Perceptions of Disorder: Results from Two Las Vegas Tourist Locations
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March 2015, CCJP 2015-01 Perceptions of Disorder: Results from Two Las Vegas Tourist Locations By Jonathan M. Birds, M.A. and William H. Sousa, Ph.D. Over the past 30 years, much has been written about the negative consequences that minor disorders and quality of life offenses can have on public places. The literature documents cases where disorder contributed Most survey respondents at the Fremont Street to the deterioration of locations such as the New York Experience and on the Las Vegas Strip reported City subways, the downtown Civic Center in San that they generally felt safe at these locations. Francisco, and MacArthur Park in Los Angeles (Kelling Over 90% believed that they were safe and over & Coles 1996; Sousa & Kelling 2010). The literature 75% reported that they would be comfortable also describes the process by which disorder leads to visiting the locations at any time of the day. the decline of public places. According to the ‘broken windows’ hypothesis (Wilson & Kelling 1982), disorder Most respondents reported favorable opinions of can generate fear among citizens, causing them to avoid police at these locations: approximately two- locations where disorder is a problem. These locations, thirds reported seeing at least some Las Vegas which lack informal social control mechanisms, are police officers during their visit; over three- potentially vulnerable to more serious forms of crime. quarters agreed that police add to a sense of safety; and only about 10% indicated that officers Although research provides evidence of a link between seem to harass citizens. Over 65%, however, disorder and fear, how one perceives disorder is largely agreed that more foot or bike patrols should be “in the eye of the beholder.” The literature suggests that added to the locations. an observer’s perceptions of disorder depend on the context in which it occurs (Kelling & Coles 1996). When asked about different types of social Factors such as the amount of disorder, the vulnerability disorders at the locations, most respondents did of the observer, and the observer’s prior knowledge of not perceive them to be significant problems. the disorderly person or place, for instance, play a role Some disorders, however, were considered more in whether one fears disorder or considers it to be problematic than others: approximately 25% problematic. rated aggressive street performers as a problem; over 33% considered aggressive street peddlers Given the potential for quality of life offenses to generate as a problem; over 40% indicated that aggressive fear and cause other community problems, it is panhandlers were a problem; and approximately important to understand perceptions of disorder in public 50% believed that vagrants laying in public areas places. The purpose of this Research in Brief is to were a problem. examine citizen opinions of personal safety, disorderly activity, and police presence at two locations in Clark The survey results suggest some variability County: The Fremont Street Experience and the Las among respondents in terms of feelings of safety Vegas Strip. These are two public locations that are and perceptions of disorder. Younger known for tourism and are therefore important to the respondents and male respondents were more region’s economy. This study also considers the likely to report that they would be comfortable at demographic factors that may be relevant to individual the locations during any time of the day or night. perceptions of disorder, such as age, gender, race, and Tourists and younger respondents were less likely residency status (i.e., Las Vegas Valley local vs. tourist). to report disorders as problematic. © 2015 University of Nevada, Las Vegas THE PLACES RESULTS Las Vegas welcomed over 39 million visitors in 2013 Overall Perceptions of Safety and over 375,000 jobs in Southern Nevada were supported by tourism (LVCVA, 2014). Many tourists Several questions on the survey asked respondents visited the Fremont Street Experience – an about their overall feelings of safety and comfort levels at entertainment district located in Downtown Las Vegas. the time of their visit to either Fremont Street or the Strip The Fremont Street Experience is home to the world’s (Diagram 2). While there were some differences among largest video screen, which spans 90 feet in width and types of respondents (discussed in a later section), 1,500 feet in length. The screen is located above a people mostly felt safe and were comfortable with their pedestrian mall that includes casinos, restaurants, bars, surroundings. At both locations, over 90% of and other attractions. The Las Vegas Strip is a roughly respondents indicated that they believed they were safe four-mile long section of Las Vegas Boulevard where or very safe and over 85% reported that they would many of the major resort-casinos in Clark County are recommend the locations to friends. Although slightly located. Much of the gaming revenue in Clark County less reported that they would be comfortable visiting any (over 6.5 billion in 2014 according to LVCVA) is time of the day or night, overall perceptions of safety generated on the Las Vegas Strip. were generally very high. Respondents were, however, less comfortable bringing children under 18 to Fremont DATA AND METHODS Street or the Strip. Similarly, survey respondents – especially those on the Strip – were less comfortable The survey instrument used in this study included items allowing those under 21 to visit the location without adult related to perceptions of safety, perceptions of disorder, supervision. and perceptions of police. The research team, which included UNLV undergraduate and graduate students, Perceptions of Disorder administered surveys along the Fremont Street Experience and the Las Vegas Strip during the Summer Respondents were presented with a list of social and Fall of 2014.1 The interviewers used availability disorders. They were then asked to rate each disorder as sampling techniques at both locations to identify either “no problem,” “some problem,” or “a big problem” potential respondents. The interviewers administered while on their current visit to either Fremont Street or the 256 surveys on Fremont Street and 335 surveys on the Strip (Diagram 3). Las Vegas Strip, for a total sample of 591 (Diagram 1). Surveys were administered on all days of the week The majority of respondents at both locations did not during daytime and nighttime hours. All respondents perceive the disorders as a problem. One-third of were 18 years of age or older. respondents, however, rated aggressive street peddlers as a problem and over 40% rated aggressive Diagram)1:)Sample)Demographics)(n)=)591))) panhandling as a problem. At both Fremont Street and the Strip, respondents identified street people or vagrants 45%)female) laying in public areas as problematic (approximately 50% Gender) 55%)male) of respondents).3 For the most part, people at both 47%)non8white) locations were consistent in their perceptions of Race) 53%)white) disorder—while there were some percent differences in perceptions between Fremont and Strip respondents, 52%)age)36)and)older) Age) 48%)age)18835) these differences did not reach statistical significance. 38%)local) Residency) Perceptions of Police 62%)tourist) Respondents were also asked several questions about Las Vegas police, including whether they noticed any For analysis purposes, we rely primarily on cross officers during their visit, whether officers add to a sense tabulations and chi-square tests of significance to of safety, and whether Las Vegas Police should consider examine respondents’ perceptions of safety, disorder, adding more patrols to tourist areas. Respondents were and the police.2 also asked whether Las Vegas Police in tourist areas seem to harass citizens. Diagram 4 displays the results of this series of questions. 2 PERCEPTIONS OF DISORDER Diagram'2:'Overall'Percep*ons'of'Safety' 94%' Percent'sta*ng'that'they'felt'safe'or'very'safe'at'the'loca*on' 96%' Percent'sta*ng'that'they'would'be'comfortable'visi*ng'the' 76%' loca*on'any'*me'of'the'day'or'night' 80%' Percent'sta*ng'that'they'would'recommend'the'loca*on'to' 93%' The'Strip' friends' 87%' Fremont' Percent'sta*ng'that'they'would'bring'children'under'18'to' 48%' the'loca*on' 44%' Percent'sta*ng'that'they'would'allow'those'under'21'to'visit' 38%' without'adult'supervision' 58%' 0%# 10%# 20%# 30%# 40%# 50%# 60%# 70%# 80%# 90%# 100%# Diagram)3:)Percent)of)Respondents)Indica%ng)Disorder)as)"Some")or)"Big")Problem) 45%) Street)People)/)Vagrants)Laying)in)Public)Areas) 53%) 40%) Aggressive)Panhandlers)(People)Begging)for)Money)) 43%) 36%) Aggressive)Street)Peddlers) 33%) 23%) Aggressive)or)Inappropriate)Street)Performers) 30%) The)Strip) 21%) Threatening)or)In%mida%ng)People) 24%) Fremont) 31%) Unsupervised)Young)People) 32%) 22%) Drug)Dealing) 22%) 28%) Pros%tu%on) 22%) 0%# 10%# 20%# 30%# 40%# 50%# 60%# Diagram'4:'Percep2ons'of'Police' Percent'sta2ng'that'they'saw'"some"'or'"many"'officers' 66%' present' 70%' Percent'agreeing'or'strongly'agreeing'that'police'add'to'a' 77%' sense'of'safety' 80%' The'Strip' Percent'agreeing'or'strongly'agreeing'that'LVMPD'should' 78%' Fremont' add'more'foot'or'bike'patrols' 65%' Percent'agreeing'or'strongly'agreeing'that'officers'seem'to' 8%' harass'ci2zens' 13%' 0%# 10%# 20%# 30%# 40%# 50%# 60%# 70%# 80%# PERCEPTIONS OF DISORDER 3 Diagram 5: Demographic Differences Age Race Gender Residency 18-35 over 35 white nonwhite male female local tourist SAFETY Overall safety 95.0% 94.5% 95.8% 93.4% 96.3%