Présenté Par ONJALALAINA Guy Eric (Maitre Ès Science)

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Présenté Par ONJALALAINA Guy Eric (Maitre Ès Science) UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ÉCOLOGIE VÉGÉTALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (DEA) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option Ecologie Végétale Présenté par ONJALALAINA Guy Eric (Maitre ès Science) Soutenu publiquement le 31 Mars 2014 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Professeur FARAMALALA Miadana Harisoa Rapporteur : Professeur Vololoniaina JEANNODA Examinateurs: Docteur Carole SATTLER Docteur RAFIDISON Verohanitra Docteur RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna UNIVERSITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DÉPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ÉCOLOGIE VÉGÉTALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etude Approfondie (DEA) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option Ecologie Végétale Présenté par ONJALALAINA Guy Eric (Maitre ès Science) INVENTAIRE, ETUDES ETHNOBOTANIQUE ET ECOLOGIQUE, STATUT DE CONSERVATION ET CRIBLAGE PHYTOCHIMIQUE DES PLANTES UTILES DE L’AIRE PROTEGÉE DE TAMPOLO, FÉNÉRIVE EST (Analanjirofo) Soutenu publiquement le 31 Mars 2014 Devant la commission d’examen composée de : Président : Professeur FARAMALALA Miadana Harisoa Rapporteur : Professeur Vololoniaina JEANNODA Examinateurs: Docteur Carole SATTLER Docteur RAFIDISON Verohanitra Docteur RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna Remerciements REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail de recherche a pu être entrepris grâce à la collaboration entre le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales et l’Association de Valorisation de l’Ethnopharmacologie en Régions Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (AVERTEM) qui l’a financé. L’Association AVERTEM est présentée en annexe I de ce mémoire. Nous tenons à exprimer nos vifs et sincères remerciements ainsi que notre profonde gratitude à toutes les personnes physiques et/ou morales qui ont énormément facilité la réalisation de ce mémoire, plus particulièrement : A Madame le Professeur FARAMALALA Miadana Harisoa, qui nous fait l’honneur de présider le jury de ce mémoire et qui nous a prodigué de précieux conseils pour son amélioration. A Madame le Professeur JEANNODA Vololoniaina, qui, malgré ses lourdes responsabilités, n’a pas ménagé ses efforts et a consacré son temps pour diriger les travaux de notre DEA. A Madame le Docteur RAFIDISON Verohanitra, qui a bien voulu examiner ce travail et siéger parmi les membres du jury. A Monsieur le Docteur RANDRIANARIVO Hanitra Ranjàna qui nous a apporté son appui pour la réalisation des screening phytochimiques et qui a accepté de siéger dans notre jury. Nous lui sommes reconnaissant pour tout le temps qu’il a bien voulu nous accorder à cet effet. A Monsieur Thomas CUIENGNET, président d’AVERTEM France et à l’association pour leur accord et leur soutien financier et moral à la réalisation de notre stage sur terrain. A Madame le Docteur Carole SATTLER, membre fondatrice de l’association pour son appui technique et ses conseils. A Madame Julie Le BIGOT, pour sa patience et son dévouement pour la supervision de l’avancement de nos travaux de terrain et de laboratoire. A Madame Maelle Béatrissa RAZAFINDRAVAO, coordinatrice locale et présidente d’AVERTEM Madagascar, pour son soutien moral et technique et ses conseils sur le terrain. A Monsieur Benja RAKOTONIRINA, qui nous a aidé dans la détermination des échantillons d’herbiers collectés lors des travaux de terrain. A Monsieur RAJAONARY Fanomezantsoa du MBG et Monsieur RAKOTOARINIVO Mijoro du RBG Kew pour l’élaboration des cartes. Aux responsables de l’herbier de Tsimbazaza qui nous ont permis de déterminer nos herbiers en mettant à notre disposition les spécimens qui y sont déposés. A toute l’équipe d’AVERTEM et au personnel de l’ESSA- Forêt de Tampolo pour leur accueil chaleureux. a Remerciements A nos guides, le regretté Ramaroson et Basho (Papan’i Colas) qui ont accepté d’être à notre disposition quel qu’ait été le moment ou le temps pour nous accompagner en pleine forêt et ont toujours partagé avec nous leurs connaissances. A tout le personnel administratif et sanitaire d’Ampasina Maningory et de Fénérive Est qui a accepté de nous livrer les données statistiques sur la population et la santé dans ces deux communes. A la population des trois villages qui n’ont pas refusé de nous donner les informations sur les plantes qu’elle utilise pour son quotidien, facilitant ainsi l’acquisition des données de terrains. Aux collègues du Département de Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée de la Faculté des Sciences Ankatso. A tous nos collègues de la promotion SATRANA. A notre famille, qui a dû sacrifier beaucoup de temps et d’argent afin de subvenir à nos besoins pour la réalisation de nos études. A tous ceux qui ont participé de près ou de loin à l’élaboration de ce mémoire. Soyez tous remerciés pour votre aide précieuse. b Sommaire SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... a LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................................................................. iii LISTE DES FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... iv LISTE DES PHOTOS ....................................................................................................................... v LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES ........................................................................ v LISTE DES ANNEXES .................................................................................................................... vi GLOSSAIRE ..................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 Partie I. MILIEU D’ETUDE............................................................................................................. 3 I. SITUATION GEOGRAPHIQUE ET CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL ................................ 3 II. MILIEU ABIOTIQUE ........................................................................................................ 4 II.1. Climat .................................................................................................................................. 4 II.2. Relief et hydrographie ........................................................................................................ 6 II.3. Géologie et sol ..................................................................................................................... 6 III. MILIEU BIOTIQUE ........................................................................................................... 7 III.1. Flore et végétation ............................................................................................................. 7 III.2. Milieu socio-économique .................................................................................................. 7 Partie II. METHODES D’ETUDE ................................................................................................... 9 I. ETUDE ETHNOBOTANIQUE ............................................................................................. 9 I.1. Objectif .................................................................................................................................. 9 I.2. Méthodes d’enquête ............................................................................................................. 9 I.3. Indice d’utilisation de l’espèce ............................................................................................ 9 I.4. Collecte d’échantillons et détermination .......................................................................... 10 I.5. Choix des espèces à étudier ............................................................................................... 10 II. CARACTERISATION DES DIVERS MILIEUX OU L’ON TROUVE LES ESPECES UTILES ...................................................................................................................... 11 II.1. Etudes préliminaires ........................................................................................................ 11 II.2. Caractérisation floristique des divers habitats .............................................................. 11 II.3. Etude de la structure de la végétation ............................................................................ 13 II.4. Etude de la régénération naturelle de chaque type de formation ................................ 16 III. ETUDE DES ESPECES MEDICINALES FORESTIERES ......................................... 17 III.1. Etude de la flore associée aux espèces médicinales les plus utilisées .......................... 17 III.2. Détermination du statut écologique (UICN) des espèces médicinales les plus utilisées. ...................................................................................................................................... 18 i Sommaire III.3. Etude de la régénération artificielle des espèces médicinales les plus utilisées ......... 21 III.4. Screening phytochimique des plantes médicinales ...................................................... 22 Partie III. RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS .................................................................... 23 Chapitre I. Ethnobotanique......................................................................................................... 23 I. Indice d’utilisation des espèces ........................................................................................
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