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Historic Resource Study, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park

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Historic Resource Study, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Greensboro, North Carolina Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Historic Resource Study Southeast Regional Office Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Division Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Historic Resource Study January 2017 Prepared by WLA Studio Under the direction of National Park Service Southeast Regional Offi ce Cultural Resources Division Cultural Resources Division Southeast Regional Offi ce National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404)507-5847 Guilford Courthouse National Military Park 2332 New Garden Road Greensboro, NC 27410 www.nps.gov/guco About the cover: Monument to Nathanael Greene at Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, 2015 ETIC: 316/148708 Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Greensboro, North Carolina Historic Resource Study _A~p~p_ro_v_ed~bY~:~~+-__ ~ ~ ~~~Jr Superintendent, I ouse National Military Park RecommendedbY:~ ~ Deputy Regional Director, Soutlieast Region Date Approved by: Regional Director, Southeast Region iv Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Historic Resource Studry Project Team Dr. Turkiya Lowe, Ph.D., Chief, Research and Science Branch, NPS Brian Coffey, Project Manager, NPS Stephanie N. Bryan, Primary Author and Historian J. Keyes Williamson, Principal, WLA Studio National Park Service v Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................1 Description of Guilford Courthouse National Military Park ...............................................................................1 Purpose and Scope of Work .................................................................................................................................2 Historic Contexts ..................................................................................................................................................2 Research Methods ................................................................................................................................................3 Chapter 1: The Battle of Guilford Courthouse in the Context of the Southern Campaign ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Guilford Courthouse and the Southern Campaign ..............................................................................................5 Overview of the American Revolution ................................................................................................................5 The Southern Campaign: From Cowpens to Guilford Courthouse .....................................................................8 The Battle of Guilford Courthouse, March 15, 1781 ..........................................................................................11 Pre-Battle Positioning of Greene’s Army. .......................................................................................................11 Advancement of the British Army ................................................................................................................13 The First Line .............................................................................................................................................14 The Second Line .........................................................................................................................................16 The Third Line ...........................................................................................................................................17 After the Battle of Guilford Courthouse ........................................................................................................18 Chapter 2: The Development of Roads at Guilford Courthouse and External Influences ................................................................................................................................................................21 Colonial Roads and Early Settlement of North Carolina ...................................................................................21 Roads in the American Revolution and the 1781 Battle of Guilford Courthouse .............................................24 The Development of Martinville along Great Salisbury Road ...........................................................................26 Stage Lines and Turnpike Development in North Carolina ...............................................................................28 Depictions of Great Salisbury Road ...................................................................................................................30 Guilford Battle Ground Park in the Context of the Good Roads Movement ....................................................31 The Establishment of the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and the Highway Era .........................38 Road Improvements at Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and the Great Depression .....................40 Changes at Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and World War II ......................................................44 Mission 66 and the Bicentennial to the Present .................................................................................................46 National Park Service vii Chapter 3: A ‘Mecca of Patriotism’: The Commemorative Monuments of the Guilford Battle Ground Park ........................................................................................................................51 Early Preservation Efforts and Commemorative Monuments in America ........................................................51 Judge David Schenck and the Guilford Battle Ground Company ......................................................................56 Influences on the Development of the Guilford Battle Ground Park ................................................................58 Patterns in the Monuments of the Guilford Battle Ground Park ........................................................................65 Monuments Honoring ‘Successful Heroes and Statesmen’ ...............................................................................65 Monuments Honoring Women and Commemorating Other Battles ................................................................73 Sources, Materials, and Design Techniques of the Guilford Monuments ...........................................................74 Quarries and Metal Foundries......................................................................................................................74 The Establishment of the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park and the War Department Era (1917- 1933) ...................................................................................................................................................................81 Treatment of the Monuments at the Guilford National Military Park during the National Park Service Period (1933-Present) ....................................................................................................................................................83 Chapter 4: Management Recommendations .....................................................................................87 Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................................................91 APPENDIX A: A Brief Comparative Study of Guilford Courthouse National Military Park APPENDIX B: Map of Historic Resources and List of Classified Structures viii Guilford Courthouse National Military Park Historic Resource Studry List of Figures Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................1 Figure 1: Regional Context Map for Guilford Courthouse National Military Park from the Guilford Courthouse National Militar Park Cultural Landscape Report (1998). ...............................1 Chapter 1: The Battle of Guilford Courthouse in the Context of the Southern Campaign ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Figure 2: Map showing the “American Revolution in the South,” National Park Service, undated ....................6 Chapter 2: The Development of Roads at Guilford Courthouse and External Influences ................................................................................................................................................................21 Figure 3: “A New and Correct Map of the Province of North Carolina,” ..........................................................22 Figure 4: “A map of the most inhabited part of Virginia containing the whole province of Maryland with part of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and North Carolina” .............................................................................................23 Figure 5: A detail of “A Compleat map of North-Carolina from an actual survey,” .........................................24 Figure 6: Map of the “Battle of Guildford fought on the 15th of March 1781”.................................................27 Figure 7: Detail of Guilford County from “The First Actual Survey of
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