The Age of Artificial Intelligence an Exploration
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A Nobel Achievement Retired Biology Professor Dr
A Nobel Achievement Retired biology professor Dr. George Smith was honored with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry NOBEL in October for his work in the ‘80s on the phage SMITH display technique. He is MU’s rst Nobel Prize winner. The award ceremony was held Monday in Stockholm. Below, the technique is explained for science fans — and everybody else. MATTHEW HALL/Missourian Phage Display Technique OR Fishin’ with Dr. Smith Phage display in scientic terms Phage display in layman’s terms After inserting genetic material Binding Phase Dr. Smith casts his line into into a phage, the phage the ocean, and a sh eats the creates a peptide on its shell. bait and is now attached to Phage The virus is mixed with a library the hook. (virus) of antibodies, each only 1 latching onto specic peptides. Peptide Antibody The library is washed to Wash He pulls the sh out of the remove any unbound water, separating it from sh antibodies from the mix, not attracted to the bait. leaving the bonded peptides 2 Unbound and antibody mixture. antibodies Elute The bond between the antibody The shing line is cut, removing and phage is destroyed with the sh from the line. an enzyme, leaving the phage free to infect new 3 bacteria. Amplify Phase The antibody-peptide Dr. Smith places the sh back combination is placed in a into a new body of water to ask to isolate the mixture separate the selected sh from other nonbinding 4 from the rest. antibodies. Repeat process 2-3 Repeat 2x He continues shing until he times until almost all of the catches more sh with his bait. -
Classification Schemas for Artificial Intelligence Failures
Journal XX (XXXX) XXXXXX https://doi.org/XXXX/XXXX Classification Schemas for Artificial Intelligence Failures Peter J. Scott1 and Roman V. Yampolskiy2 1 Next Wave Institute, USA 2 University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In this paper we examine historical failures of artificial intelligence (AI) and propose a classification scheme for categorizing future failures. By doing so we hope that (a) the responses to future failures can be improved through applying a systematic classification that can be used to simplify the choice of response and (b) future failures can be reduced through augmenting development lifecycles with targeted risk assessments. Keywords: artificial intelligence, failure, AI safety, classification 1. Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is estimated to have a $4-6 trillion market value [1] and employ 22,000 PhD researchers [2]. It is estimated to create 133 million new roles by 2022 but to displace 75 million jobs in the same period [6]. Projections for the eventual impact of AI on humanity range from utopia (Kurzweil, 2005) (p.487) to extinction (Bostrom, 2005). In many respects AI development outpaces the efforts of prognosticators to predict its progress and is inherently unpredictable (Yampolskiy, 2019). Yet all AI development is (so far) undertaken by humans, and the field of software development is noteworthy for unreliability of delivering on promises: over two-thirds of companies are more likely than not to fail in their IT projects [4]. As much effort as has been put into the discipline of software safety, it still has far to go. Against this background of rampant failures we must evaluate the future of a technology that could evolve to human-like capabilities, usually known as artificial general intelligence (AGI). -
Who Owns CRISPR-Cas9? Nobel Prize 2020 Fuels Dispute
chemistrychemistry December 2020–February 2021 in Australia Who owns CRISPR-Cas9? Nobel Prize 2020 fuels dispute chemaust.raci.org.au • Scientific posters: the bigger picture • RACI National Awards winners • Science for and in diplomacy www.rowe.com.au Online 24 hours 7 days a week, by phone or face to face, we give you the choice. INSTRUMENTS - CONSUMABLES - CHEMICALS - SERVICE & REPAIRS A 100% Australian owned company, supplying scientific laboratories since 1987. South Australia & NT Queensland Victoria & Tasmania New South Wales Western Australia Ph: (08) 8186 0523 Ph: (07) 3376 9411 Ph: (03) 9701 7077 Ph: (02) 9603 1205 Ph: (08) 9302 1911 ISO 9001:2015 LIC 10372 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] SAI Global REF535 X:\MARKETING\ADVERTISING\CHEMISTRY IN AUSTRALIA December 2020–February 2021 38 cover story Who owns CRISPR-Cas9? Nobel Prize in Chemistry stokes patent dispute 14 The ongoing intellectual property ownership dispute over the CRISPR-Cas9 technology has recently been refuelled by the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020. iStockphoto/Bill Oxford 18 #betterposter 4 From the President There’s a movement for better posters at science conferences. But are they 5 Your say really better? And how does poster push relate to the ongoing campaign for news & research open science? 6 News 7 On the market 8 Research 12 Education research members 22 2020 National Awards winners 18 25 RACI news 26 New Fellows 27 Obituaries views & reviews 30 Books 33 Science↔society 34 Literature & learning 36 Technology & innovation 38 Science for fun 40 Grapevine 41 Letter from Melbourne 42 Cryptic chemistry 42 Events chemaust.raci.org.au from the raci From the President This is my first President’s column and I would like to start by .. -
Los Premios Nobel De Química
Los premios Nobel de Química MATERIAL RECOPILADO POR: DULCE MARÍA DE ANDRÉS CABRERIZO Los premios Nobel de Química El campo de la Química que más premios ha recibido es el de la Quí- mica Orgánica. Frederick Sanger es el único laurea- do que ganó el premio en dos oca- siones, en 1958 y 1980. Otros dos también ganaron premios Nobel en otros campos: Marie Curie (física en El Premio Nobel de Química es entregado anual- 1903, química en 1911) y Linus Carl mente por la Academia Sueca a científicos que so- bresalen por sus contribuciones en el campo de la Pauling (química en 1954, paz en Física. 1962). Seis mujeres han ganado el Es uno de los cinco premios Nobel establecidos en premio: Marie Curie, Irène Joliot- el testamento de Alfred Nobel, en 1895, y que son dados a todos aquellos individuos que realizan Curie (1935), Dorothy Crowfoot Ho- contribuciones notables en la Química, la Física, la dgkin (1964), Ada Yonath (2009) y Literatura, la Paz y la Fisiología o Medicina. Emmanuelle Charpentier y Jennifer Según el testamento de Nobel, este reconocimien- to es administrado directamente por la Fundación Doudna (2020) Nobel y concedido por un comité conformado por Ha habido ocho años en los que no cinco miembros que son elegidos por la Real Aca- demia Sueca de las Ciencias. se entregó el premio Nobel de Quí- El primer Premio Nobel de Química fue otorgado mica, en algunas ocasiones por de- en 1901 al holandés Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff. clararse desierto y en otras por la Cada destinatario recibe una medalla, un diploma y situación de guerra mundial y el exi- un premio económico que ha variado a lo largo de los años. -
On the Differences Between Human and Machine Intelligence
On the Differences between Human and Machine Intelligence Roman V. Yampolskiy Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville [email protected] Abstract [Legg and Hutter, 2007a]. However, widespread implicit as- Terms Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Hu- sumption of equivalence between capabilities of AGI and man-Level Artificial Intelligence (HLAI) have been HLAI appears to be unjustified, as humans are not general used interchangeably to refer to the Holy Grail of Ar- intelligences. In this paper, we will prove this distinction. tificial Intelligence (AI) research, creation of a ma- Others use slightly different nomenclature with respect to chine capable of achieving goals in a wide range of general intelligence, but arrive at similar conclusions. “Lo- environments. However, widespread implicit assump- cal generalization, or “robustness”: … “adaptation to tion of equivalence between capabilities of AGI and known unknowns within a single task or well-defined set of HLAI appears to be unjustified, as humans are not gen- tasks”. … Broad generalization, or “flexibility”: “adapta- eral intelligences. In this paper, we will prove this dis- tion to unknown unknowns across a broad category of re- tinction. lated tasks”. …Extreme generalization: human-centric ex- treme generalization, which is the specific case where the 1 Introduction1 scope considered is the space of tasks and domains that fit within the human experience. We … refer to “human-cen- Imagine that tomorrow a prominent technology company tric extreme generalization” as “generality”. Importantly, as announces that they have successfully created an Artificial we deliberately define generality here by using human cog- Intelligence (AI) and offers for you to test it out. -
SHALOM NWODO CHINEDU from Evolution to Revolution
Covenant University Km. 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Website: www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng TH INAUGURAL 18 LECTURE From Evolution to Revolution: Biochemical Disruptions and Emerging Pathways for Securing Africa's Future SHALOM NWODO CHINEDU INAUGURAL LECTURE SERIES Vol. 9, No. 1, March, 2019 Covenant University 18th Inaugural Lecture From Evolution to Revolution: Biochemical Disruptions and Emerging Pathways for Securing Africa's Future Shalom Nwodo Chinedu, Ph.D Professor of Biochemistry (Enzymology & Molecular Genetics) Department of Biochemistry Covenant University, Ota Media & Corporate Affairs Covenant University, Km. 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Tel: +234-8115762473, 08171613173, 07066553463. www.covenantuniversity.edu.ng Covenant University Press, Km. 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria ISSN: 2006-0327 Public Lecture Series. Vol. 9, No.1, March, 2019 Shalom Nwodo Chinedu, Ph.D Professor of Biochemistry (Enzymology & Molecular Genetics) Department of Biochemistry Covenant University, Ota From Evolution To Revolution: Biochemical Disruptions and Emerging Pathways for Securing Africa's Future THE FOUNDATION 1. PROTOCOL The Chancellor and Chairman, Board of Regents of Covenant University, Dr David O. Oyedepo; the Vice-President (Education), Living Faith Church World-Wide (LFCWW), Pastor (Mrs) Faith A. Oyedepo; esteemed members of the Board of Regents; the Vice- Chancellor, Professor AAA. Atayero; the Deputy Vice-Chancellor; the -
Evolution in Chemistry the Power of Evolution Is Revealed Through the Diversity of Life
THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2018 POPULAR SCIENCE BACKGROUND A (r)evolution in chemistry The power of evolution is revealed through the diversity of life. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 is awarded to Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter for the way they have taken control of evolution and used it for the greatest beneft to humankind. Enzymes developed through directed evolution are now used to produce biofuels and pharmaceuticals, among other things. Antibodies evolved using a method called phage display can combat autoimmune diseases and, in some cases, cure metastatic cancer. We live on a planet where a powerful force has become established: evolution. Since the frst seeds of life appeared around 3.7 billion years ago, almost every crevice on Earth has been flled by organisms adapted to their environment: lichens that can live on bare mountainsides, archaea that thrive in hot springs, scaly reptiles equipped for dry deserts and jellyfsh that glow in the dark of the deep oceans. In school, we learn about these organisms in biology, but let’s change perspective and put on a chemist’s glasses. Life on Earth exists because evolution has solved numerous complex chemical problems. All organisms are able to extract materials and energy from their own environmental niche and use them to build the unique chemical creation that they comprise. Fish can swim in the polar oceans thanks to antifreeze proteins in their blood and mussels can stick to rocks because they have developed an underwater molecular glue, to give just a few of the innumerable examples. -
AI and You Transcript Guest: Roman Yampolskiy Episode 16 First Aired: Monday, October 5, 2020
AI and You Transcript Guest: Roman Yampolskiy Episode 16 First Aired: Monday, October 5, 2020 Hi, welcome to episode 16. Today we have a feast, because I am talking with Dr. Roman Yampolskiy, a legend within the AI community. He is a tenured associate professor in the department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Louisville in Kentucky where he is the director of Cyber Security. Look up his home page and Wikipedia entry because he has qualifications too numerous to detail here. Some of those include that he is also a Visiting Fellow at the Singularity Institute, he was also one of the scientists at the Asilomar conference on the future of AI, and the author of over 100 publications, including the book Artificial Superintelligence: A Futuristic Approach, which I would strongly recommend, and many peer-reviewed papers, including one coauthored with yours truly. Most of them are on the subject of AI Safety. In this episode we will talk mostly about a recent paper of his, a table-thumping 73 pages titled “On Controllability of Artificial Intelligence,” which you may recognize is talking about what we call the Control Problem. That’s the most fundamental problem in the whole study of the long-term impact of AI, and Roman explains it very well in this episode. If you’re looking at the possible future of artificial intelligence having serious negative as well as positive consequences for everyone, which is a concept that’s gotten a lot of popularization in the last few years, of course, and you’re finding computer professionals pooh-poohing that idea because AI right now requires a great deal of specialized effort on their part to do even narrow tasks, and the idea of it becoming an existential threat is just too sensationalist, the product of watching too many Terminator movies, then pay attention to Roman, because he has impeccable computer science credentials and yet does not shy away from exploring fundamental threats of AI. -
The Age of Artificial Intelligence an Exploration
THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AN EXPLORATION Edited by Steven S. Gouveia University of Minho, Portugal Cognitive Science and Psychology Copyright © 2020 by the Authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Science Inc. www.vernonpress.com In the Americas: In the rest of the world: Vernon Press Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Suite 1200, Wilmington, Malaga, 29006 Delaware 19801 Spain United States Cognitive Science and Psychology Library of Congress Control Number: 2020931461 ISBN: 978-1-62273-872-4 Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respective owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the authors nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. Cover design by Vernon Press using elements designed by FreePik. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS vii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xiii INTRODUCTION xv SECTION I: INTELLIGENCE IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1 CHAPTER 1 TOWARDS THE MATHEMATICS OF INTELLIGENCE 3 Soenke Ziesche Maldives National University, Maldives Roman V. Yampolskiy University of Louisville, USA CHAPTER 2 MINDS , BRAINS AND TURING 15 Stevan Harnad Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada; University of Southampton, UK CHAPTER 3 THE AGE OF POST -INTELLIGENT DESIGN 27 Daniel C. -
Leakproofing the Singularity Artificial Intelligence Confinement Problem
Roman V.Yampolskiy Leakproofing the Singularity Artificial Intelligence Confinement Problem Abstract: This paper attempts to formalize and to address the ‘leakproofing’ of the Singularity problem presented by David Chalmers. The paper begins with the definition of the Artificial Intelli- gence Confinement Problem. After analysis of existing solutions and their shortcomings, a protocol is proposed aimed at making a more secure confinement environment which might delay potential negative effect from the technological singularity while allowing humanity to benefit from the superintelligence. Keywords: AI-Box, AI Confinement Problem, Hazardous Intelligent Software, Leakproof Singularity, Oracle AI. ‘I am the slave of the lamp’ Genie from Aladdin 1. Introduction With the likely development of superintelligent programs in the near future, many scientists have raised the issue of safety as it relates to such technology (Yudkowsky, 2008; Bostrom, 2006; Hibbard, 2005; Chalmers, 2010; Hall, 2000). A common theme in Artificial Intelli- gence (AI)1 safety research is the possibility of keeping a super- intelligent agent in a sealed hardware so as to prevent it from doing any harm to humankind. Such ideas originate with scientific Correspondence: Roman V. Yampolskiy, Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Sci- ence University of Louisville. Email: [email protected] [1] In this paper the term AI is used to represent superintelligence. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 19, No. 1–2, 2012, pp. 194–214 Copyright (c) Imprint Academic 2011 For personal use only -- not for reproduction LEAKPROOFING THE SINGULARITY 195 visionaries such as Eric Drexler, who has suggested confining transhuman machines so that their outputs could be studied and used safely (Drexler, 1986). -
Evolution in Chemistry the Power of Evolution Is Revealed Through the Diversity of Life
THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2018 POPULAR SCIENCE BACKGROUND A (r)evolution in chemistry The power of evolution is revealed through the diversity of life. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 is awarded to Frances H. Arnold, George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter for the way they have taken control of evolution and used it for the greatest beneft to humankind. Enzymes developed through directed evolution are now used to produce biofuels and pharmaceuticals, among other things. Antibodies evolved using a method called phage display can combat autoimmune diseases and, in some cases, cure metastatic cancer. We live on a planet where a powerful force has become established: evolution. Since the frst seeds of life appeared around 3.7 billion years ago, almost every crevice on Earth has been flled by organisms adapted to their environment: lichens that can live on bare mountainsides, archaea that thrive in hot springs, scaly reptiles equipped for dry deserts and jellyfsh that glow in the dark of the deep oceans. In school, we learn about these organisms in biology, but let’s change perspective and put on a chemist’s glasses. Life on Earth exists because evolution has solved numerous complex chemical problems. All organisms are able to extract materials and energy from their own environmental niche and use them to build the unique chemical creation that they comprise. Fish can swim in the polar oceans thanks to antifreeze proteins in their blood and mussels can stick to rocks because they have developed an underwater molecular glue, to give just a few of the innumerable examples. -
Agent Foundations for Aligning Machine Intelligence with Human Interests: a Technical Research Agenda
Agent Foundations for Aligning Machine Intelligence with Human Interests: A Technical Research Agenda In The Technological Singularity: Managing the Journey. Springer. 2017 Nate Soares and Benya Fallenstein Machine Intelligence Research Institute fnate,[email protected] Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why These Problems? . .2 2 Highly Reliable Agent Designs 3 2.1 Realistic World-Models . .4 2.2 Decision Theory . .5 2.3 Logical Uncertainty . .6 2.4 Vingean Reflection . .7 3 Error-Tolerant Agent Designs 8 4 Value Specification 9 5 Discussion 11 5.1 Toward a Formal Understanding of the Problem . 11 5.2 Why Start Now? . 11 1 Introduction Since artificial agents would not share our evolution- ary history, there is no reason to expect them to be The property that has given humans a dominant ad- driven by human motivations such as lust for power. vantage over other species is not strength or speed, but However, nearly all goals can be better met with more intelligence. If progress in artificial intelligence continues resources (Omohundro 2008). This suggests that, by unabated, AI systems will eventually exceed humans in default, superintelligent agents would have incentives general reasoning ability. A system that is \superintelli- to acquire resources currently being used by humanity. gent" in the sense of being \smarter than the best human (Just as artificial agents would not automatically acquire brains in practically every field” could have an enormous a lust for power, they would not automatically acquire a impact upon humanity (Bostrom 2014). Just as human human sense of fairness, compassion, or conservatism.) intelligence has allowed us to develop tools and strate- Thus, most goals would put the agent at odds with gies for controlling our environment, a superintelligent human interests, giving it incentives to deceive or ma- system would likely be capable of developing its own nipulate its human operators and resist interventions tools and strategies for exerting control (Muehlhauser designed to change or debug its behavior (Bostrom 2014, and Salamon 2012).