The Future of Energy in Ohio

Final Student Policy Recommendations

The Metro School Columbus, OH The Future of Energy in Ohio

About Youth Policy Summit

The power of Youth Policy Summit lies in the ambition of its alumni. Young women and men come to the Summits as students, curious and ready to learn. They leave, after a week of intensive study and collaboration, active and inspired citizens of their local communities, our nation, and the world.

In October 2010, The Keystone Center facilitated a Summit for first year students at the Met- ro School in Columbus, Ohio. Students were challenged with developing consensus-based policy recommendations for the future of energy in Ohio.

Led by the first year teaching team, the students conducted research into divergent stakeholder groups and various aspects of the energy puzzle. In October of 2010, students spent a week ardently discussing the possibilities for sustainable solutions to meet current and future energy demands in their state. Participants took stock of the larger technical, legal, environmental, social, economic, and political problems and shared their own research to prioritize issues and options. They interacted with leaders in the fields of energy, government, and the non-profit sector who are actively grappling with these same issues day to day.

With guidance from professional educators and facilitators from Keystone’s Center for Education and Center for Science and Public Policy, students created viable solutions to a problem that is confounding policy makers nationally. This report represents the results of the students’ deliberations: a written set of recommendations that will be shared with leaders in education, policy, energy, youth development and government.

These young leaders received training and practice in skills essential for the 21st century work force such as critical thinking, creativity, leadership, negotiation, and innovation. Freshly aware of their own potential for leadership and change, the students are inspired to take their recommendations to leaders in their own communities, demonstrating the undeniable power of working together.

Since 2004, The Keystone Center has conducted YPS programs for over 500 young leaders from 23 states across the nation. Topics focus on current issues facing our nation in the areas of energy, environment and public health. With eight Summits planned across the nation for 2011, we encourage teachers, students, private and public organizations and government leaders to visit www.youthpolicysummit.org to learn about opportunities available in your region.

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Table of Contents Overview of Student Research 5

Introduction 8

Wind Power: Spin for a Change Policy 9

Solar and Wind Recycled Materials Policy 11

Biomass Education Policy 13

Geothermal Energy Policy 15

Coal Policy 17

Nuclear Waste Policy 20

Alternative Fuels and Transportation Policy 22

Green Building Policy 26

Green Roof Installation Act 29

Conclusion 33

References Used 34

Acknowledgements 36 3 The Future of Energy in Ohio

“Keystone allowed me, as an up and coming member of society, to express and share my views, talents, experiences, as well as my culture in a meaningful and constructive way that is more likely to affect a policy change.”

-YPS Participant

INNOVATION LEADERSHIP SOLUTIONS

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Overview of Student Research

The Group’s Task

What should be done, and by whom, to bring about the changes necessary to meet the growing energy demand, while simultaneously growing the workforce and significantly limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases? Participants should consider three time frames: near-term (4-8 years), mid-term (10-20 years), and long term (up to 50 years).

To begin answering these questions, students were asked to research the following energy topics prior to their arrival at the Summit. As a group, the participants became experts on the current issues, barriers and opportunities as they exist today in Ohio and across the United States.

Electricity-Biomass/ Geothermal

Electricity-Solar/ Wind

Electricity-Transmission

Coal Power

Nuclear Power

Natural Gas

Transportation-Fuels, Systems

Buildings Efficiency- Residential, Commercial, Industrial

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STEEPLE Analysis

To broaden the depth of their research, students worked in groups to perform a STEEPLE analysis of each research topic listed on page 5.

Political. Describes how, and to what degree government should intervene in the economy and society.

Economic. Includes economic growth, inflation and taxes.

Social. Includes cultural aspects, demographic differences, environmental justice (are some impacted more than others)

Environmental. Encompasses all impacts on the environment, including air and water quality, and impacts from climate change.

Technological. Includes the rate of technological change and impacts from research and development.

Legal. The laws of the land, including environmental, as well as health and safety and discrimination laws and regulations.

Education/ Workforce Development. Current education and training opportunities, and what is needed to meet growing energy demands and new jobs.

Stakeholder Assignments

In addition to their energy research topics, each student was asked to represent the interests of an important stakeholder involved in the energy conversation.

 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) composed of environmental groups, consumer advocacy groups, coalitions and social justice groups who are non–profits.  Public Sector, including federal, state and local government agencies.  Private Sector, including corporations and organizations that are in the energy production or transmission sector, provide engineering services or manufacturing for energy sector or who are large consumers of energy.  Academia, Education and Research institutions.

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Stakeholder List

1. Non-Governmental Organizations: 4. Industry: Green Energy Ohio (GEO) Anderson Windows Alliance to Save Energy General Electric company U.S. Green Building Council Timken Company Ohio Consumers' Council Murray Energy Corporation Ohio Public Transit Association American Petroleum Institute American Council for an Energy-Efficient Buckeye Power, Inc, Ohio Rural Electric Economy Cooperatives Natural Resources Defense Council American Society of Heating, Refrigerating (NRDC) and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Ohio Wind Working Group NiSource- Columbia Gas Battelle Ohio Lumber and Building Supply Columbus Green Building Forum American Electric Power Ohio Energy Council American Coalition for a Clean Coal Economy Proctor and Gamble 2. Federal and State Public Sector: AK Steel Corporation City of Columbus Chrysler Green Columbus Bob Evans Farms, Inc US Dept of Energy – Office of Energy Walmart Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DOE/EE Siemens -RE) Nuclear Energy Institute City of Cleveland American Gas Association Ohio Air Quality Development Authority Dayton Power and Light Ohio Department of Development Whirlpool US Dept of Transportation – Advanced Ford Vehicles Program Cliffs Natural Resources Ohio Department of Transportation University Hospitals Public Utilities Commission of Ohio American Municipal Power US Dept of Labor – Employment and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Training Administration FirstEnergy Corporation- (Ohio Edison, National Association of State Energy Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Officials (NASEO) Toledo Edison) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 7. Education and Training: Kent State University 3. Trade Associations The Ohio State University Renewable Fuels Association Columbus State Community College Solar Energy Industries Association Ohio University Geothermal Energy Association Honda Research Institute American Wind Energy Association University of Cincinnati American Public Power Association

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Introduction

We are the Class of 2014 at Metro Early College High School in Columbus, Ohio. In the fall of 2010, we were given a design challenge called the Youth Policy Summit. We worked with three members of The Keystone Center to research and develop policies for Ohio energy sustainability. We determined that, overall, the United States is not on a sustainable path. Ohio has one of the highest energy consumption rates in industry

FinalRecommendations in the country. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, Ohio is one of the nation’s largest consumers of coal. Coal provides 90% of our energy production. This is unsustainable. We need a sustainable energy system if we want to be prepared for the future. What was surprising was that very little is being done to fix this problem.

As a collective class, we took on this challenge. We worked in groups to research, develop and write energy policies that we believed could assist our community in the goal of energy sustainability. Each group looked at an energy source or transportation method and developed five-minute presentations of the researched information for the Youth Policy Summit week with The Keystone Center. Each group presented to the rest of the class, a panel of stakeholders and energy experts, and the representatives from The Keystone Center. All of the groups wrote an outline that led to final policy recommendations, limited only to our energy topics and our own creativity. Each team of students wrote a fully developed policy that included a timeline, a description, and stakeholders that would be involved. The end goal of the Youth Policy Summit was to write full policies that could be implemented to improve the sustainability of Ohio’s energy.

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Wind Power: Spin for a Change Policy Recommendations Final

This is the situation: global warming is real and the most effective means of combating this crisis is to use alternate forms of energy. We believe the main issues with these forms of energy are a lack of accessibility as well as inefficiency. These problems are caused by both economic issues and lack of support. Our policy is designed to work through these issues rather than around them.

Our policy is simply a government supported wind turbine payment plan. The government pays for up to half of the cost of installation of wind turbines in residential areas. They will then take 40% of the energy produced by the wind turbine until they get their money back. With this method wind power will have government backing and allow for the average citizen to use wind energy, thus working through the two issues with green power. We recommend investing approximately $10 million a year in Ohio although the budget could be flexed to fit the needs of the policy. This policy would be best carried out with support from the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.

Timeline This timeline shows that our policy would first be put up for consideration in 2012 and will continue for 5 years until it is put up for reconsideration in 2017. With this timeline the plan could be tested and modified for a second term.

**All references can be found on page 34.

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Education & Workforce The workforce for our policy would consist mostly of construction workers but engineers and scientists would also be required. Construction workers would be required to know safety procedures and trained in basic construction. Engineers would require a Bachelors or higher and scientists would require at least a Masters or Ph.D. FinalRecommendations

Marketing We will advertise our policy by public announcement, by giving speeches about our policy in various locations and on television. We will also publish our policy, and our plans to get the government to pass the policy, in newspapers.

Stakeholder Impacts This policy will affect many people and organizations. We believe some industries will dislike this and some will like this policy. The pros we thought up were wind turbine companies will increase their orders and income, so they will grow in number and create new jobs. This policy will also help the government get out of debt by lessening the amount of coal they have to purchase. The cons are some industries might not want to be in debt to the government and some may not want to listen to the government. The wind power industry would be in support of this but the coal and oil industry might be against this policy.

In the NGO sector we thought of the pros: pro-green people will be happy and people against importing coal and oil will be happy. The cons are that coal advocates will not like this policy, and anti-government people might not like this policy. The pro-green NGOs will most likely support this and the coal groups will probably be against this.

We thought academia and workforce education would be in support of this policy as it will increase research, and there will be more jobs, and education needed, for wind turbine installation.

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Government Involvement & Federal Agencies Recommendations Final We believe the government will be likely to want to be involved in our wind turbine policy because it will create less pollution and more green energy, and lower the government’s own energy bills. Also our wind turbine will bring more jobs to residents that do not have jobs. We believe that our wind turbine policy is a great investment and it will be a great choice for a better green economy.

Federal government will fund our wind turbine concept. We suggest that running the program and funding the program come from separate government agencies. They will be similar agencies that provide our environmental laws and regulations.

Conclusion The main goal of the Spin for a Change Policy is to establish an easily affordable method for the average citizen to acquire the means to use wind energy. We hope to accomplish this by government funding and backing as well as increasing awareness to get support for our project. Our goal is to establish clean, efficient energy on a residential level.

Solar & Wind Recycled Materials Policy

Solar panels and wind turbines, even though they are better for the environment, are known to be very expensive. Not just the material itself is expensive but the distribution and installation as well. Solar and wind products are meant to be very large and thus weigh a lot as well. And it is not just the price and scarcity of these energy options that bring people second thoughts, but also the disposal. Most wind and solar products are made mainly out of steel and electronics, so their disposal is mainly in landfills. If these are alternative energy sources, the disposal should be alternative as well. That is why we created this policy because if the products were 50% recyclable, then there would be less of a need to create new ones. The steel or metal could be melted down and shaped into other recyclable materials to make new products, thus making the price lower. These products only last a few years, so the current need to produce them from new material would not be a problem. Source: Nation States

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Final Policy Statement All solar panels and wind turbines must be made out of 50% recycled material.

Education and Workforce Our policy would affect and create new jobs in multiple areas. The first we thought of was the recycling business. Recycling is a large disposal process that the whole world contributes to. Being so large, there are many jobs in that field. We wanted to expand this business and make it something better. We believe that we need to practice recycling skills on a larger scale than just everyday bottles and cans. What if we could FinalRecommendations educate those in the field to do something greater and much larger for the environment? This would bring promotions to those in the field and even create jobs.

Our policy would also affect those already in wind and solar production. There would be a demand of workers who know how to build these products on a large scale, so educating existing workers would be a must, thus creating promotions.

Implementation • WHO: The federal government would enforce and pay for our policy. Their action is a must because they handle the economy and if they want to influence those on the current state of environment as well as improve the economy, they should take action. • WHEN: Our policy would take action immediately. • WHERE: All over the country because participation and contribution is what will make it happen.

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The Biomass Education Policy Recommendations Final

Our policy is about awareness through education. Since many people do not have knowledge about biomass, they are afraid of changing to use it. We aim to subdue this fear of change through the American school system. We believe if people had more awareness of biomass, demand would rise and the cost would go down. We also believe that increased awareness of problems surrounding biomass will solve land use issues. Our policy is school-based and will reach students, parents, and residents in different communities.

Our policy will require all schools in the state of Ohio to participate. Our policy will not affect everyone in the communities if some residents do not have a family member in school. In order to ensure that families without students in public school districts will also be included, pamphlets will also be distributed to every home. Since the policy will be in the entire state of Ohio, it will not be affected by social groups and everyone will receive the same information.

Stakeholders will play a big role in funding and Source: BP implementing the policy. Stakeholders will donate money and send a group of experts to consult with students on the subject. Possible stakeholders include American Electric Power, Ohio EPA, Ohio Environment Council, U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Department of Education. We believe they would support us because they want to prepare the youth of today with a good energy moral and to get youth interested in energy related jobs.

We want to gain public support for the use of biomass by teaching it in schools more often so people will be aware that biomass does not let off as much pollution as fossil fuels do. Anybody willing to learn would be trained in this area. They would need to be taught the advantages and disadvantages of biomass and how biomass works and affects the environment. A biomass power plant does not take long to install, and it produces more energy then any other renewable resource. The largest scale power plant takes about 95 days to make and the smallest scale takes 45 days. As a transportation fuel, ethanol is not very safe at the moment and there is research to

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improve this. Ethanol is usually mixed to be 90% gasoline and 10% biomass energy including corn and wood chips but mostly corn. That is still letting off lots of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Stakeholders The Department of Energy would react in a positive way because biomass is an energy resource that they are trying to teach and educate the world about. Therefore, they would try to help us with our policy and support what we are doing. The industry organization we studied is the American Electric Power Company (AEP). We believe FinalRecommendations AEP would react in a negative way because they use coal and would be against us educating people about biomass, because if we educate about biomass then people would be more aware of it and would ask for more biomass use than coal. We do not think AEP would consider supporting our policy under any circumstances.

Our academia organizations are the Ohio School Districts. The Ohio School Districts would react in a positive way because our policy is to educate about biomass and will fulfill a current state requirement for green energy.

Conclusion More than half of the renewable energy made in the United States comes from biomass sources, like wood and paper goods. The problem with biomass is that people do not know enough about how it works. Biomass is more than burning trash. People should be educated on using biomass, the pros and cons of biomass, and who supports the biomass movement. We believe that this policy will increase the awareness of biomass and increase its use. We also believe that this policy will get youth interested in the energy jobs that will be available to our generation.

Source: IFC

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Geothermal Energy Policy Recommendations Final

Geothermal energy is one of the cleanest energy supplies. It does not require burning fossil fuels like coal, gas or oil and it is also a renewable resource. Maybe that is why people like geothermal energy so much: because it is not hurting the environment. However, when people install geothermal energy they have to pay for it all – they do not have a choice in what they pay. We are trying to give people a choice in price range depending on how much geothermal energy they will be using. This will be based on how much they want to pay or how much they can afford. We suggest this policy because we think geothermal energy is too expensive, and people are not getting a choice in what they want to pay. We think that it is important to have a choice in what you want to pay because it will get more people interested in using geothermal energy.

Geothermal Energy Training and Certification Courses Currently, geothermal installation costs an exorbitant amount of money and some local communities are interested in buying a geo-energy plant to replace their excessive use of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.). Our policy proposes that local communities that are interested in geothermal energy can pay a tax to save up funds and eventually buy the plant to benefit an entire community.

If the community votes on having a plant installed, the policy is activated after the vote. The purchase of the plant is based on collecting taxes that are dependent on the income of each household member within the community. Once the amount of money needed has been raised through tax, the building can begin. When it is built, there has to be people to man the plant. Lots of people are needed for construction and operation of a single plant. Certain workers, such as installers and designers, are also needed to connect the homes of the community to the geo-plant.

Education/Workplace/Marketing: The geothermal plant needs people to work there, creating thousands of local jobs. For most jobs within the plant, you will need a college degree and a degree in engineering and have to have taken a

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geothermal energy training course. After some time, the idea of politically voting for geothermal energy as a new energy source will spread locally through our substantial amount of brochures and billboards.

FinalRecommendations

Stakeholders This will affect various stakeholders in negative and positive ways. Some of the stakeholder groups who will be considered when implementing this policy are: • Government agencies: Town, county, state, and federal government agencies. The government agencies are not taxed and have a goal to complete an agenda, not to make profits. • The NGO Sector: Often referred to as the non-profit sector, these organizations are exempt from paying taxes and are focused on carrying out a specific mission, not to create profits or sell a product. NGOs can be advocacy based, education based or action based. • The academic sector: These institutions are committed to conducting research without a specific government, private or NGO agenda. These institutions also conduct education for grades K-12, undergraduate and graduate studies as well as informal public education or training programs.

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We think that geothermal energy is a solution to the pollution problem. Our policy Recommendations Final would be able to help people easily and affordably install geothermal energy into homes. We would be able to give people an opportunity that they currently do not have, as well as the choice to choose the price range that they would want to pay for the resource. This policy will make homes more energy efficient. This will also help because if we give people the choice, more people, communities, and countries around the world will use geothermal energy, creating more money so that we can make more geothermal plants.

Coal Policy

Both in Ohio and the United States there are a number of concerns over energy conservation and use. Part of the concern is over the use of the fossil fuel coal for generating electricity. Coal is one of the main resources of producing electricity in the United States. The coal is burned to produce electricity in power plants, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which captures heat and radiation from the sun and traps it inside the Earth instead of leaving the atmosphere- this is called the greenhouse effect. This is the process that regulates the Earth’s temperature and retains heat.

What has appeared after years of burning fossil fuels is that because of the rapid use of coal in its different types burning has produced billions of metric tons of carbon dioxide that have entered the atmosphere and magnified the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide is causing the Earth to rise in temperature, starting climate change or Global Warming. Because of this, there has to be an idea to conserve energy by using less fossil fuel, or to Source: EPA develop new ways to make coal burning more energy-efficient.

The proposed policy is to institute a tax on all coal companies operating in Ohio because of the carbon emissions, and then use the money to support research into clean coal technologies such as carbon capture. The main goal of this policy is to reduce the amount of emissions entering the atmosphere from coal power plants in

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Ohio by new research. All coal producers in Ohio will have to pay a 7% tax every year. An incentive for the coal companies to follow includes the promise that the money is given back exclusively for research, as well as a tax breaks after every five years of paying the tax. Incentives for people will be the creation of new jobs in the companies to join the research and development departments and work to conserve more energy. The tax money will be used to hire scientists and develop the new clean coal technology. As long as the coal companies pay the tax yearly, it is given back to help their company. For this policy to be successful the state FinalRecommendations government will implement this policy. To help, the IRS will also support and enforce the policy on the companies when the tax is paid.

Timeline The policy can take 10 to 25 years to be fully implemented, and start as soon as this year. Source: National Energy Foundation In the first five years, the policy will be introduced and refined. This will also give the coal companies time to be prepared. After those five years, the companies would start paying the tax and following the policy. After the first ten years, the coal companies would be able to get a tax break if five years of the tax has been paid. The policy will be permanent until carbon emissions from coal power plants have been reduced by two-thirds of what they are today.

Education, Workforce, and Marketing The new policy will provide jobs because the money will be used to hire workers and trained scientists to do research. The money being devoted to research will give companies opportunities to hire different scientists and engineers. These people will need to be educated in energy and coal burning, as well as any new developments in clean coal technology. Therefore, this provides new jobs as well as more education for society in colleges and universities in the state of Ohio.

There would be a public awareness component that goes with this policy including public interest groups explaining the policy to Ohio citizens, and informing them of the need for clean coal technology and conservation. The policy has to have many public

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programs because it would be unfair to implement a policy the citizens do not fully Recommendations Final understand or have awareness of, especially when they see the short terms effects of higher electricity prices. With public announcements, the policy will gain support and will benefit both society and the environment.

Stakeholder Impacts Companies like American Electric Power (AEP) will have to pay millions in this policy every year. This policy will not affect only companies but consumers as well. It is figured that the companies will raise the price for their electricity to balance the tax from the policy. There are a little more than 11 million people living in Ohio, and we most likely receive our energy from the plants operating in the state by AEP and others. Dividing the total amount of tax per year by the number of people in Ohio could come out to something like $8.00 per person added to electricity bills. The bill in some families could rise to amounts around $40 more, because the electricity companies will be trying to compensate for their loss. While this may anger many people that do not want their electricity bill to rise, this can teach the public to conserve electricity. People will use less electricity to lower their electricity bill, meaning less coal is needed to make electricity. Going back to the companies, the money from the tax is used for research.

Looking at the different sectors in Ohio, there is some varying opinion on this policy. Industry will not accept the policy fully at first, but hopefully companies like AEP will cooperate, as the policy is not meant to punish them but to help improve coal burning. The industry sector will, however, react positively to using the money for more research and the incentive of tax breaks. This policy will also need programs from schools and universities to provide training and be a part of the research. Colleges like Ohio State University can provide the classes and education that are needed to acquire positions for the research in the companies. Stakeholders like the Ohio Air Quality Development Authority will benefit from this policy as it will help in the existing funding for clean coal technology, and they will fully support the policy because of their principles. Non-profit organizations will also support this because they are interested in reducing pollution in America and supporting the work done to help in energy conservation, done by companies such as Battelle. The policy is meant to be beneficial for all organizations.

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Conclusion There are several components to the policy of a tax for research on coal-operating companies in Ohio. The agenda is to make a ripple effect of conserving energy through the companies to the consumers, as well as supporting improved coal technology to reduce carbon emissions. The effects can be argued to be negative in the short term for both producers and consumers, but they will become positive in the long term. The policy is also going to be well planned and not surprise both the companies and Ohio citizens through public awareness. Many organizations from all sectors would support the policy as well. With the taxing, companies may also turn to FinalRecommendations using more renewable resources to generate electricity as well. This policy is unique to other suggestions because it is not just punishing the companies, but giving them the money to invest in improving their practices of coal burning.

Nuclear Waste Policy

This policy is about storage of nuclear waste in isolated locations, and the intention of this policy is to keep disposal sites away from wildlife and communities, such as towns. Nuclear waste is commonly divided into two groups, Low-level Waste and High-level Waste, with Low-level being contaminated items such as protective clothing, test tubes, and others. Low-Level waste is relatively much easier to take care of, usually taking only a decade or so for its radioactivity to wear off, where as High-level Waste can be defined as spent reactor fuel, and waste materials, typically having a half-life of over 10,000 years. Nuclear waste consists of elements such as plutonium, which are highly radioactive, but are also very poisonous--plutonium’s toxicity level is one of the highest of all elements-- so exposure to this would deadly. Nuclear waste disposal is basically about storing the waste until its radioactivity is at safe levels and ultimately becomes harmless. So, of course the issue of location would arise. It is important because it should be in an area where Yucca Mountain there are not people or wildlife, or any geological features that would disrupt the process of its disposal and contaminate the earth or us. This policy is designed so that no losses --for instance lives or monetary (cleaning any spills) – occur, and so that we will be able to maintain a greener planet. There is an existing

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unused disposal site for nuclear waste in Nevada at Yucca Mountain. If our policy Recommendations Final would come to pass, this would have an immensely positive economic impact on Yucca Mountain as the land and its people would have no exposure to the possible leaks and radioactivity of the waste.

This policy’s main target is to dispose of nuclear waste in isolated places away from people. The main goals are to keep the waste away from people and animal life.

The plans for funding our policy are to get loans and grants from the states and donations from the citizens who are in support of our policy and want to see the policy triumph. The policy will not be put into action immediately because of the steps and processes we have to take. For instance, a way to hire people to dispose and transport the nuclear waste will have to be found, as well as a place available and safe for disposal. The types of storage units for waste will also need to be found, and the cost for all of this together. Everything is planned to happen simultaneously, so when we find the space to dispose of nuclear waste the people, transportation and disposal areas can also be found.

Public support will be given by getting the word out through media and public announcements and by sending out letters in the mail and going to populated places to tell people about our policy. Surveys may also be sent out asking people how they feel about the policy while also talking about the benefits of the policy. The public will be educated about the disposal area changes. Workers transporting the nuclear waste will need to be trained on how to do it correctly and safely. It will take up to 20-25 months to get a license depending on where the disposal site will be set up, and up to 36 months to establish a new nuclear power plant. This will be more useful to the new generation and it will also supply jobs for those who are unemployed.

Stakeholders • INDUSTRY: BNFL (British Nuclear Fuels Limited), a nuclear industry that has clean up operations and makes sites stable and safe. The clean up procedures there would most likely support our policy for safely disposing nuclear waste in safe environments. • GOVERNMENT: DOE (Department of Energy), an energy agency that cleans up

21 The Future of Energy in Ohio nuclear sites. They would support the policy because they have the same goal as our

policy. • NGO’s: HSE (Health, Safety, and the Environment), an independent watchdog for work health. They would support the policy because it could improve safety and health which is also what the policy is about. • Academia: OSU (Ohio State University) uses nuclear power in medicine and may have knowledge about nuclear power that can help determine where the disposal area may be safest.

FinalRecommendations Conclusion: The policy created is about disposing nuclear waste in isolated areas. It was created after some research was done about where nuclear waste is being disposed of and we found that it is in Yucca Mountain. If the policy is actually followed and nuclear waste is disposed of where little wildlife is, then it would be beneficial because fewer people would be hurt by nuclear radiation. When the level of safe and harmless nuclear disposal increases, the amount of people using nuclear power will likely increase too. When more people use nuclear power as a source, unhealthy and un-green sources like coal and natural gas will be reduced, leading to a healthier planet. Having a healthier planet would also result in a slower process of global warming. This policy is unique because when other policies talk about disposing of waste, they usually do not care to think about the harm it could do to both animal and human life. However, this policy thinks about all the various types of occurrences that could go wrong and intertwine it within the policy.

Alternative Fuels and Transportation Policy

The world is changing, dramatically. We are harming our world with toxins we are spewing into the atmosphere. Transportation is a huge contributing factor to this worldwide problem. Imagine how much you drive, and then imagine how much everyone in the world drives. Most cars and buses these days still run on fossil fuels and are severely damaging our environment. But there are not many, if any, laws that enforce clean energy in transportation. Cars and busses are a substantial contributing factor to global warming.

If we continue on the path that we are on, we could do serious harm to the environment, maybe not in this generation, maybe not even in the next generation, but

22 The Future of Energy in Ohio soon. This is a serious issue, and Final Recommendations Final something needs to change. Our policy brings alternative fuels into the public world. Not only that, but we are also enhancing technology that will help us discover new ways to help the environment. And lastly, our policy would help with improving the process of refining oil.

Our policy is about creating technology to refine fossil fuels so that our air is cleaner. We are focusing on refining fossil fuels until we create the technology to have public and personal transportation running entirely on alternative fuels. The main goals of our policy start with creating, and then introducing this technology to public and personal transportation. The policy is not immediate, stretching from 2015 to 2050 until we introduce the last steps of the policy.

Timeline From now in 2011 to 2015 our policy works to introduce the idea of new renewable and clean oil. Starting in 2015, for ten years, we will take time to create the technology to make clean oil and renewable energy public transportation. After that technology is built from 2025 to 2030 it will be marketed and begin to be used. As this is going on we would be working on making 25% of public transportation running on full or partial alternative fuels by 2025. Then increase to 75% by 2050. And if this works we will start to make new future plans.

Funding Usually the public likes ideas that make their community greener, until they hear how it will be paid for. In our policy we have tried to take as much pressure off the people as possible for one main reason: support from the people. So, how will this policy be funded?

Three main groups will support our policy financially the whole time it is running: non- profit organizations and donations, government budgets and the Environmental Protection Agency. About 30% of the funding will be from non-profit organizations and foundation donations. The majority of funding, 70% will come from government budgets, including 20% of funding from the EPA.

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The policy takes pressure off the taxpayer’s backs, giving us their support. Our policy will also be well funded allowing no cause for concern while the policy is in motion.

Education and Workforce Our policy will affect several job fields, including researching and building of technology pertaining to the refining of fossil fuels, and researching how to implement alternative fuel sources more into public transportation. Jobs will also open up for working with public transportation, like driving the transportation, and there would be education in these fields. There could be a major in college for going into the research FinalRecommendations of oil refinery technology, and there could be speeches on the policy, explaining how people could or are helping this to move forward. It would introduce the idea, and at the same time the spokesman could educate the public on how we are damaging our environment, and how the policy will help us be cleaner. This will accommodate U.S. economy job loss, making new job fields as well as educating the public on modern issues.

Marketing Public Transportation Having the technology to have more sustainable fossil fuels is the start of the policy, and we have a test subject to prove that the people will use more sustainable vehicles. That test subject would be the public transportation sector. Public transportation is the perfect candidate because if the project fails, the more popular personal transportation sector will not suffer.

However, in order to get a proper result of whether more sustainable fossil fuels are popular enough to the public to have vehicles that can run on more sustainable fossil fuels, we need to increase popularity of public transportation. To increase the popularity of public transportation we need to show the public the advantages of riding the bus. These advantages include an average savings of almost $250 a year. Also, the savings of not buying a car increases the average savings per year. The fact that the buses will be leaving less of a carbon footprint is also an advantage. This is another big step in our policy. With people knowing more about public transportation and the greener buses the policy requires, we can find out whether or not it is a good idea to continue into the bigger industry of personal vehicles. This step 24 is the threshold to the more important personal vehicle step. The Future of Energy in Ohio

Stakeholders Recommendations Final Our Stakeholders will have a positive reaction to our policy. For example, our stakeholders could be Battelle as a non-profit organization, American Petroleum Institute as an industry, Ohio Department of Transportation as a government organization, and Ohio State from an academic standpoint. All of our stakeholders will support our policy because like us, they are focused on bettering the future, or they are somehow involved with transportation and technology. We are trying to better the future by researching technology to refine fossil fuels so that the future transportation systems will run entirely on alternative fuels.

We could use Battelle for their research and technology for the first ten years of our policy. This would be right in their line of work, since they are all about creating technology and bettering our world. Another group that could benefit from our policy is the American Petroleum Institute, since we would be using their oil and refining it. This would be giving them a nice profit, while keeping us greener. The Ohio Department of Transportation could also use our policy, because the public would be using their transportation more since it would be green and the price would not rise too much thanks to the technology we would be creating. Ohio State would also benefit, since through our policy we could make their Campus Area Bus Service (CABS) greener, therefore making their transportation more environmentally friendly. The four different fields of non-profits, industry, government, and academia could all find some way to profit from our policy, and know safely that they were helping to create a better world.

Conclusion Our policy combines many factors to create one cohesive way to improve life on Earth. Our entire policy is working towards the goal of a cleaner future. We hope by changing the way we travel and what we put into the air we can passively affect our environment. Our policy stretches over a decently long time frame, but we think that with each step carefully done, our world will be abundantly cleaner. This policy will also aid those who are trying to use clean energy, such as solar cars. Our policy not only benefits the environment, but also opens up job opportunities. This policy is a method to help transform the world over a long and carefully planned period of time. It will help integrate accommodating renewable energy into our daily lives without it being a major disruption to everyone.

25 The Future of Energy in Ohio

Green Building Policy

Energy is something that we use every day and often take for granted. We do not turn on a light switch and think of how many more times we can turn on the lights until the energy runs out; we simply turn them on. Most of the energy manufactured at an industrial level is produced by fossil fuels, a non-renewable resource. Until we utilize the current, renewable technologies to create energy, the energy situation in the United States will become dramatically worse. Seventy percent of all the electricity in

FinalRecommendations the United States is used by commercial buildings. These buildings include schools, businesses, hotels, and any other non-residential building. Because so many of these buildings are not energy efficient, it poses a big problem for the future of energy. If all these commercial buildings were energy efficient we would save a lot of energy. If companies used fossil fuels more efficiently, the future of energy could be a little brighter. By saving current resources, it will give us much needed time in finding new ways to generate power using cleaner energy sources, as well.

Our policy would mandate that all new commercial buildings built within the state of Ohio must achieve Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. LEED is a program in which buildings are rated according to their energy efficiency and savings. The more energy efficient a building is, the higher of a rating it receives. Green technology can be expensive, but the higher a company’s LEED certification is, the larger their tax incentive would be. LEED certifications are based on the energy efficiency of buildings using factors such as carbon dioxide reduction, water efficiency, and energy savings. The upfront costs of installing energy efficient appliances can be pricey, but with the correct usage they will eventually pay for themselves.

Although the government would not have to pay for anything, it still does have to find out how to compensate for the loss of funding from commercial taxes. By implementing this law there is already compensation for the lack of funding. Because of this policy, several hundred “green” jobs would be created, hopefully lowering the unemployment rate. The new amount of income tax (without raising it) would make a great difference. In addition, with more jobs, less money would be going out to fund unemployment benefits. 26 The Future of Energy in Ohio By having these rules implemented, Ohio could become more sustainable and Final Recommendations Final environmentally friendly. Economics could be affected, as well. Toronto, Canada has already implemented (as of 2009) a law similar to our policy. As of now, everything has gone smoothly with this law, and the economy has been well, even with the recession. Perhaps we could use this as leverage to get this policy passed. It could also positively affect our economy because, in the long run, the energy efficient buildings would bring in profits for the companies. These companies would not have to spend so much money on the actual building, therefore, allowing them to focus their money elsewhere. Overall, our policy will positively impact the environment, community, and possibly, the economy.

One drawback to making buildings energy efficient, however, is the cost. Retrofitting a building to become energy efficient costs hundreds of thousands of dollars, and larger buildings can cost millions. This is the reason that we would only require new commercial buildings to be energy efficient. Although it is still expensive, it is not as expensive as retrofitting would be. There are many things that existing commercial buildings could change to make them more energy efficient, one of which is insulation. If your building has good insulation then you will not use as much energy to heat your home. Another way buildings can use less energy is by installing energy efficient lighting. Energy efficient light bulbs are higher in price but last much longer and use much less energy. In turn, you are not using as much energy to light your building and you are keeping material out of land fills. By adding solar panels and wind turbines, buildings will be able to create their own energy, saving them money. They would also have the option of selling all of their additional energy (created by the solar panels or wind turbines) to energy companies to make extra money.

Stakeholders There are many different stakeholders and points of view that were taken into consideration while creating this policy. The stakeholders we chose to focus on heavily while creating this policy were Green Energy Ohio (GEO) (non-profit), Walmart (corporation), the Ohio State Government (government), Metro Early College High 27 The Future of Energy in Ohio

School (academic), and Ohio Dominican University (academic). Some companies would support our policy, while others might not be in favor of it. Walmart would be a stakeholder that is on the fence. We feel that Walmart is currently struggling with the quality of their image and building green could possibly help sway people in their direction. One large issue for them would be the large up front cost of creating a new store, however because of the large amount of electricity needed to light, heat, and cool a store, the time to make up for the building costs might not be as long as for other, smaller stores. GEO would lobby for this policy. They focus on green living, which is exactly what our policy focuses on. Helping to reduce global warming is the FinalRecommendations reason they even formed the organization. We believe they would help us in any way they could, whether by voting or donating money. Metro High School would support us, as well, because they have a huge interest in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide that is put into the air. They would also vote for the policy or do whatever they could to support it. Ohio Dominican University would support us if they were not undergoing construction. They would have to finish before the policy is enacted so they would not have to buy more materials.

Timeline When the policy is first enacted, only commercial buildings with a square footage above 17,000 square feet would be required to create LEED certified buildings. Because constructing a commercial building takes quite a bit of time and planning, after the policy is passed we would give a two-year trial period in which only certain hand picked buildings would be required to comply with the policy requirements. After two years, the policy would change to any commercial building with a square footage of 15,500 square feet or larger. Finally, six years after the initiation of the policy, all new, non-residential buildings would be required to be LEED certified. Although this process would take a few years, we feel that by easing the policy into current legislature, contractors and other companies 28 involved would be more open to the idea of “green building.” The Future of Energy in Ohio

Education Recommendations Final People will need to be educated in clean energy and the technology that is needed to make energy efficient products. Through these people being educated, new energy efficient products will be put onto the market that will use even less energy. Education will be needed at a college level. Younger students will need to be able to interact with energy efficient items in order to be comfortable with the products and so that they can find out if they are interested in designing energy efficient products.

Conclusion

We feel that the current quality of life for many people is terrible, often because of the pollution in the air. By making commercial and institutional buildings more energy efficient, we can improve air quality and reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The improvement in the world we live in can lead to a better quality of life, for not just those who are already living in bad conditions, but for those who live in good conditions, as well. We want to make room for future generations to live a life where they are not constantly worrying about the energy problems they have to face. If this policy were to pass, hopefully, it would lead to an epidemic of change in America, and maybe even the world, for the better. The future of energy lies in our hands, and only we have the power to change it.

Green Roof Installation Act

Becoming energy efficient within your home can save you thousands of dollars a year, and protect the environment. One big thing you can do to make your home more energy efficient is to have a green roof installed; they act as an extra layer of insulation for your home, which keeps your energy bill low. Green roofs also filter carbon dioxide from the air and help to reduce urban heat islands in the city, and reduce water runoff and put oxygen back into the atmosphere. An extra incentive for both homeowners and the environment is that green roofs can act as insulation for your home, saving money and resources.

The green roof is installed on the roof or at a high point of your home that has a flat area. There are two types of green roofs: intensive and extensive. Intensive green roofs are meant to cover small areas with larger plants, while extensive green roofs cover larger areas and often use small plants such as grass. Green roofs are great pieces of energy efficiency technology because of their direct environmental benefits.

29 The Future of Energy in Ohio

There is a growing problem with a lot of people in Ohio and all around America. The problem is that Americans are very unaware of the different green and energy efficient technologies; this is what our policy will attempt to solve. After the passing of this policy, we expect for people to become more educated on the topic of green roofs, a technology that helps you, and the environment.

Our policy will require new apartment projects within Ohio to install a roof where at least three FinalRecommendations quarters of that roof is constructed with green roof technology.

The idea of the policy is to increase the awareness and accessibility of green roofs, and the commencement of our policy can do that through advertisement. People drive by apartments everyday and new projects appear in magazines and newspapers Source: JM Olsen Corporation throughout the country, especially when they have a special aspect that is pertaining to them. Green roofs, being a new and interesting technology, should spark the interest of people everywhere. In conclusion, if green roofs are seen everywhere throughout the city and are advertised through policy, people will become more aware. This policy creates accessibility to green roofs through the need for certified contractors and suppliers in Ohio after the policy is put into place. If every new apartment project in Ohio is required to install a green roof, there will be a need for certified green roof installing companies in Ohio. This makes finding a certified green roof installer easier for homeowners and apartment owners alike.

Timeline Within ten years, we hope to have the policy up and running, and have all new Ohio apartments include a green roof. Within twenty-five years, we would like fifty percent of Ohio apartments to include a green roof; we hope for old apartment complexes to build green roofs as well. In fifty years, we recommend 90 to 100 percent of Ohio apartments to include green roofs. Also, at this time we would like for the government

30 The Future of Energy in Ohio

to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy (has the new construction been to our Recommendations Final advantage? Have green roofs become more widely used? Overall, is the policy working?) If the policy is operating as intended, we would like to attempt to spread the policy to other states.

The funding for the policy is very simple: the cost of the roof will be included in the initial building cost of the apartment complex, and we suggest that maintenance for the roof can be included in the tenants’ rent. Green roofs provide incentive for the apartment owners (such as a yard or garden-type area; something that they would not normally have access to), so paying extra for the apartment is understandable.

Education/Workforce/Marketing One of the main setbacks to our policy is that there is a lack of certified green roof contractors and technicians throughout the country. There are few universities that teach a certified course. However, some landscaping companies provide green technology services and are certified to install green roofs, such as Greenscapes Landscape Architects and Contractors. They work all throughout Ohio and use all LEED certified materials. However, this is not enough to service every new Ohio apartment project. Oregon State University has a course that trains and certifies green roof contractors, but this school is on the other side of the country and again, will not be able to certify nearly enough contractors. We believe that the best school to host a program in Central Ohio is Ohio State University. They have many environmental awareness and engineering programs, and green roof contracting could be easily integrated into one of their schools.

Stakeholder Impacts We expect that the stakeholders who will have the worst reaction to this policy will be the standard roofing companies throughout Ohio. Apartments have roofs that cover very large spaces, and roofing this area can earn roofing companies a lot of payment. However, if green roof contracting companies are needed to install the greater part of apartment roofs, standard roofing companies will loose money. However this might encourage standard roofing companies to become green roof certified.

31 The Future of Energy in Ohio

Ohio State University might use this policy as a reason to create a new course in their green engineering departments. Ohio State University has an initiative to train students for tomorrow’s jobs, and if this policy is inducted, is would create a lot of work within Ohio. The EPA would see this policy as a benefit to Ohio and would give them another outlet for environmental activism. The main benefits of green roofs are their environmental benefits; they filter carbon dioxide from the air, reduce urban heat islands, and prevent runoff water.

Last, landscaping companies and green roof contracting-certified companies would FinalRecommendations benefit from this policy because it would provide work for them all over Ohio. Greenscape Landscaping had done previous work for the government and are already easily accessible in Ohio.

Conclusion Our policy not only increases the awareness and accessibility of green roof technology, but it also has an amazing positive impact on the environment. This policy could help to decrease urban heat islands all throughout Ohio, and remove carbon dioxide from our air. It also gives Ohio homeowners an amazing outlet to green roofing companies so that they can install their own, and save money and energy.

Our policy is unique because it will not require any direct financial support from the Ohio government. The policy only requires funds from the apartment contractors and owners, so taxes will not be increased, and Ohioans will not have to pay for cleaner air and cooler cities.

32 The Future of Energy in Ohio

Conclusion Recommendations Final

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy gave one of the most famous speeches of all time. In his speech, he said, “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.” This memorable line applies just as much now as it did in 1961. Even though the context is different, this applies to our current energy sustainability problems. America needs innovative thinkers to solve

tomorrow’s problems today, and as students at Metro Early College High School we took on this exact challenge. Not only did we gain knowledge and experience with government policy, but we also had a chance to use our knowledge in a real-world application. We found ways that we could not only leave our mark, but also have a chance to improve our community and set standards for the future.

33 The Future of Energy in Ohio

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35 The Future of Energy in Ohio

Acknowledgements

Participating Students And a special thanks to the Metro School faculty and staff, especially Krista Miller, Jenell Penn and Susan Lunt! Courtney Adkins Erin Laver Kowsaro Ahmed Kylei Lineburg Kadir Ali Quinn Lockhart Trichelle Austin Audra Lucas Rahmo Barre Salvi Marchese Zaira Bautista Natalie McCall DeAndra Bess Sabrina Mire Nyree Booker Riyaan Mire Alexis Burgett Trevon Mobley Ted Byers Damarris Murphy Karen Caldwell Cherese Nimmons Kayla Campfield Riley Patrick Wes Clarke Erin Payne Jelan Crittendon Ben Perryman A’Moneaux Dalton Helena Rudoff Glenn Davis Aidan Seufert Joey Diamond Estellia Sheridan Rachel Eldridge-Allegra Bryce Smith Elijah Foreman Elisabeth Spector Kase Fowler Kate Sullivan Zach Garrelts Alex Talabere Ariana Groce Aaron Tomonaga Felicia Hall Hamda Wako Alex Hatter Cale Walker Riley Henderson Seth Warner Aseel Houmsee Kamena Willoughby Matt Jarrett Alex Withrow Alona Jordan-Hobbs Elisabeth Wright James Kanu Shelby Young Reeve Lambert Muhammad Zohab 36 The Future of Energy in Ohio

Sponsor The Keystone Center would like to extend a special thank you to our sponsor who made this program possible:

The American Electric Power Foundation

Expert Panelists Thank you to the following individuals for sharing their expertise and technical knowledge by serving on the expert panel:

Scott Potter- The Ohio State University Thomas Froehle- American Electric Power, Ohio Erin Miller- Office of the Mayor Ned Leonard- American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (ACCCE) Paul Laurent- Energy & Environment Department at the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio Kevin Schmidt- The Ohio Manufacturers' Association Anne Goodge- Public Utilities Commission of Ohio Brandon Perkins- Ohio Department of Transportation- Office of Innovation, Partnerships and Energy Michael Aimone- Battelle Thomas Blue- The Ohio State University Evan Wilcox- American Electric Power Gary Hattery- Engineering Mechanics Corporation of Columbus (Emc2) David Cohen- Dovetail Solar and Wind Michael Evans- Workforce and Talent Division, Ohio Department of Development Janine Migden-Ostrander- Office of the Ohio Consumers’ Counsel David Celebrezze- Ohio Environmental Council Jed Thorp- Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Paul Scott- Battelle 37 INNOVATION LEADERSHIP

SOLUTIONS

The Keystone Center’s Youth Policy Summit is designed to advance critical thinking and problem solving skills in our leaders of the future.

The Keystone Center 1628 Sts John Rd. Keystone, CO 80435 970-513-5824 www.keystone.org www.youthpolicysummit.org