss an initial fiction. This "doubling" helps to explain the multiplicity of fictional techniques employed by the author. These include numerous competing narrative voices, which imply that there is no omniscient viewpoint, no unified theory of the universe. These narrative voices also help to imply that every new theory has to go through a societal testing procedure (a la Darwin), which perforce can never be truly objective. The magnificent narrative power of his novels is explained not merely by the choice of great intellectual scientific figures as subjects of inquiry, but also by the richness of imagery, the detailed character analyses, the presentation of exceptionally controlled (though emotive) 2 scenes, and the deliberate formal and technical challenges which the author sets the reader in each text's design. These techniques help the reader to uncover two major themes advanced by the tetralogy: (a) that major scientific advances have depended, and will depend in the future, just as much on passion, subjectivity, and irrationality as on detachment, objectivity, and rationality; and (b) that scientific paradigms, "universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions to a community of practitioners," are not stable but are constantly shifting (Kuhn 1970, viii). The examination of the process of paradigm change is particularly germane to Banville's tetralogy. Banville is most interested in the creative mind of the scientist, astronomer, or mathematician, his life and times (Doctor Copernicus and Kepler), and his modern day influence (The Newton Letter and Mefisto). The novelist's writing is a movement of the subjective (defined here as experiential observation) into what has normally been regarded as the objective (defined here as experimental observation) domain of science. Fundamentally, experiential observations, since based on experience, are chaotic and disordered, rampant with conflicting personal emotions and feelings; by contrast, experimental observations are often linear in conception, since based on controlled conditions and hypotheses, and are therefore typified by method and rational inquiry. When an experiment creates an unexpected 3 result, the tendency of normal science is to dismiss it as an error. Banville's work emphasizes that the need for theory emerges from experience, while the formulation of a theory emerges from an act of creation. The social validation of a theory emerges only partly from experimental observation. "Extra—scientific" factors are important to a theory's origin, acceptance, and dissemination, issues which Banville's novels explore. This introductory chapter reviews the previous criticism on Banville's work and establishes that the scientific element in the Irish writer's fiction has been, more often than not, glossed over by narrow literary approaches. This introduction concludes by briefly outlining the character and content of my six subsequent chapters, which attempt to travel some way to redress the critical imbalance mentioned above. The criticism so far of John Banville's fiction is marked generally by an unwillingness on the part of critics to take the writer's interest in science as an end in itself. The major critical summations of Banville's novels may be categorized as follows: metafictions (Deane 1977 and Imhof 1989), poetic metaphors (McMinn 1988 and O'Brien 1989), historical character studies (Molloy 1981), philosophical tracts (McCormack 1987), covert political broadsides (Outram 1988) and transitional modernist texts (Kearney 1988). As I proceed in this discussion, I hope it will be apparent to the reader that when I stress certain 4 critics' "blind spots," it is in an effort to push the "science debate," however loosely defined, to the forefront of attention. 1. Critical Overview It is testimony to John Banville's