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Boletín De Documentación CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS POLÍTICOS Y CONSTITUCIONALES Boletín de Documentación n.o 17-18 / mayo-diciembre 2003 DIRECCI”N GENERAL DEL CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS POLÕTICOS Internet, Bibliotecas y Servicios Y CONSTITUCIONALES de Información (*) óó El libre acceso a la información es esencial para la libertad, la igualdad, el entendimiento SUBDIRECCI”N GENERAL DE mundial y la paz. Por lo tanto, la Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y PUBLICACIONES Y DOCUMENTACI”N Bibliotecas (IFLA) afirma que: • La libertad intelectual es la libertad de cada persona a tener y expresar sus opiniones y bus- óó car y recibir información, es la base de la democracia y el fundamento del servicio bibliotecario. ¡REA DE PUBLICACIONES Y DOCUMENTACI”N • La libertad de acceso a la información, sin importar el soporte y las fronteras, es una res- ponsabilidad primordial de los bibliotecarios y documentalistas. + • El libre acceso a Internet ofrecido por las bibliotecas y servicios de información, ayua a las comunidades e individuos a conseguir la libertad, la prosperidad y el desarrollo. Edita: • Se deberían eliminar las barreras para la circulación de información, especialmente las que fomentan la desigualdad, la pobreza y la frustración. Centro de Estudios PolÌticos y Constitucionales Plaza de la Marina EspaÒola, n.o 9 Libertad de acceso a la información, Internet, las bibliotecas y los servicios de información 28071 Madrid Portada: FotografÌas de ´Raptos de Europaª Las bibliotecas y los servicios de información son instituciones vivas que conectan a la gen- Procedencia: Boceto y cuadro de Rubens: Museo te con los recursos globales de información, las ideas y las obras de creación literaria que ellos del Prado buscan. Las bibliotecas y los servicios de información ofrecen la riqueza de la expresión huma- FotografÌas de las obras de VeronÈs, PÈrez Villalta y na y de la diversidad cultural en todos los soportes. mosaico etrusco: Archivo Fotogr·fico Oronoz. Internet permite a las personas y a las comunidades de todo el mundo, tanto si están en los lugares más pequeños y lejanos o en las grandes ciudades, tener igualdad de acceso a la infor- DepÛsito Legal: M. 23.077-1998 mación para el desarrollo personal, la educación, el estímulo, el enriquecimiento cultural, la ISSN: 1139-2827 actividad económica y la participación informada en la democracia. Todo el mundo puede pre- NIPO: 005-02-022-0 sentar sus intereses, conocimiento y cultura para que los demás los conozcan. Las bibliotecas y los servicios de información son portales fundamentales pasra acceder al contenido de Internet. Para algunos ofrecen comodidad y ayuda, mientras que para otros son los únicos puntos de acceso disponibles. Son un medio para superar las barreras creadas por las di- ferencias en los recursos, la tecnología y la formación. Principios de la libertad de acceso a la información a través de Internet El acceso a Internet y a todos sus recursos debería ser coherente con la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas y en especial del artículo 19: Todos tienen el derecho a la libertad de opinión y expresión; este derecho incluye la libertad para tener opiniones sin interferencia y para buscar, recibir e impartir información e ideas mediante cualquier medio sin importar las fronteras. La interconexión global de Internet ofrece un medio a través del cual todos pueden disfrutar de este derecho. En consecuencia, el acceso nunca debería estar sujeto a ninguna forma de censura ideológica, política, religiosa, ni a barreras económicas. Las bibliotecas y los servicios de información también tienen la responsabilidad de atender a todos los miembros de sus comunidades, sin importar la edad, raza, nacionalidad, religión, cultura, afiliación política, discapacidad física o de otro tipo, género u orientación sexual, o cual- quier otra situación. Las bibliotecas y los servicios de información deberían apoyar el derecho de los usuarios a buscar la información que deseen. Las bibliotecas y los servicios de información deberían respetar la privacidad de sus usuarios y reconocer que llos recursos que usan deberían permanecer confidenciales. Las bibliotecas y los servicios de información tienen la responsabilidad de facilitar y fomentar el acceso público a información y comunica- ción de calidad. Se debería formar a los usuarios y ofrecerles un entorno adecuado en el que puedan usar libremente y de forma confidencial las fuentes de información y servicios que hayan escogido. Además de los muchos recursos valiosos de Internet, algunos son incorrectos, erróneos y pueden ser ofensivos. Los bibliotecarios deberían ofrecer información y recursos a los usuarios de la biblioteca para que aprendan a utilizar Internet y la información electrónica de un modo efi- caz. Deberían fomentar y facilitar activamente el acceso responsable de todos sus usuarios a información de calidad de la red, incluidos niños y adolescentes. Al igual que en otros servicios fundamentales, en las bibliotecas y servicios de información el acceso a Internet debería ser gratuito». (*) Del manifiesto sobre Internet de la Federación Internacional de Asociaciones de Bibliotecarios y Bibliotecas (IFLA) www.ifla.org Correspondencia con el Boletín: CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS POLÍTICOS Y CONSTITUCIONALES NÚMERO MONOGRÁFICO SOBRE LA REFORMA Área de Publicaciones y Documen- tación. Plaza de la Marina Españo- CONSTITUCIONAL EN LOS PAÍSES la, n.o 9. 28071 Madrid. DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA Teléfonos: 91 548 41 84 y 91 540 19 50 (ext. 126) (Sumario en pág. 4) Fax: 91 541 95 74. E. mail: [email protected] 2 Boletín de Documentación |C|E|P|C| PRESENTACI”N Vivimos en estos momentos un hito histórico al haber coincidido, en estos Esta vinculación entre soberanía popular y supremacía constitucional sitúa en finales del año 2003, la conmemoración de los veinticinco años de nuestra Cons- primer plano la tensión anteriormente apuntada. Porque la Constitución, como titución española de 1978, con la discusión en el ámbito comunitario europeo del norma suprema del Estado, somete a todas las demás. Como resultado de un pro- Proyecto de Tratado por el que se instituye una Constitución para Europa. ceso constituyente concreto (o de la voluntad del pueblo en un momento especí- Dado que la Constitución europea exigirá algunas adaptaciones a sus países fico), las somete además a un marco estable, con vocación de permanencia. Pero miembros, hemos estimado oportuno que, desde el Centro de Estudios Políticos el pueblo, como poder supremo reconocido en el Estado, puede modificar su y Constitucionales, dentro de su misión estatutaria de promoción del estudio y de voluntad, y por tanto puede querer alterar ese marco. El principio democrático, la investigación de los sistemas jurídico-políticos, podía ser útil presentar en este en tanto que principio decisorio, exige la adecuación de las reglas a la voluntad — Boletín un material sistemático sobre los sistemas de las reformas constituciona- cambiante— del pueblo. El principio de constitucionalidad, en tanto que fija lími- les que afectan a los países europeos de la Unión. Entendemos que puede ser tes formales, exige que la voluntad popular las respete. Ya Tocqueville fue muy para los estudiosos una base muy valiosa de trabajo, no sólo por su gran volu- sensible al riesgo de una «dictadura o tiranía de la mayoría» si ésta no era capaz men, sino también por su difícil reunión y sistematización. de respetar los procedimientos formales o cautelas con las que la propia soberanía La cuestión de la reforma constitucional constituye, sin lugar a dudas, uno de del pueblo, al sancionar el pacto constitucional, se rodeaba para evitar, precisa- los puntos centrales y más controvertidos en toda teoría de la Constitución. Con- mente, el vaivén de coyunturas, incluso mayoritarias, o de momentos emociona- jugar la permanencia, a la que aspira toda Constitución, con el cambio, ineludible les en los que puede regir más la demagogia que la voluntad racional de convi- en el paso del tiempo y las generaciones, supone acertar con un equilibrio entre lo vencia. Algo que, desde el punto de vista de antecedentes históricos, se hizo en la jurídico y lo político, e incluso lo histórico. De cómo la arquitectura constitucio- propia cuna inventora de la democracia, en las polis democráticas griegas del si- nal aborde este aspecto, depende en gran medida la estabilidad de unas reglas de glo V a.C, donde, a pesar de desenvolverse en una democracia directa —con po- juego que permitan los cambios y alternancias en el poder y en la vida política, sin cos ciudadanos, pero depositarios en sus asambleas de todo el poder— supieron que se resienta la confrontación civilizada y leal a los principios básicos de toda rodear a esas asambleas de una serie de figuras procedimentales —«moción ile- constitución. En definitiva, como es bien sabido todo texto constitucional se en- gal», «adeia», etc.— para evitar que la propia estructura de la democracia no fuera cuentra en la intersección entre la culminación de un proceso constituyente, de ca- reventada desde dentro en momentos sin control o por los intereses partidistas de rácter político por tanto, y el punto de arranque de un ordenamiento jurídico crea- los grupos de poder. do por el Estado constituido; se encuentra pues entre la Política y el Derecho. Nuestras sociedades actuales europeas son sociedades complejas, en las que Así pues, al hablar de reforma constitucional, se sitúa de inmediato, en pri- la democracia tiene que plasmarse en instituciones representativas, pero igualmen- mer plano, la tensión entre la estabilidad y el cambio, con unas características te necesitan rodear sus Constituciones de sus propios procedimientos de reforma muy particulares, que le dotan de una peculiar complejidad. Porque esa tensión y, como es lógico, la tensión entre el principio democrático y el principio consti- es inherente al mundo jurídico, como se ha dicho, ya que, al regular cualquier tucional está presente en todos los ordenamientos constitucionales. Más allá de la aspecto de la vida social, cualquier relación jurídicamente relevante, toda norma conocida distinción entre Constituciones rígidas y flexibles, lo cierto es que toda recoge contenidos que, prácticamente siempre, admiten alternativas.
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