Taxonomic Treatment According to Morony, Bock & Farrand

Home , Anatinae, Anseranatidae, Cracidae, Phoenicopteriformes, Tadorninae

UNEP/CMS/ScC16/Doc.16/Annex II

Order SPHENICIFORMES - See Order Order SPHENICIFORMES Not covered by WI Family Sphenicidae CICONIIFORMES The interrelationships of penguins (spheniciformes), loons (gaviiformes), and procellariforms seabirds are still not established convincingly. However, various authors using morphological (Cracaf, livezey & Zusi) or molecular data (Sibley & Ahlquist, van Tuinen et al) have them clustering together or near one another, with penguins and procellariiforms generally being sister-taxa.

This applies to SPHENICIFORMES, GAVIIFORMES and PROCELLARIIFORMES

Order GAVIIFORMES - See Order - See SPHENICIFORMES Family Gaviidae Family Gaviidae CICONIIFORMES

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES - See Order - See Order CICONIIFORMES Family Podicipedidae Family Podicipedidae CICONIIFORMES

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES - See Order - See SPHENICIFORMES Not covered by WI Family Diomedeidae CICONIIFORMES Family Procellariidaea Family Hydrobatidae Family Pelecanoididae

Order PELECANIFORMES Order PELECANIFORMES Family Phaetontidae Family Pelecanidae - See Order Like the ciconiiformes, the pelcaniforms have Family Pelecanidae Family Sulidae CICONIIFORMES also been the subject of exuberant claims of Family Family Phalacrocoracidae paraphyly, yet the idea that they are not related Phalacrocoracidae Family Anhingidae was never adequately supported by the data. Family Anhingidae Family Fregatidae

1 UNEP/CMS/ScC16/Doc.16/Annex II

Taxonomic treatment Taxonomic treatment Taxonomic treatment according to Taxonomic treatment according to according to according to Sibley & Morony, Bock & Farrand Dickinson 2003 and 20051 Wetlands Monroe International2 Order CICONIIFORMES Order CICONIIFORMES Order CICONIIFORMES* Family Ardeidae Family Pteroclidae Family Ardeidae Family Balaenicipitidae Family Thinocoridae *It has become fashionable in recent years to Family Balaenicipitidae Family Scopidae Family Pedionomidae dismember the traditional Ciconiiformes (e.g.., Family Scopidae Family Ciconiidae Family Scolopacidae Sibley & Ahlquist 1990). It now seems there Family Ciconidae Family Threskiornithidae Family Rostratulidae may be at least a core group of taxa that are Family Threskiornithidae Family Phoenicopteridae Family Jacanidae related, including ciconiids, threskiornithids, and Family Phoenicopteridae Family Chioninidae ardeids. However, other former ciconiiforms Family Jacanidae Family Burhinidae appear closer to pelecaniforms. Family Rostratulidae Family Charadriidae Family Burhinidae Family Glareolidae (this involves : CICONIIFORMES, Family Glareolidae Family Laridae PHOENICOPTERIFORMES, Family Charadriidae Family Accipitridae PODICIPEDIFORMES) Family Scolopacidae Family Sagittaridae Family Pedionomidae Family Falconidae Family Thinocoridae Family Podicipedidae Family Laridae Family Phaethontidae Family Sulidae Family Anhingidae Family Phalacrocoracidae Family Ardeidae Family Scopidae Family Phoenicopteridae Family Threskiornithidae Family Pelecanidae Family Ciconiidae Family Fregatidae Family Spheniscidae Family Gaviidae Family Procellariidae Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Phoenicopteridae is not treated as an - See Order - See Order CICONIIFORMES Order by Sibley and Monroe; it appears CICONIIFORMES as the Family Phoenicopteridae within the Order CICONIIFORMES

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Order FALCONIFORMES Order FALCONIFORMES Not covered by WI Family Cathartidae - See Order Family Pandionidae CICONIIFORMES Much ado has been made of the nonmonophyly Family Accipitridae of the falconiforms (Ligon 1967; Sibley & Family Sagittariidae Ahlquist 1990; Avise et al. 1994). This has mostly concerned the placement of the cathartids with respect to storks, although the evidence supporting the various alternative hypotheses has not been very compelling. The weight of the morphological evidence, at least, argues for falconiform monophyly. Previous ideas that owls (family Strigidae) and falconiforms (family Falconidae) might be related seem incorrect.

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Order GALLIFORMES Order GALLIFORMES Superorder/Parvclass Galloanserae Not covered by WI Family Megapodiidae Family Phasianidae Family Cracidae Family Numinidae Within the Neognathae, the Galloanserae Family Phasianidae Family Odontophoridae (Galliformes and Anseriformes) are considered Family Opisthocomidae the sister-group of all other birds (the Neoaves). Relationships within the anseriforms, at least at higher taxonomic levels, do not appear to be too controversial, and both morphological and molecular data support at least a tripartite pattern of relationships for galliforms: (megapodiidae (Cracidae + phasianoids).

Order GRUIFORMES Order GRUIFORMES Order GRUIFORMES* Family Gruidae Family Mesitornithidae Family Eurypygidae Family Rallidae Family Turnicidae Family Otitidae * This list follows the detailed morphological Family Heliornithidae Family Pedionomidae Family Gruidae analysis of Livezey (1998), although a broader Family Eurypygidae Family Gruidae Family Heliornithidae comparison of cranial characters alone (Livezey Family Pedionomidae Family Aramidae Family Psophiidae & Zusi 2001) did not result in gruiform Family Psophiidae Family Cariamidae monophyly. The placement of the otitids is Family Rallidae Family Rhynochetidae particularly uncertain. Family Rallidae Family Mesitornithidae

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Order CHARADRIIFORMES Order CHARADRIIFORMES* Family Jacanidae Family Jacanidae Family Rostratulidae Family Rostratulidae * Current evidence supports the hypothesis that Family Dromadidae Family Dromadidae virtually all the groups traditionally included in Family Haematopodidae Family Haematopodidae the charadriiforms comprise a monophyletic Family Ibidorhynchidae Family Ibidorhynchidae lineage (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990; Livezey & Zusi Family Recurvirostridae Family Recurvirostridae 2001) the major uncertainty being the turnicids. Family Burhinidae Family Heliornithidae Moreover charadriforms do not represent the Family Glareolidae Family Rhynochetidae - See Order primitive neornithine morphotype. Family Charadriidae Family Eurypygidae CICONIIFORMES Family Scolopacidae Family Cariamidae Family Thinocoridae Family Otitidae Family Burhinidae Family Laridae Family Glareolidae Family Rynchopidae Family Charadriidae Family Scolopacidae Family Thinocoridae Family Chionididae Suborder Lari Family Stercorariidae Family Laridae Family Rynchopidae Suborder Alcae Family Alcidae

Order COLUMBIFORMES Order COLUMBIFORMES Not discussed, either because there is relatively Not covered by WI Family Pteroclididae Family Raphidae little dispute over relationships or because there Family Raphidae Family Columbidae has been no new information3 about Family Columbidae relationship published in recent years.

Order PSITTACIFORMES Order PSITTACIFORMES Not discussed, either because there is relatively Family Loriidae Family Psittacidae little dispute over relationships or because there Not covered by WI Family Cacatuidae has been no new information about relationship Family Psittacidae published in recent years.

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Order CORACIIFORMES Order CORACIIFORMES Order CORACIIFORMES Not covered by WI Family Alcedinidae Family Coraciidae Family Todidae Family Brachypteraciidae Most recent work suggests that this group is Family Momotidae Family Leptosomatidae related to Coliifomes, Trogoniformes and Family Meropidae Family Momotidae Galbulae in some way or another, often in Family Coraciidae Family Todidae association with the Pici and/or the Family Brachypteraciidae Family Alcedinidae Passeriformes. However the data are Family Leptosomatidae insufficient to resolve their relationships clearly. Family Upupidae Family Dacelonidae The coraciiforms, as traditionally constituted, Family Phoeniculidae Family Cerylidae are apparently separable into at least two major Family Bucerotidae Family Meropidae groups that may or may not be related. At present it is difficult to say what the molecular data mean, since most studies have had restricted taxon and character samples. Finally, even morphology breaks up the coraciiforms. Clearly, much work is needed.

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Order PASSERIFORMES Order PASSERIFORMES Order PASSERIFORMES Not covered by WI Family Muscicapidae Family Muscicapidae The passeridans are a very large monophyletic Subfamily Silviinae Family Tyrannidae group whose relationships, at least at the higher Family Hirundinidae Family Silviidae taxonomic levels, are becoming better Family Tyrannidae Family Hirundinidae understood as DNA sequences accumulate. At Family Emberizidae Family Fringillidae the same time, these new studies make it clear Family Icteridae Subfamily Emberizinae that many traditional families are not Tribe Icterini monophyletic, and that a fuller understanding of passeridan phylogeny will only unfold as more and more of its diversity is sampled genetically.

Although a number or nodes in the nuclear gene passeridan tree are not well supported – especially within the muscicapoids and passeroids – these results are more consistent with the DNA hybridization experiments of Sheldom & Gill (1996), which were undertaken with stringent analytical procedures, than with those of Sibley & Ahlquist (1990). Thus, Sheldom & Gill (1996), unlike Sibley & Ahlquist, found the alaudids were not passeroids but sylvioids, and troglodytes, sittids, and certhiids went with muscicapoids rather than sylvioids.

1 Dickinson does not arrange the list of species within a series of hierarchies (it uses two hierarchical levels, the family and the subfamily) because knowledge of avian phylogenetic relationships is still clouded with uncertainties and any decision to recognize a complex classificatory hierarchy would have resulted in numerous arbitrary choices.

2 Wetlands International. 2006. Waterbird Population Estimates - 4th Edition, (S. Delany & D. Scott). Waterfowl are defined as all species of the families Gaviidae, Podicipedidae, Pelecanidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Ardeidae, Balaenicipitidae, Scopidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Anhimidae, Anatidae, Pedionomidae, Gruidae, Aramidae, Rallidae, Heliornithidae, Eurypygidae, Jacanidae, Rostratulidae, Dromadidae, Haematopodidae, Ibidorhynchidae, Recurvirostridae, Burhinidae, Glareolidae, Charadriidae, Scolopacidae, Thinocoridae, Laridae, Sternidae and Rynchopidae.

3 The Howard & Moore Checklist (Dickinson) has been closely based on the sequence adopted for Peters Checklist since 1980.