sustainability Article Using Local Agroecological Knowledge in Climate Change Adaptation: A Study of Tree-Based Options in Northern Morocco Laura Kmoch 1,* , Tim Pagella 2 , Matilda Palm 1 and Fergus Sinclair 2,3 1 Division of Physical Resource Theory, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Maskingränd 2, SE-41293 Gothenburg, Sweden;
[email protected] 2 School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK;
[email protected] (T.P.);
[email protected] (F.S.) 3 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +46-76-077-2373 Received: 14 September 2018; Accepted: 8 October 2018; Published: 16 October 2018 Abstract: Communities in northern Morocco are vulnerable to increasing water scarcity and food insecurity. Context specific adaptation options thus need to be identified to sustain livelihoods and agroecosystems in this region, and increase the resilience of vulnerable smallholders, and their farming systems, to undesired effects of social-ecological change. This study took a knowledge-based systems approach to explore whether and how tree-based (i.e., agroforestry) options could contribute to meeting these adaptation needs. We analysed local agroecological knowledge of smallholders from the Mèknes–Tafilalet region, to (i) characterise existing farming systems at local landscape scale; (ii) identify possible niches for farm-trees within these systems; and (iii) explore locally perceived barriers to tree-based diversification. An iterative cycle of qualitative interviews, with a purposefully selected sample of 32 farmers, revealed that socio-economic constraints and agroecological conditions in the area differed markedly along a relatively short altitudinal gradient.