CHAPTER-IX RURAL AND TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT Developmental Challenges in Early Years Soon after independence, both the Central and State government of Odisha implemented various poverty alleviation and public welfare Programmes for improving the standard of living of common people with focus on the poor, the marginalized, the handicapped, socially under privileged and other weaker sections like women, children and senior citizens. Free India began its journey towards progress as an underdeveloped economy. Primarily agrarian in nature, over 70 percent of people seek employment and sustenance in the agriculture and allied sectors. Further, various Programmes/ schemes were also drawn up to change the face of the rural and urban people and backward areas with improved health facilities, better and useful education, all weather connectivity through surface transport, safe potable drinking water ,electricity, sanitation and solid waste management, food security, and other social welfare measures. By working collectively, significant changes have been registered in the socio-economic scenario of Deogarh district in all aspects of development in the rural sector. Civil society groups like Women Self Help Groups (WSHGs), Pani Panchayats, Joint Forest Management Committees have set marvellous trends and examples in ushering desired results. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) The MGNREGS is a scheme which has been implemented in every state of India through the Central Act known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarante Act of 2005.The erstwhile National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) Programmes have been subsumed in MGNREGA from 2nd February, 2006. This scheme came into force in Deogarh District from the financial year 2006-07 with Central and State Government joint funding pattern in the ratio of 90:10. The objective of the MGNREGA is to enhance livelihood security in rural areas providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Thus the Act confers upon the eligible rural households as legal rights to demand employment up to 100 days in a financial year. 177 This work guarantee can also serve other objectives like generating productive assets, protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural migration and fostering social equity among others of Deogarh district. The detail information regarding funds allocated and fund spent year wise, MGNREGA status of district/block wise, etc. available at http://mgnrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx. Social Audit at every Gram Panchayat has been accorded utmost importance the details of which are available the on the MGNREGA website. Year wise funds received and utilized under MGNREGS during the last five years in the Deogarh district are given below. Status of MGNREGS Amount in Lakh Rupees Financial Physical Financial Total Expenditure Percentage Total Total Percentage of Year funds made of targeted achievement achievement available expenditure Projects 2011-12 2426.49 1049.70 43 1520 1392 91 2012-13 199.42 1327.84 -- 3173 479 15 2013-14 904.58 1141.42 126 1420 1774 125 2014-15 1219.29 1241.76 102 2491 1226 49 2015-16 (July,2015) 935.79 916.72 98 723 199 28 Total 5685.57 5677.44 99.85 9327 5070 54 National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) The former Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) Scheme has been restructured as NRLM (National Rural Livelihood Mission) w.e.f. 1st April, 2012 with Central and State Government funding pattern of 75% and 25% respectively. In Odisha it is known as Odisha Livelihood Mission (OLM). The key features of NRLM are: (i) Universal social Mobilization: At least one member from each identified rural poor household, preferably a woman, is brought under the Self Help Group (SHG) fold. (ii) Promotion of institution of the poor: It promotes strong institution of the poor such as SHGs and their village and higher level federations and specialized institutions. (iii) Training, capacity building and skill building: Continuous capacity building and skill development of the poor. 3 Universal Financial Inclusion: NRLM would work towards achieving universal financial inclusion. (iv) Livelihood: NRLM would work towards stabilizing and enhancing the existing livelihoods and subsequent diversification. 178 (v) Infrastructure creation and marketing support: NRLM would seek to ensure that the infrastructure needs for key livelihood activities of the poor are fully met (vi) Skill and placement Projects: NRLM would purpose skill up – gradation and placement projects through partnership mode (vii) Innovation: Encourage innovation for poverty eradication. Self Help Groups (SHGs) SHGs are voluntary association of people formed to attain a collective goal with a commitment and sense of direction and plan for the future. People who are homogeneous in terms of socio-economic background or traditional occupation come together for a common cause for the benefit of group members. The details of funds received and utilized under NRLM during last five years in the District are given below. Status of NRLM Amount in Lakh Rupees Financial Physical Financial Total Expenditu Percentage Total Total Percentage Year funds re made of targeted achievement of available expenditure SHGs achievement 2011-12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012-13 217.29 135.34 62 1000 343 34 2013-14 287.65 222.16 77 300 290 97 2014-15 192.45 412.12 -- 300 379 126 2015-16 (July 2015) 140.00 108.60 78 440 441 100 Total 837.39 878.22 105 2040 1453 71 Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Indira Awas Yojana (IAY), a Government of India social welfare Programme to provide housing for the rural poor in India. Was launched during 1985-86 as a sub-scheme of Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) and continued as a sub-scheme of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) since its launch in April, 1989. It has been delinked from the JRY and has been made an independent scheme with effect from January 1, 1996. A separate set of schemes operate for the urban poor (like the Basic Services for Urban Poor). It is one of the major flagship Programme of the Ministry of Rural Development, with the aim of constructing houses for BPL households in the villages. Under the scheme, financial assistance to the tune of Rs.70000/- in plain areas and Rs.75000/- in high land area, and LWE District is provided for construction of houses in three instalments, first: Rs.15,000.00 (during 179 issue of work order), second: Rs.40,000.00 (after lintel level) and the third and final: Rs.20,000.00 (after roof laying).The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife. The construction of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary and engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited. Sanitary latrine and smokeless chullah are required to be constructed along with each IAY house for which additional financial assistance is provided from Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) now renamed as Swachha Bharat Yojana (SBY) and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) respectively. The broad purpose of the scheme is to provide financial assistance to some of the weakest sections of society for them to upgrade or construct a house of respectable quality for their personal living. The vision of the government is to replace all temporary (kutchcha) houses from Indian villages by 2017. Implementation IAY is an allocation based, centrally sponsored scheme funded on a cost sharing basis between the Central Government and the State Government in the 75%:25% ratio, except in case of North-Eastern states and Union Territories. For Union Territories a separate criteria for funding is followed and accordingly the central government funds 90% and 100% for the Uts. The funds are allocated to the states based on 75% weight age for rural housing shortage and 25% weightage on the basis of poverty ratio. BPGY Benificiary in front of his allotted IAY House in Ballam GP of Barkote Block house The year wise funds received and utilized under IAY (Normal) and IAY (Homestead Incentive) in the District during last five years are given below. 180 Status of IAY (Normal) Amount in Lakh Rupees Financial Physical Financial Total Expenditure Percentage Total Total Percentage of Year funds made of targeted achievement achievement available expenditure houses 2011-12 556.94 491.06 88 1265 1080 85 2012-13 706.65 555.11 79 1457 1126 77 2013-14 808.87 697.31 86 1146 930 81 2014-15 965.25 643.75 67 1287 725 56 2015-16 (July,2015) 151.20 151.20 100 1565 0 0 Total 3182.91 2538.43 80 6720 3861 57 Status of IAY (Homestead Incentive) Amount in Lakh Rupees Financial Physical Financial Total Expenditure Percentage Total Total Percentage Year funds made of targeted achievement of available expenditure houses achievement 2012-13 653.295 648.54 99 1347 1331 99 Biju Pucca Ghar Yojana (BPGY) State Government launched „Mo Kudia‟ (My cottage) Scheme from the year 2008-09 with 100% State funding to meet un-met need of the most vulnerable households who needs immediate shelter for dignified existence. Rural households whose name find place in the SECC-2011 and their house is Kutchcha list are eligible under this scheme. The selection will be made through lottery from the year 2015-16. The amount of assistance is same as that in IAY mentioned above. The scheme is now renamed as Biju Pucca Ghar Yojana (BPGY). The year wise funds received and utilized under the Scheme during last five years in the