ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Dorsey, William Anthony Robert (2012) Kepler's "War on Mars" and the usurpation of seventeenth-century astronomy. Professional Doctorate (Research) thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/29931/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/29931/ 1 Kepler‟s “War on Mars” and the Usurpation of Seventeenth-Century Astronomy Thesis submitted by William Anthony Robert DORSEY, B.A. (New School University), Master of Astronomy (University of Western Sydney) in September 2012 for the degree of Doctor of Astronomy in the School of Engineering and Physical Sciences James Cook University 2 STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned, author of this work, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University Library and, via the Australian Digital Thesis network, for use elsewhere. I understand that, as an unpublished work, a thesis has significant protection under the Copyright Act and; I do not wish to place any further restriction on access to this work. Signature Date 12-06-2012 3 STATEMENT OF SOURCES DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. Signature Date 12-06-2012 4 STATEMENT OF CONTRIBUTION BY OTHERS I, the undersigned, author of this work, confirm that I have not received any financial or editorial help in the preparation of this thesis. James Cook University Scholarship Signature Date 12-06-2012 5 ELECTRONIC COPY DECLARATION l, the undersigned, the author of this work, declare that the electronic copy of this thesis provided to the James Cook University Library is an accurate copy of the print thesis submitted, within the limits of the technology available. Signature Date 23-02-2011 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I thank my thesis supervisors Associate Professor Wayne Orchiston and Professor F. Richard Stephenson. Their enthusiastic support of my interest in the history of astronomy has been beyond the call of duty. It has been my good fortune to work with them on my project while at James Cook University. I also thank Professor Walter Watson who first inspired my interest in the philosophical foundations of physics and Dr William Gustch, who gave me the opportunity to teach my first course in the history of astronomy at the Hayden Planetarium, From Copernicus to Einstein. Lastly, to my devoted wife Jean for her dedication and support; her patience is truly a gift from the gods. 7 ABSTRACT This paper presents an interpretation of how Johannes Kepler changed the history and development of astronomy. It is proposed that in his metaphorical ―War with Mars‖, the Astronomia nova, Kepler used a revolutionary rhetoric to wage a ―War on Mars‖ to bring about the usurpation of seventeenth-century astronomy. Kepler rhetorically redefined the axiomatic structure of the traditional astronomical framework and summarily replaced it with his own new discoveries, thereby affecting how we study astronomy. Kepler proposed a new conceptual framework based upon a new approach and methodology that was an obvious deviation and involved an intensive and extraordinary interplay between quantitative observation and theoretical construction, and between tradition and innovation. Here we examine how Kepler treated traditional astronomy with the use of rhetoric to usurp the entire well-established conceptual framework within which the hypotheses of Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolas Copernicus and Tycho Brahe functioned. We examine the principles, methods and subject matters that make up the elemental structure and character of Kepler‘s new conceptual framework. We reveal that Kepler sought comprehensive physical principles that could determine the true form of the entire known Universe. This thesis suggests that although Kepler may have believed in and defended some Copernican ideas for a heliocentric system, the innovations in his ‗new astronomy‘ opened up a whole new vista. Key terms: Medieval science, rhetoric, rhetor, usurpatory rhetoric, philosophical rhetoric, philosophic rhetor, dialectics, rhetoric of science, metaphor, allegory, analogy, argument by analogy, deduction, ethos, logos and pathos. 8 LIST OF CONTENT Page Acknowledgements 6 Abstract 7 Table of Contents 8 List of Figures 10 Chapter 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Prelude 13 1.2 The Rhetoric of Science 14 1.3 Definitions 19 1.4 Review of the Literature 21 1.5 Relevance and Importance of this Study 24 1.6 Research Method 25 1.7 Structure of the Thesis 25 Chapter 2 Johannes Kepler: The Making of a Revolutionary 31 2.1 Kepler‟s Character and Self-defense 34 2.2 A Selected Biography: Kepler‟s Life 35 2.3 The Mysterium Cosmographicum 38 2.4 Discussion 46 Chapter 3 Tradition vs. Innovation 47 3.1 The Traditional Framework: Pre-Keplerian Astronomy 49 3.2 „War of the Worlds‟ 57 3.3 Innovation: Kepler‟s Perspective 60 3.4 The Martian Problem - “War with Mars” 61 3.5 The Rhetorical Nature of the Astronomia nova 63 3.6 The Rhetorical Composition of the Astronomia nova 65 3.7 Discussion 70 Chapter 4 Principle: From Physics 73 4.1 Physical Cause 75 4.2 Kepler‟s Approach 76 4.3 Discussion 81 Chapter 5 Method: Through Physics 83 5.1 Kepler‟s Method 85 5.2 Kepler‟s Methodological Differences 87 5.3 Mathematical/Rhetorical Analogies 92 5.4 The Magnetism Analogy 96 5.5 Kepler‟s Derivation of the Elliptical Path 98 5.6 Concept Formation-Definitions of Single Terms 104 5.7 Confrontation of Contraries: 2-term Relations 106 9 5.8 Patterns of Inference-Discovery 107 5.9 Discussion 107 Chapter 6 Subject Matter: To Physics - Physical Astronomy 109 6.1 Mixed Sciences 111 6.2 Physicalization of Astronomy 115 6.3 Discussion 116 Chapter 7 The Reception of Kepler‟s New Astronomical Ideas 117 7.1 A Revolution in Physical Science 119 7.2 The Harmonice Mundi 121 7.3 Celestial Harmony 125 7.4 Discussion 129 Chapter 8 The Epitome of Copernican Astronomy 130 8.1 The Purpose of the Epitome 132 8.2 Traditional Arguments 133 8.3 Kepler‟s Rejection of The Traditional Views 134 8.4 Discussion 135 Chapter 9 Keplerian Astronomy after Kepler 137 9.1 A Brief Summary of Kepler‟s Laws 139 9.2 The Reception of Kepler‟s New Astronomy 142 Chapter 10 Conclusion 146 Chapter 11 References 152 10 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Anonymous portrait dated 1610 of Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630 (source: Wikimedia). 33 Figure 2: Title page of the Mysterium Cosmographicum (source: Wikimedia). 40 Figure 3: Regular Platonic solids; clockwise from top left: tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, icosahedron and dodecahedron (source: Wikimedia). 41 Figure 4: Kepler‘s nested sphere models (source: Wikimedia). 42 Figure 5: Close-up of the inner section of the model in Figure 4 showing the inner planets (source: Wikimedia). 43 Figure 6: Ptolemy‘s Geocentric Universe (source: Wikimedia). 52 Figure 7: Ptolemy‘s epicycle and deferent (source Wikimedia). 53 Figure 8: Representations of Ptolemy‘s planetary motion (source: Wikimedia). 54 Figure 9: Further representations of Ptolemy‘s planetary motion (source: Wikimedia). 54 Figure 10: The Copernican heliocentric planetary paths (source: Wikimedia). 55 Figure 11: The Tychonic model (source: Wikimedia). 56 Figure 12: The three cosmological models. 58 Figure 13: Title page of the Astronomia nova (source: Wikimedia). 64 Figure 14: Diagram showing the mean Sun and the true Sun (adapted by the author from Martens, 2000: 72). 77 Figure 15: The orbit of Mars (adapted from Wikimedia). 80 Figure 16: The Vicarious Hypothesis, taken from Kepler‘s own diagram in Chapter 16 (after Kepler, 1992: 252). 80 Figure 17: An example of Kepler‘s astronomical calculations (source: Wikimedia). 85 Figure 18: The ferryman analogy, taken from Kepler‘s own diagram in Chapters 57 (after Kepler, 1992: 549). 95 Figure 19: Kepler‘s diagram showing Mars‘ elliptical orbit and taken from Kepler‘s own diagrams in Chapters 59 and 60 (after Kepler, 1992). 101 Figure 20: Kepler‘s equal area law. 102 Figure 21: Kepler‘s plotting of Ptolemy‘s Martian data, taken from Kepler‘s own diagram in Chapter 1 (after Kepler, 1992: 119). 104 Figure 22: Kepler‘s method and subject matter. 113 Figure 23: Title page of Harmonice Mundi (source: Wikimedia). 122 Figure 24: Kepler‘s ‗Music of the Spheres‘, adapted from Kepler‘s own diagram in Harmonice Mundi V, Chapter 6 (after Kepler, 1939b). 126 Figure 25: Fludd‘s monochord (after Wikimedia). 127 Figure 26: Title page of the Epitome of Copernican Astronomy, the posthumous edition of 1635, in which all seven books are published together. 132 Figure 27: In the Epitome III, Part II, Kepler illustrates the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. In the adjacent text the reader is told that the Sun does not move (source: Mathematical Sciences Digital Library). 136 Figure 28: Kepler‘s ‗First Law of Planetary Motion‘, a modern view 140 Figure 29: Kepler‘s ‗Second Law of Planetary Motion‘, a modern view. 140 Figure 30: A graphical representation of Kepler‘s ‗Third Law of Planetary Motion‘. 142 11 Chapter 1 Introduction 12 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Prelude 1.2 The Rhetoric of Science 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Review of the Literature 1.5 Relevance and Importance of this Study 1.6 Research Method 1.7 Structure of the Thesis 13 ―… I confess that when Tycho died, I quickly took advantage of the absence, or lack of circumspection, of the heirs, by taking the observations under my care, or perhaps usurping them...‖ Kepler (1992) ―…we come to our fundamental human understanding not by proofs but by persuasion.‖ Gingerich (2004) 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Prelude When Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo suggested that the Earth revolved around the Sun, they weren‘t asking scientists to observe new data, they were proposing a new framework for understanding century‘s old observations.