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Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity at Monowai: Constraints from Long‐Range Hydroacoustic Measurements

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Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity at Monowai: Constraints from Long‐Range Hydroacoustic Measurements University of South Florida Scholar Commons School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications School of Geosciences 9-2018 Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity at Monowai: Constraints From Long‐Range Hydroacoustic Measurements D. Metz University of Oxford A. B. Watts University of Oxford I. Grevemeyer GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Mel Rodgers University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/geo_facpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Metz, D.; Watts, A. B.; Grevemeyer, I.; and Rodgers, Mel, "Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity at Monowai: Constraints From Long‐Range Hydroacoustic Measurements" (2018). School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications. 2144. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/geo_facpub/2144 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Geosciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Geosciences Faculty and Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth RESEARCH ARTICLE Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity at Monowai: Constraints 10.1029/2018JB015888 From Long-Range Hydroacoustic Measurements Key Points: D. Metz1,2 , A. B. Watts1 , I. Grevemeyer3 , and M. Rodgers4 • Volcanic activity at Monowai is detected by an IMS hydrophone 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, 2Research and Development Center for Earthquake and array at Juan Fernández Islands, 3 Southeast Pacific Ocean Tsunami, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for 4 • Eighty-two discrete episodes of activity Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA have been identified in a 3.5-year record • Monowai is one of the most active Abstract Monowai is a submarine volcanic center in the Kermadec Arc, Southwest Pacific Ocean. In the submarine arc volcanoes currently past, activity at the volcano had been intermittently observed in the form of fallout at the sea surface, known discolored water, changes in seafloor topography, and T phase seismicity, but there is no continuous record for more recent years. In this study, we investigated 3.5 years of recordings at a hydrophone array Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 of the International Monitoring System, located near Juan Fernández Islands, for long-range underwater sound waves from Monowai. Results from direction-of-arrival calculations and density-based spatial clustering indicate that 82 discrete episodes of activity occurred between July 2003 and March 2004 and Correspondence to: from April 2014 to January 2017. Volcanic episodes are typically spaced days to weeks apart, range D. Metz, from hours to days in length, and amount to a cumulative sum of 137 days of arrivals in total, making [email protected] Monowai one of the most active submarine arc volcanoes on Earth. The resolution of the hydrophone recordings surpasses broadband network data by at least 1 order of magnitude, identifying seismic events Citation: as low as 2.2 mb in the Kermadec Arc region. Further observations suggest volcanic activity at a Metz, D., Watts, A. B., Grevemeyer, I., & Rodgers, M. (2018). Tracking submarine location approximately 400 km north of Monowai in the Tonga Arc and at Healy or Brothers volcano in the volcanic activity at Monowai: southern Kermadec Arc. Our findings are consistent with previous studies and highlight the exceptional Constraints from long-range capabilities of the International Monitoring System network for the scientific study of active volcanism hydroacoustic measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123, in the global ocean. 7877–7895. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2018JB015888 Received 2 APR 2018 1. Introduction Accepted 26 AUG 2018 Little is known about the rates of submarine arc volcanism. Continuous surveys of known volcanoes are Accepted article online 31 AUG 2018 Published online 22 SEP 2018 hindered by their remoteness and the inherent inaccessibility of the ocean environment for conventional monitoring techniques, for example, satellite altimetry, thermal imaging, or measuring atmospheric gas fluxes (e.g., Calkins et al., 2008; Mather et al., 2012). Hence, the location and timing of eruptions remain poorly constrained, and few active sites along submarine arcs have been studied over longer timescales (Embley et al., 2006; Schnur et al., 2017). Here we attempt to overcome these observational limitations by using long-range underwater sound waves to study volcanic activity at Monowai, a submarine volcano in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc. Located at 25.89°S, 177.18°W in the northern Kermadec Arc, Southwest Pacific Ocean, Monowai is a known example of ongoing submarine volcanic activity. The edifice consists of an active stratovolcanic cone, ris- ing from approximately 1,200 to 100 m below sea level, and a flanking caldera of approximately 10 km in diameter (Paulatto et al., 2014; Wormald et al., 2012). There is a diverse record of activity at Monowai, including direct observations of discolored surface water, gas emissions, and pumice rafts (Davey, 1980). In one instance, activity was inferred from changes in sea surface chlorophyll and particulate matter con- tent, as nutrient-rich fallout from the volcano had significantly increased local phytoplankton concentra- tion (O’Malley et al., 2014). Further observations include onsite recordings of acoustic shockwaves (Werner et al., 2013) as well as hour to day-long swarms of T phases registered by seismometers in the Southwest Pacific region (Talandier & Okal, 1987). Swath bathymetric mapping has revealed the dynamic topography of the stratocone, which has undergone repeated phases of growth and collapse, thus leading to changes in seafloor depth on the order of tens of meters over the past two decades (Chadwick, Wright, et al., 2008; Wright et al., 2008). During the most recent documented eruption in May 2011, a five-day-long ©2018. American Geophysical Union. burst of T phases, recorded at broadband seismometers at Rarotonga (Cook Islands), Papeete (Tahiti), and All Rights Reserved. Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), could be linked to the growth of a 72-m summit cone and a flanking sector METZ ET AL. 7877 Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 10.1029/2018JB015888 Figure 1. (a) Overview map of the Monowai Volcanic Centre (red triangle), International Monitoring System station H03 (orange star) and the three broadband seismic stations (blue diamonds) at Rarotonga (RAR), Tahiti (PPTF), and Marquesas Islands (TAOE). The stations are located at 1,847, 2,991, and 4,340 km, respectively, from the volcano. Taravao station (TVO) of the Polynesian Seismic Network (yellow diamond) is also located at Tahiti. The white lines mark the two main source-receiver paths referred to in the methodology of this study (Sections 2 and 3). (b) Position map of the two hydrophone arrays at Juan Fernández Islands, moored approximately 15 km offshore to the north (H03N) and south (H03S). (c) Configuration of the southern H03 hydrophone array. The geodesic distance between Monowai and the triplet is 9,165 km. collapse of 18 m (Watts et al., 2012). Furthermore, long-range underwater sound waves associated with the same volcanic episode have been remotely detected by a hydrophone array near Ascension Island in the southern Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, over a geodesic range of 15,800 km (Metz et al., 2016). Activity at Monowai may have occurred as recently as October 2014 and May 2016, when seismic amplitudes at Rarotonga station rose for multiple days and discolored water was reported during flyovers conducted by the Royal New Zealand Air Force (Global Volcanism Program, 2017). Low-frequency underwater sound travels in the Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel, a distinct layer of minimum acoustic velocity in the oceanic water column (Ewing et al., 1951; Tolstoy et al., 1949). Earthquakes along active plate boundaries, that is, mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones, are frequent sources of underwater sound signals that can be detected over hundreds to thousands of kilometers (Graeber & Piserchia, 2004; Smith et al., 2002). Hydroacoustic observations also include recordings of vol- canic activity, in particular along the submarine arcs of the western Pacific region, for example, at Fukutoku-Okanoba in the Volcano Islands (Dziak & Fox, 2002), South Sarigan in the Mariana Arc (Green et al., 2013), or Hunga Ha’apai-Hunga Tonga volcano in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc (Bohnenstiehl et al., 2013). Acoustic phases can be converted effectively during the transition from ocean to land, thus becom- ing detectable by both hydrophones and land-based seismometers (Stevens et al., 2001). Due to the effi- cient propagation of low-frequency underwater sound even over megameter distances, such seismoacoustic arrivals, also known as seismic tertiary waves or “T phases,” can be used to improve earth- quake detection and relocation, especially where monitoring by conventional methods is not feasible (Helffrich et al., 2006). Long-range propagation of low-frequency underwater sound phases is a key feature of the hydroacoustic waveform component of the International Monitoring System (IMS). As part of the verification regime for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) of 1996, the objective of the IMS hydrophone network is to globally
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