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Biosensors: Nanotools of Detection- a Review Payoshnee Bhalinge*, Sourab Kumar**, Abhishek Jadhav***,Shilpi Suman****, Pavan Gujjar*****, Nitesh Perla******

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Biosensors: Nanotools of Detection- a Review Payoshnee Bhalinge*, Sourab Kumar**, Abhishek Jadhav***,Shilpi Suman****, Pavan Gujjar*****, Nitesh Perla****** International J. of Healthcare and Biomedical Research, Volume: 04, Issue: 03, April 2016, 26-39 Review article: Biosensors: Nanotools of Detection- A Review Payoshnee Bhalinge*, Sourab Kumar**, Abhishek Jadhav***,Shilpi Suman****, Pavan Gujjar*****, Nitesh Perla****** *Senior Lecturer, Dept of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology M.A.Rangoonwala College of Dental Science, Pune – 411001 ** Senior Lecturer (Corresponding Author) Dept of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology Dr.D.Y.Patil University, School of Dentistry, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, ***Senior Lecturer , Dept of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology , Dr.D.Y.Patil University, School of Dentistry, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, ****PG Student , Dept of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology , Dr.D.Y.Patil University, School of Dentistry, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, *****Senior Lecturer , Dept of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology , Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Visnagar, Gujrat - 384315 *****Oral Pathologist and Consultant, Lifeline Charitable Trust, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai Abstract: BIONSENSORS refer to ‘easy to use’ devices that are developed to help in the early diagnosis and treatment of disease. Early diagnosis is the key to successfully treating many diseases. Biosensors utilize the unique properties of biological and physical materials to recognize a target molecule and effect transduction of an electronic signal. The key advantages of biosensors are fast response and high sensitivity. Also, the basic advantage for point of care devices such as Biosensors would include integration of nano materials, microfluidics, automatic samplers, and transduction devices on a single chip. Biosensors are also being used as new analytical tools to study medicine. Thus this paper reviews how nano materials can be used to build Biosensors and how these Biosensors can help now and in the future to detect disease and monitor therapies. Nano technology will enable us to design sensors that are much smaller, less power hungry and more sensitive than current mico and macro sensors. (1,4) Keywords : Biosensor, diagnostic, detection, biochip Introduction: organisms for foreign substances are unparalleled. Humans have been performing bio-analysis since Using bio-receptors from biological organisms or the dawn of time, using the sensory nerve cells of receptors that have been patterned after biological the nose to detect scents or the enzymatic reactions systems, scientists have developed a new means of in the tongue to taste food. As time has progressed, chemical analysis that often has the high selectivity so has our level of understanding about the function of biological recognition systems. These bio- of living organisms in detecting trace amounts of recognition elements in combination with various bio-chemicals in complex systems. Since biological transduction methods have helped to create the organisms are some of the most efficient machines rapidly expanding fields of bio-analysis and related ever created, scientists have sought to apply and technologies known as biosensors and biochips. (2) copy their efficiency for use in man- made creations. In particular, the recognition abilities of biological 26 www.ijhbr.com ISSN: 2319-7072 International J. of Healthcare and Biomedical Research, Volume: 04, Issue: 03, April 2016, 26-39 The emergence of nanotechnology is opening new urea in micro samples of undiluted whole blood or horizons for the development of nanosensors and plasma. Miniaturization also allowed additional nanoprobes with submicron-sized dimensions that analytical tools to be added to the biosensor, such as are suitable for intracellular measurements. (3) chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. The Although it is impossible to survey this entire newest generation of biosensors includes dynamic field, this issue presents articles about miniaturized multi-analyteimmunosensor devices some of the many types of biosensors and biosensor- with high-throughput capabilities and more than based applications to give the reader a sense of 1000 individually addressable electrodes per square importance and the enormous potential of these centimeter. These instruments can detect analytes devices. (3) present in the attomole range (3,8) Definition: Basic concepts of Biosensors Various definitions and terminologies are used As demonstrated in Fig. 1, a biosensor consists of a depending on the field of application. Biosensors are bio-element and a sensor-element. The bio-element also known as immunosensors, optrodes, chemical may be an enzyme, antibody, living cells, or tissue. canaries, resonant mirrors, glucometers, biochips The sensing element may be electric current, electric and biocomputers. (4) potential, and so on. (A detailed list of different Hence Biosensor can be defined as : possible bio-elements and sensor-elements is shown An analytical device which converts a biological in Fig. 2.) Different combinations of bio-elements response into an electrical signal (Biosensors, and sensor-elements constitute several types of Elsevier Applied Science). biosensors to suit a vast pool of applications. Or simply put : The bio elements and the sensor elements can be A device that uses specific biochemical reactions coupled together in one of the four possible ways mediated by isolated enzymes, immunosystems, demonstrated in Fig. 3, i.e. a) membrane tissues, organelles, or whole cells to detect chemical entrapment, b) physical adsorption, c) matrix / compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical porous entrapment and d) covalent bonding. (4,9-12) signals. (3,5) a) In the membrane entrapment scheme, a History of Biosensors semi-permeable membrane separates the Father of the Biosensor analyte and the bio-element; the sensor is Dr. Leland C Clark (1918-2005) (6) (Refer to attached attached to the bio-element. table) - created many of the early biosensors in the b) The physical adsorption scheme is early 1960’s (3,7)using an ‘‘enzyme electrode’’ for dependent on a combination of van der Waals measuring glucose concentration with the enzyme forces, hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonds, Glucose Oxidase (GOD). The success of single and ionic forces to attach the biomaterial to analyte sensor was followed by development of the surface of the sensor. integrated multi-analyte sensors capable of more c) The porous entrapment scheme is based on comprehensive analyses, such as a single instrument forming a porous encapsulation matrix for glucose, lactate, and potassium detection. around the biological material that helps in Technical developments in manufacturing enabled binding it to the sensor. the development of miniaturized integrated biosensors for determination of glucose, lactate, and 27 www.ijhbr.com ISSN: 2319-7072 International J. of Healthcare and Biomedical Research, Volume: 04, Issue: 03, April 2016, 26-39 d) In the case of the covalent bonding , the as an electrode (biological element).A thin sensor surface is treated as a reactive group layer of gold on a high refractive glass to which the biological materials can bind. surface can absorb laser light, producing The typically used bio-element enzyme is a large electron waves on the gold surface. Thus, protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in chemical binding of this target analyte to a receptor on reactions but remains unchanged at the end of the the gold surface produces a measurable reaction. Fig.4 shows the working principle of signal. enzymes. An enzyme, upon reaction with a Other Biosensors are based on laser light substrate, forms a complex molecule that, under launched into the fiber and the resulting appropriate conditions, forms the desirable product evanescent field at the tip of the fiber is used molecule releasing the enzyme at the end. The to excite target molecules bound to the enzymes are extremely specific in their action Fig.5. antibody molecules. A photometric detection This extremely specific action of the enzymes is the system is used to detect the optical signal basis of biosensors. (e.g., fluorescence) originating from the COMPONENTS of a Biosensor analyte molecules or from the analyte- There are 2 basic components of a Biosensor: (2,13) bioreceptor reaction.Such laser nanosensors 1. Biological Component can be used for invivo analysis of proteins a. Analyte (blood, serum, saliva, urine, and biomarkers in individual living cells.(3,14) stools, etc) 2. Electrochemical: Bionsensors based on b. Sensitive Bioelement created by biological enzymatic catalysis of a reaction that engineering(enzyme, antibody, nucliec produces or consumes electrons (the enzymes acid, cells, tissue, etc) used for the catalysis are called redox 2. Physical Component enzymes ). The sensor substrate contains a. Detector / Transducertransforms the three electrodes -Reference electrodes, signal resulting from the interaction of the working electrode, sink electrode. analyte with the biological element into The target analyte reacts with a working other signal that can be more easily electrode, and the ions produced create a measured and quantified potential which is referred to reference (Electrochemical, Piezoelectric, Optical, electrode to give a signal. Auxillary etc) electrode / counter electrode is a part of ion b. Amplifier / Display Unit is the signal source. processors or the electronic component The broad class of electrochemical sensors responsible for the display of the results encompasses
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